SWAN风浪成长模型在近海设计波浪要素推算中的应用

根据黄、渤海区20 a中最大风速对应的风场过程,利用SWAN模型模拟风浪的成长过程,利用针对模型推算所得的烟台芝罘岛附近海域的系列波浪要素,进行P-III型曲线的拟合分析,得到不同重现期条件下的特征波浪要素。模型计算过程中,只需对美国NCEP和欧洲ECMWF风场后报资料进行简单校正,据此通过SWAN模型推算的特征波浪要素值就可与根据芝罘岛海洋环境监测站现场观测资料推断的波浪要素值基本一致。     

蓬莱海域的潮汐潮流特征分析

基于2007年10月的水文测验资料,分析了蓬莱海域沿岸东西两侧在不同潮波系统控制下的潮汐潮流变化特性.分析结果表明:蓬莱东岸属正规半日潮,蓬莱西岸属不正规半日混合潮,潮流的性质与潮汐不同,东、西两岸的潮流都为不正规半日混合潮流.潮波自北黄海经渤海口门以接近前进波的形态向渤海内传播.     

Using OMP analysis to observe temporal variability in water mass distribution

Previous optimum multiparameter analyses have investigated spatial distribution of water masses and reported successful results. This study tests the method further with application to a time series to examine temporal variability in water mass distribution. Observations collected from the Sargasso Sea are utilised, mainly to detect well-documented property changes that have occurred in Labrador Sea Water, but also possible fluctuations in water mass contributions as a whole.The results show much structure and variability in the contributions of Central Water and upper deep waters in the depth range 900–2000 m. It is proposed that the passage of warm and cold core eddies is indicated by these changes in relative contributions of water masses, although quantitative comparison of satellite altimetry data with the model results is not conclusive.Significant irregularities in the distribution of Labrador Sea Water are also revealed by the model. Through-flow of modified (since the early 1990s) Labrador Sea Water is denoted in the results by an apparent absence from mid-1995 to early 1998. This suggests a transit time of 5–6 years between the Labrador Sea and Bermuda, which is consistent with observational findings described in the literature.     

Seasonal and inter-annual variations in the surface freshwater flux in the Mediterranean Sea from the ECMWF re-analysis project

Seasonal and inter-annual variations in surface freshwater fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea are examined. Evaporation and precipitation rates are estimated from ERA15, the re-analysis project carried out at the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1979–1993. A seasonal cycle of river runoff is computed from a recent historical data set. The climatological mean for precipitation (326 mm/yr) is comparable to previous estimates, whereas that for evaporation (920 mm/yr) is low compared to other independent estimates, but regions of high and low evaporation rates are correctly located. The budget reveals an annual mean freshwater deficit in the Mediterranean of 480 mm/yr, lower than previous estimates because of the lower evaporation rate estimated by ECMWF. Consequently, the flows through the straits of Gibraltar and Sicily, deduced from the freshwater budget, are found to be slightly low.Seasonal and inter-annual variabilities of ERA15 precipitation are consistent with those deduced from independent precipitation estimates obtained with SSM/I observations for the 1988–1993 period. ECMWF and satellite estimates both agree on the amplitude of the seasonal cycle. The seasonal cycle of the river runoff has a globally small contribution to the freshwater budget, but is significant in summer when the precipitation is nearly null. The variability of the freshwater flux for the Mediterranean as a whole shows a strong seasonal cycle (amplitude of 50 mm/month), which seems to be mainly controlled by evaporation. The inter-annual variability of the freshwater flux, however, appears to be governed mainly by precipitation. Its amplitude, which is of the order of 50 mm/yr on average but may reach nearly 150 mm/yr for a particular year, is considered to be large but nevertheless not sufficient to explain differences observed in the estimates of the climatological mean freshwater flux proposed by various authors. The freshwater deficit in the Mediterranean Sea has globally increased by nearly 50 mm, mainly because of a decrease in precipitation over this 15-yr period.     

A conceptual model of the strongly tidal Columbia River plume

The Columbia River plume is typical of large-scale, high discharge, mid-latitude plumes. In the absence of strong upwelling winds, freshwater from the river executes a rightward turn and forms an anticyclonic bulge before moving north along the Washington coast. In addition to the above dynamics, however, the river plume outflow is subject to large tides, which modify the structure of the plume in the region near the river mouth. Observations based on data acquired during a summer 2005 cruise indicate that the plume consists of four distinct water masses; source water at the lift-off point, and the tidal, re-circulating and far-field plumes. In contrast to most plume models that describe the discharge of low-salinity estuary water into ambient high-salinity coastal water, we describe the Columbia plume as the superposition of these four plume types.We focus primarily on a conceptual summary of the dynamics and mutual interaction of the tidal and re-circulating plumes. The new tidal plume flows over top of the re-circulating plume and is typically bounded by strong fronts. Soon after the end of ebb tide, it covers roughly 50–100% of the re-circulating plume surface area. The fronts may penetrate well below the re-circulating plume water and eventually spawn internal waves that mix the re-circulating plume further. The re-circulating plume persists throughout the tidal cycle and corresponds to a freshwater volume equivalent to 3–4 days of river discharge. Finally, the plume water masses are distinguished from one another in term of surface chlorophyll concentration, suggesting that the above classification may also describe different biological growth regimes. The low-salinity re-circulating plume serves as an extension of the estuary into the coastal ocean, or an “estuary at sea”, because residence times during periods of high river flow are greater than those in the estuary.     

港珠澳大桥对伶仃洋水沙环境的影响

利用珠江口伶仃洋海域实测水文、泥沙及水深测量等现场实测资料分析,建立了南起万山群岛、北至虎门、东起汲水门、西至珠海—澳门的港珠澳大桥整体物理模型,研究工程实施对伶仃洋诸港口、伶仃航道、铜鼓航道及附近海域流场、潮位和水深变化的影响。结果表明:港珠澳大桥实施对潮流、潮位的影响仅在桥轴线上下游各4 km的范围内,对伶仃航道、铜鼓航道通航基本没有影响。     

基于再分析数据的印尼西加里曼丹海域风速研究

基于西加里曼丹近岸码头项目工程获取的OWI再分析资料,对ECMWF细网格10 m风场产品在印尼西加里曼丹海域的再分析结果进行了对比分析。ECMWF细网格10 m风场产品与OWI风场再分析结果对比表明:目标点ECMWF再分析数据总体分布与OWI再分析数据量级相近,但极值相异,ECMWF数据更能描述实际季节变化情况。基于此,利用ECMWF产品对印尼西加里曼丹海域整体风况进行了评价,为海域内未来的勘察设计工作提供整体的判断依据。     

Resolving the impact of short-term variations in physical processes impacting on the spawning environment of eastern Baltic cod: application of a 3-D hydrodynamic model

Variations in oxygen conditions below the permanent halocline influence the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea through a number of mechanisms. In this study, we examine the effects of physical forcing on variations in the volume of deep oxygenated water suitable for reproductive success of central Baltic cod. Recent research has identified the importance of inflows of saline and oxygenated North Sea water into the Baltic Sea for the recruitment of Baltic cod. However, other processes have been suggested to modify this reproduction volume including variations in timing and volume of terrestrial runoff, variability of the solubility of oxygen due to variations in sea surface temperature as well as the influence of variations in wind stress. In order to examine the latter three mechanisms, we have performed simulations utilizing the Kiel Baltic Sea model for a period of a weak to moderate inflow of North Sea water into the Baltic, modifying wind stress, freshwater runoff and thermal inputs. The model is started from three-dimensional fields of temperature, salinity and oxygen obtained from a previous model run and forced by realistic atmospheric conditions. Results of this realistic reference run were compared to runs with modified meteorological forcing conditions and river runoff.From these simulations, it is apparent that processes other than major Baltic inflows have the potential to alter the reproduction volume of Baltic cod. Low near-surface air temperatures in the North Sea, the Skagerrak/Kattegat area and in the western Baltic influence the water mass properties (high oxygen solubility). Eastward oriented transports of these well-oxygenated highly saline water masses may have a significant positive impact on the Baltic cod reproduction volume in the Bornholm Basin.Finally, we analysed how large scale and local atmospheric forcing conditions are related to the identified major processes affecting the reproduction volume.     

波浪对潮流影响的数值模拟及其应用

文章将水动力因素分为潮流特征周期与波浪特征周期两部分,建立了考虑波浪影响的潮流方程。通过考虑波浪引起的辐射应力、表面和底部边界层、Stokes漂流以及Coriolis波浪应力等因素,利用数值方法分析了波浪对潮流场的影响,并将其应用到渤海区域中,分析渤海内波浪对于潮流的影响。     

Asymmetry of Columbia River tidal plume fronts

Columbia River tidal plume dynamics can be explained in terms of two asymmetries related to plume-front depth and internal wave generation. These asymmetries may be an important factor contributing to the observed greater primary productivity and phytoplankton standing crop on the Washington shelf. The tidal plume (the most recent ebb outflow from the estuary) is initially supercritical with respect to the frontal internal Froude number F_R on strong ebbs. It is separated from the rotating plume bulge by a front, whose properties are very different under upwelling vs. downwelling conditions. Under summer upwelling conditions, tidal plume fronts are sharp and narrow (< 20–50 m wide) on their upwind or northern side and mark a transition from supercritical to subcritical flow for up to 12 h after high water. Such sharp fronts are a source of turbulent mixing, despite the strong stratification. Because the tidal plume may overlie newly upwelled waters, these fronts can mix nutrients into the plume. Symmetry would suggest that there should be a sharp front south of the estuary mouth under summer downwelling conditions. Instead, the downwelling tidal plume front is usually diffuse on its upstream side. Mixing is weaker, and the water masses immediately below are low in nutrients. There is also an upwelling–downwelling asymmetry in internal wave generation. During upwelling and weak wind conditions, plume fronts often generate trains of non-linear internal waves as they transition from a supercritical to a subcritical state. Under downwelling conditions, internal wave release is less common and the waves are less energetic. Furthermore, regardless of wind conditions, solition formation almost always begins on the south side of the plume so that the front “unzips” from south to north. This distinction is important, because these internal waves contribute to vertical mixing in the plume bulge and transport low-salinity water across the tidal plume into the plume bulge.F_R and plume depth are key parameters in distinguishing the upwelling and downwelling situations, and these two asymmetries can be explained in terms of potential vorticity conservation. The divergence of the tidal outflow after it leaves the estuary embeds relative vorticity in the emerging tidal plume water mass. This vorticity controls the transition of the tidal plume front to a subcritical state and consequently the timing and location of internal wave generation by plume fronts.     

大连港铁矿石水路中转运输的经济论证

随着我国钢铁行业的发展,对进口铁矿石的依存度逐年增加。巴西铁矿石虽然品质优良但海运成本较高,为降低海运费用,在巴西至中国航线上将投入40万t级的大型干散货船。因渤海水深较浅,无法满足40万t级干散货船通航水深的要求,由巴西运至渤海沿岸港口的铁矿石需要经大连港水路中转。本研究主要针对大连港铁矿石水路中转的可行性、经济性和敏感性进行计算和分析,预测经济合理的中转船型。     

Physical processes in the ROFI regime

The distinctive feature of all ROFI (Regions Of Freshwater Influence) systems is the input of significant amounts of buoyancy as freshwater from river sources. If the spatial scale is unrestricted by coastal topography and stirring is weak, this input tends to drive a coast-parallel flow in which the Coriolis force constrains a wedge of low density water against the coastal boundary. Without frictional effects, this flow is subject to baroclinic instability which induces large meanders and eddies in the flow but in, many ROFIs, the tidal flow induces frictional effects which stabilise the density driven flow.In the absence of the effects of rotation and stirring, the buoyancy input tends to induce stratification through an estuarine circulation in the direction of the gradient. When stirring is applied, by the action of wind, waves or tidal flow, the density current is suppressed but is rapidly re-established when stirring ceases, as in the Linden-Simpson (1988) laboratory tank experiments. In real ROFI systems, a combination of all these processes operates so that the structure of the water column and the flow is the result of a competition between the stratifying influence of buoyancy input and the net stirring effect of the wind, waves and the tides. This competition is more difficult to analyse than the heating-stirring competition, because freshwater buoyancy input is not spatially uniform but enters at discrete sources along the coast and its subsequent spreading has to be determined.While the springs-neaps cycle in tidal stirring imposes a regular fortnightly modulation on vertical mixing, the influence of the wind is irregular and depends, not just on the magnitude of the stress, but also on the direction in which it acts. In some exposed shallow water situations there may also be significant stirring due to waves generated by non-local winds.ROFI systems are further complicated by the action of tidal straining in which differential advection, due to vertical shear in the tide, interacts with the density gradient to generate fluctuations in vertical stability at the tidal frequency which, in some cases, are of sufficient amplitude to switch the water column between stable stratification and vertical density homogeneity each tidal cycle. This straining along with the other ROFI processes have been incorporated into a series of 1-D models to provide a more objective test of the hypotheses about the mechanisms involved. Comparison of model hindcasts with observations indicate that we now have a first-order understanding of the complex behaviour of ROFIs.On a global scale it is clear that ROFIs represent an important component of the shelf-sea environment of particular concern in relation to the impact of pollutant discharges. To date, most studies of ROFI's have concentrated on systems in temperate latitudes but attention needs to be focused on the very extensive ROFIs in tropical regions where most of the world's river discharge enters the ocean. In monsoonal regions, these inputs exhibit strong seasonal modulation which may, in competition with tidal stirring, result in an annual cycle of stratification and the formation of fronts.     

天津港最大设计船型的探讨

天津港目前正在建设大型原油和矿石码头,从经济上分析,运输两货种采用的船型越大越经济。但天津港受渤海水深的限制,一些超大型船不能满载到达。本文研究了天津港最大设计船型,认为是:25万吨级原油和矿石船、部分30万吨级油船。     

海上无人井口平台消防泵选型与智能化控制方案

以渤海海域某海上无人井口平台为例，统计渤海作业船的消防能力，对渤海某海上无人井口平台依托作业船消防系统进行可行性分析。根据平台公用系统配备情况对消防泵选型方案进行优选，并提出消防泵智能化控制方案，为海上无人井口平台消防泵选型与智能化控制提供新思路。     

MIKE21 HD计算原理及应用实例

简要说明平面二维水流数学模型MIKE21的功能和应用情况,较详细地介绍该软件中的水动力学模块(HD模块)的计算原理和计算参数,以渤海湾大范围潮流场和天津港国际邮轮码头工程港池小范围潮流场数值模拟为例,展示该模型的模拟效果。结果表明,该模型可较好地反应实际情况。随着计算机技术的发展,数学模型和数值试验在科学研究、工程设计中的地位和作用不断提高,将水动力数值模拟全过程设计成软件包,配合良好的前、后处理工具,降低技术门槛,可使其通用性大大加强,是未来水动力数值模拟发展的方向。     

Assessment of wind quality for oceanographic modelling in semi-enclosed basins

The quality of surface winds derived from four meteorological models is assessed in the semi-enclosed Adriatic Sea over a 2-month period: a global hydrostatic model ECMWF T511 (40 km resolution), a hydrostatic limited area model LAMBO (20 km), and two non-hydrostatic limited area models: LAMI (7 km) and COAMPS™ (4 km). These wind models are used to drive a 2 km resolution wave model (SWAN) of the Adriatic, and wind and wave results are compared with observations at the ISMAR oceanographic tower off Venice. Waves are also compared at buoy locations near Ancona and Ortona. Consistently with earlier studies, the ECMWF fields underestimate the wind magnitude and do not reproduce the known spatial structure of strong wind events. The results show that the higher-resolution, limited area models LAMI and COAMPS exhibit better amplitude response than the coarser ECMWF: there is a 3- to 4-fold reduction of the wind underestimation at the platform (from 36% to 8–11%). The wave response is also improved with LAMI and COAMPS: there is a 2-fold reduction in the underestimation of wave heights at the platform. These non-hydrostatic models also produce wind fields with more realistic small-scale, spatial structure during strong wind events. The temporal correlation between observed and modelled wind, however, is highest with the global ECMWF model due to the fact that large-scale features can be predicted deterministically, whereas small-scale features can only be predicted stochastically. Models with less small-scale structure have better correlation because they have less “noise.” This explanation is supported by increased correlation between modelled and observed waves, the waves representing a smoothing of the wind over fetch and duration. Although there is room for improvement, the high-resolution, non-hydrostatic models (LAMI and COAMPS) offer significant advantages for driving oceanographic simulations in semi-enclosed basins such as the Adriatic Sea.     

A two-layer model of the Rhine plume

The outflow of Rhine water into the shallow Southern Bight of the North Sea leads to almost discontinuous vertical density distributions and sharp frontal structures around the river mouth. Strong tidal motion, wind and baroclinic effects have large influence on the dynamics and dispersion of river water. A three-dimensional tidal model, including advective and diffusive transport of salinity, is used in the two-layer mode for simulation of Rhine water outflow to quantify the interaction of the different processes and the effect on dispersion and mixing of river water. Layer depths are adjusted in a way that no advective transports between upper and lower layer take place in case of sufficiently stable stratification. In case of weak or no stratification the upper layer depth is fixed, and advective transports between layers are computed. Model results show frontal eddy development and (limited) growing internal waves due to baroclinic instability. Comparisons with observational data are presented.     

潮段平均流速计算方法研究

在海岸、河口、海湾等地区,潮流是最基本海水运动和主要的水动力因素之一,受海底地形、岸线和岛屿的影响,潮流运动基本呈现为往复运动,即涨潮流速和落潮流速方向相反,相差180°左右。描述往复运动潮流动力强弱的重要指标之一是潮段平均流速和潮平均流速。结合实际海区的实测潮过程,文中对潮段平均流速的3种计算方法和对水文全潮的潮平均流速的3种计算方法进行了对比研究。研究结果表明,不同的计算方法其结果存在着误差,建议潮段平均流速采用积分平均方法,潮平均流速计算采用加权平均法。     

白令海潮汐能通量和底边界能耗散

The spatial distribution of the energy flux, bottom boundary layer (BBL) energy dissipation, surface elevation amplitude and current magnitude of the major semidiurnal tidal constituents in the Bering Sea are examined in detail. These distributions are obtained from the results of a three-dimensional numerical simulation model (POM). Compared with observation data from seven stations, the root mean square errors of tidal height are 2.6 cm and 1.2 cm for M₂ and N₂ respectively, and those of phase-lag are 21.8° and 15.8° respectively. The majority of the tidal energy flux off the deep basin is along the shelf edge, although some of this flux crosses the shelf edge, especially in the southeast of the shelf break. The total M₂ energy dissipation in the Bering Sea is 30.43 GW, which is about 10 times of that of N₂ and S₂. The semidiurnal tidal energy enters mainly to the Bering Sea by Samalga Pass, Amukta Pass and Seguam Pass, accounting more than 60% of the total energy entering the Being Sea from the Pacific.     

渤海冰期溢油非常规应对策略和技术

渤海冰期溢油非常规策略主要针对无法使用现有常规回收策略加以回收的有冰环境。文中提出的非常规应对策略依据海冰、溢油、海水之间微妙关系因势利导,提出解决冰期溢油极端情况下的处置难题。