Tire Modeling for Vertical Properties Including Enveloping Properties Using Experimental Modal Parameters

Summary Tire modal parameters reflect the natural properties of the tire. This paper models tire performance using experimental tire modal parameters to calculate the static vertical tire stiffness on both drum and flat road surfaces and the distribution of vertical and shear forces. The model was used to investigate tire enveloping properties. In addition to the radial and tangential displacements, the rotational angular displacement of the contact element is considered. This study examined the obstacle's effect on tire static vertical properties, the axle load responses under rectangle obstacles with a fixed axle height, and the effects of tire pressure on enveloping properties.     

Tire Modeling for Vertical Properties Including Enveloping Properties Using Experimental Modal Parameters

Summary Tire modal parameters reflect the natural properties of the tire. This paper models tire performance using experimental tire modal parameters to calculate the static vertical tire stiffness on both drum and flat road surfaces and the distribution of vertical and shear forces. The model was used to investigate tire enveloping properties. In addition to the radial and tangential displacements, the rotational angular displacement of the contact element is considered. This study examined the obstacle’s effect on tire static vertical properties, the axle load responses under rectangle obstacles with a fixed axle height, and the effects of tire pressure on enveloping properties.     

Experimental analysis of tyre-enveloping characteristics at low speed

In this study, experiments are conducted to investigate tyre-enveloping characteristics. Four different types of tyres are tested. Parameters such as different tyre inflation pressures, vertical loads and types of obstacles (cleats) are considered. In addition to vertical stiffnesses of all tyres, vertical and horizontal force variations while traversing different obstacles at low speed are studied. The effects of inflation pressure and vertical load on variations of force and moment are investigated. Static test results showed that after a certain vertical displacement, all curves in force–deflection diagrams plotted with and without cleat intersect regardless of cleat and tyre types, depending on the inflation pressure of the tyre, which can be called typical static tyre-enveloping characteristics. Test results at low speed show that there is a considerable influence of the vertical load on vertical and lateral force responses of a tyre.     

Prediction of tire natural frequency with consideration of the enveloping property

A lumped tire model was developed with consideration of the enveloping property in order to predict the natural tire frequency. Tire stiffness was classified into vertical, sidewall, and enveloping stiffnesses, and the tire characteristics were analyzed in detail experimentally and via finite element analysis. In addition, the effective masses of the tire tread and belt were extracted directly from design specifications taking into account the sizes and material properties of different rubber blocks. Using the design parameters of the tires, natural frequencies were calculated from the derived model and were compared with experimental results. Finally, based on good agreement with experimental results, sensitivity analysis was performed to verify the effect of tire stiffnesses on the natural frequencies.     

利用试验模态参数对轮胎包容特性的建模及试验验证

利用试验模态参数建立轮胎模型,计算了轮胎的静包容特性,计算结果与文献中所揭示的包容现象及变化规律有很好的定性一致。在此基础上对轮胎包容特性的建模进行了定量分析,包括模态阶数的截取和胎侧非线性的刚度。将计算结果与平板式轮胎试验台上进行的试验结果相比较,表明记入以上两方面考虑的因素下,计算结果与试验结果在各方面均很好吻合。定量分析的结果表明,不考虑胎侧非线性时,对轮胎垂直刚度的计算结果会远远高于试验结果。     

Study on Tire Dynamic Cornering Properties Using Experimental Modal Parameters

Based on the modeling of tire vertical characteristics and steady cornering properties, the model of tire nonsteady cornering is established in this paper using tire modal parameters extracted experimentally. In order to consider the influence of tire rolling effect on its cornering properties, the induced transfer function is introduced. The analytical formulae for calculation of transfer-function of lateral force and self-aligning torque with respect to lateral displacement and yaw angle are derived. The nonsteady cornering characteristics of tire under different loads can be calculated. The results of calculation are consistent with the experimental ones in the literature. The influence of rolling speed on tire cornering properties including the static case is analyzed. The nonsteady cornering properties in high frequency range are given by the model. The study demonstrates the consistency between steady and nonsteady tire modeling by using modal parameters.     

Study on Tire Dynamic Cornering Properties Using Experimental Modal Parameters

Based on the modeling of tire vertical characteristics and steady cornering properties, the model of tire nonsteady cornering is established in this paper using tire modal parameters extracted experimentally. In order to consider the influence of tire rolling effect on its cornering properties, the induced transfer function is introduced. The analytical formulae for calculation of transfer-function of lateral force and self-aligning torque with respect to lateral displacement and yaw angle are derived. The nonsteady cornering characteristics of tire under different loads can be calculated. The results of calculation are consistent with the experimental ones in the literature. The influence of rolling speed on tire cornering properties including the static case is analyzed. The nonsteady cornering properties in high frequency range are given by the model. The study demonstrates the consistency between steady and nonsteady tire modeling by using modal parameters.     

基于环模型的轮胎有限元建模与仿真研究

为了提高仿真模型的计算效率,基于环模型理论系统研究了轮胎二维有限元模型的建模技术、参数确定方法和轮胎包容特性分析技术.从试验与仿真结果对比分析可知,利用有限元方法基于轮胎REF模型建模,在对轮胎胎侧弹性进行非线性模型修正后,得到的轮胎低速滚动仿真结果与试验结果基本吻合,验证了轮胎模型的有效性,同时为车辆一地面系统虚拟试验提供了一种实时高精度的轮胎面内特性仿真建模方法.     

轮胎位移包容性研究及有效路面谱计算方法

本文提出一种有效路形测量的新方法,研究轮胎的位移包容性。提出以轮胎包容参数为变量把真实路面功率谱变换为有效路面功率谱的新方法。该研究是道路激励模拟的基础研究。     

多工况下汽车驱动桥桥壳静力学有限元分析

根据汽车所受的典型载荷工况来分析汽车驱动桥桥壳在静载荷作用下的变形及应力问题。首先建立垂向载荷工况、纵向载荷工况、侧向载荷工况的模型,并用汽车理论相关知识对其进行分析,然后利用CATIA建立汽车驱动桥三维实体模型并导入到ANSYS Workbench中。最后对桥壳进行有限元分析并得出桥壳在各个工况下的最大位移和最大应力。分析结果表明,该研究对驱动桥的设计具有一定参考价值。     

不同宽度轮辋对轮胎静刚度特性影响的试验分析

针对同一轮胎(205/55R16)安装不同宽度轮辋(6J,61/2J)进行了静态试验研究,分析比较了不同宽度轮辋对轮胎静力学特性的影响。试验结果表明,宽轮辋轮胎的垂直刚度、侧向刚度和纵向刚度均高于窄轮辋轮胎的相应值;而窄轮辋轮胎的扭转刚度大于宽轮辋轮胎的扭转刚度。     

轮胎动力学特性仿真分析研究

分析了各种常用轮胎模型的特点与应用范围,根据汽车操纵动力学研究的需求,在Matlab环境下运用魔术公式建立了轮胎动力学模型,并对汽车轮胎力与纵向滑移率,纵向力、侧向力及回正力矩与纵向滑移率、侧偏角、外倾角、垂直载荷的关系等轮胎特性进行了仿真分析,实验结果表明,魔术公式轮胎动力学模型可以较好地模拟轮胎的动力学特性,适用于车辆动力学研究领域。     

离散元法的沥青路面车-路动力学响应分析

为了分析车辆荷载作用下沥青路面结构的细观状态力学响应，建立了二自由度1/4车辆模型与多层路基路面耦合离散元模型，通过各结构层单轴压缩应力-应变试验与相同工况试验数据比较，经迭代运算得到路面离散元模型各结构层细观参数，应用试验得到的沥青路面细观参数建立多层路基路面模型，在离散元模型的上表面设定一定不平度，在一定速度作用下，1/4车辆模型在路基路面离散元模型上表面匀速移动，从而求解车辆动荷载作用下沥青路面各结构位移、应力等细观受力状态。进而改变1/4车辆模型的车体悬架刚度、悬架阻尼系数、轮胎刚度，轮胎阻尼系数，从而获得在改变车辆参数作用下沥青路面内部的应力变化规律。研究结果表明：基于离散元理论不但可以求得沥青路面在车-路相互作用下各层的应力与变形，而且还可以求得沥青路面各结构层颗粒流的变化趋势，在车辆移动荷载作用下，随着路基路面深度增加，各结构层颗粒流竖直方向动态位移与应力响应依次减少，其中上基层颗粒流动位移比上面层颗粒流动位移减少25%，下面层颗粒流竖向应力约为上面层颗粒流竖向应力的50%，水平方向上颗粒流既有压应力又有拉应力，变化比较复杂，上面层颗粒流水平方向主要承受压应力，其余结构层主要承受拉应力；增加轮胎与悬架刚度系数对模型颗粒流水平方向拉应力影响较大，增加轮胎与悬架阻尼系数对垂直方向颗粒流压应力与水平方向拉应力影响较小。     

汽车轮胎滚动阻力试验机测试方法分析

为了对汽车轮胎滚动阻力测试方案的可行性进行预先评估,基于检测设备的结构模型,提出了一种运用位移量对轮胎滚动阻力进行仿真分析的新方法。在简述滚动阻力有限元测试模型构建过程的基础上,通过改变轮胎的外部使用参数,分析传感器板在不同工况下位移场的分布情况,制定了设备的测试方案。以传感器的安装位置作为目标检测点,建立轮胎滚动阻力位移场与控制参数之间的关系曲线。最后将采集的数据经过平均滤波处理,与实验室的实测数据进行了趋势性对比。结果表明：采用该测试方法,轮胎滚动阻力随着轮胎负载和速度的增加而增大,随着气压的变大而减小;仿真结果和试验数据在相同工况下的变化趋势基本一致;该测试方法合理、可行。     

掺入轮胎条的黄土混合物剪切形变特性研究

为提高黄土填料的剪切强度和降低其重度,研究轮胎条掺量、尺寸对混合土剪切形变影响。通过对轮胎条加筋土进行大型剪切试验,研究竖向荷载、轮胎条含量（0%~100%）和轮胎条长宽比（1∶1~1∶8）对混合土体积应变特性的影响。结果表明:提高轮胎条含量,极大地改变了黄土颗粒的空间分布状况,轮胎条在混合土中占据主导地位;试样竖向位移与轮胎条掺量、长宽比、竖向荷载成正相关;将抗剪强度峰值点控制在较低的轴向应变范围内,可以调整黄土轮胎条混合土的变形特征。     

利用模态参数对轮胎纯侧偏特性建模

在轮胎静生趣特怀建模的基础上，探讨了利用轮胎模态参数对轮胎纯侧偏特性的建模。通过侧向激振试验提取了轮胎的侧向模态参数并计算了轮胎在不同载荷下的偏离特性，计算结果与以往轮胎的试验结果具有很好的一致性。计算结果转化为无量纲形式并与经验模型进行了比较，建模和计算结果充分说明了模型的合理并显示了建模方法的优越性。     

Vertical Load-Deflection Behaviour of a Pneumatic Tire Subjected to Slip and Camber Angles

In this paper the vertical load-deflection behaviour of a pneumatic tire has been studied theoretically. A simple mathematical model which is especially suitable for a tire applied by a side force has been developed. Researches carried out in the past show that the tire vertical stiffness varies neither proportionally nor symmetrically as the slip angle of a cambered tire is changed. This effect can be explained by the theory developed here.

The model predictions have been verified using experimental results obtained from literature. Moreover, tire cornering characteristic curves obtained under different test conditions, i. e. during increasing of the slip angle the vertical load is kept constant or not, have been discussed through a simulation example. This study shows that the characteristic curves vary rather considerably under the different conditions.     

利用试验模态参数建立轮胎非稳态侧偏模型

在对轮胎垂直特性和稳态侧偏特性建模的基础上，利用由轮胎模态试验提取的试验模态参数建立了轮胎非稳态侧偏模型，该模型考虑了印迹的动态变形和胎宽的影响，对印迹进行离散化并初步计入了速度对非稳态性的影响，推导出侧向力和回正力矩关于侧向位移和摆动角的传递函数的解析公式，可以计算不同载荷下的非稳态特性，计算结果与文献中的试验结果相符，建模和计算结果说明利用试验模态参数可以方便地建立轮胎的非稳态特性，计算结果与