长江干线船撞桥事故分析

对发生在长江干线上的船撞桥事故进行了分析研究。通过调研掌握了一百余份有关资料 ,包括四十年来发生在十余座长江大桥的 172起船撞桥事故 ,在对事故进行统计分析与研究的基础上 ,得出了一些重要的结论。长江船撞桥事故在数量上略呈增长态势 ,船队撞桥事故远多于单船 ,约占 86 %。船撞桥的概率与桥梁跨距、洪水、能见度等因素有关 ,尤其是洪水对船撞桥概率影响较大 ,近似呈正态分布。发生船撞桥事故的第一位原因是人员失误 ,占 78%以上。     

西江下游船桥碰撞事故原困分析及对策

文中简要分析了西江下游船桥碰撞事故的原因,提出从规范桥梁的建造和管理、加强桥区水域安全监管、提高船舶过桥技能和恶劣环境下桥区水域监管能力等方面预防船桥碰撞的对策.     

船撞桥概率分析

统计了船舶撞击桥梁事故并分析其原因。以昆兹模型为基础,推导出能应用到船舶撞击桥墩实际情况中的碰撞概率公式,并把此公式应用到了船舶撞击桥墩、撞击桥梁横梁的情况中,同时推导了船撞桥不同撞击角度对应的撞击概率。     

三种规范对桥梁墩柱撞击力的比较

针对目前桥墩被船撞事故的频发,研究了某大桥水中桥墩在船撞作用下的响应,分别按照公路桥涵04规范、铁路规范、欧洲规范的要求采用不同的船舶撞击力,对各撞击力作用下桥梁墩柱结构进行计算、分析、比较。在3种规范对船舶撞击力的规定中,公路规范取值最小,铁路规范次之,欧洲规范最大,由此在桥墩防撞设计时应引起设计人员足够的重视。     

AASHTO概率模型在船桥碰撞风险评估中的应用

近年来随着航道等级的提升,设计通航船舶尺度增大,要求的通航净空尺度增加,桥区通航水域条件发生显著变化。桥梁存在船撞风险,需对船撞桥梁风险实施评估、为实施防撞设施工程提供依据。国内外因船舶撞击而导致桥梁垮塌或严重破坏的事故逐渐增多,平均每年就有一座大型桥梁因为船舶撞击而遭受严重破坏甚至倒塌。北江航道乌石至三水河口航段经整治由Ⅳ级提升为Ⅲ级后,桥梁存在船撞风险。以船撞桥概率模型(AASHTO)为研究方法,分析了整治河段清远北江二桥参数对船撞桥概率的影响,计算了船舶撞击桥梁各涉水桥墩的年撞击概率,确定了存在较大船撞风险的桥梁与涉水桥墩,建立了船撞桥损伤概率模型,分析桥梁各部位抗撞能力、桥梁各部位船舶撞击力及各部位的年撞击频率,得出通航孔桥墩的年撞击倒塌频率。     

海事部门如何在防止船舶碰撞跨海桥梁中发挥有效作用

近年来，特大型桥在我国呈现集中建设的势态，但随着我国经济形势的大发展，船舶流量也大幅增加，船舶碰撞桥梁的几率大大增加，碰撞事故时有发生，造成了巨大的财产和人员损失。研究和预防船舶碰撞大型桥梁成为重要课题摆在我们面前，笔者通过结合国外一些成功经验，对我国海事部门在防止船舶碰撞大型桥梁方面所能发挥的有效作用进行分析，以期在防船舶碰撞桥梁方面作出贡献。     

Design of bridges against ship collisions

The paper outlines a rational design procedure for bridge piers and pylons against ship collision impacts. Firstly, a set of risk acceptance criteria are proposed. This is followed by a mathematically based procedure for calculation of the probability of critical ship meeting situations near the bridge, and the probability of ship collision accidents caused by human errors as well as technical errors. This first part of the paper leads to identification of the largest striking ship, “design vessels”, a given bridge pier must withstand without structural failure in order for the bridge connection to fulfil the risk acceptance criteria. The final part of the paper is devoted to an analysis of the needed impact capacity for the bridge pylons and piers exposed to ship bow impact loads from these “design vessels”. For a number of different ship types and different tonnage merchant vessels, load – displacement relations for ship bow collisions against rigid walls are derived. Based on these comprehensive numerical results, a new empirical relation is derived which is suited for design against bow collisions. This expression for maximum bow collision forces is compared with a previously published expression for ice-strengthened ships and with existing standards for assessment of bow crushing forces. It is shown that there is need for an update of these existing standards. For design of piers and pylons against local impact pressure loads, a pressure - area relation for bulbous bow impacts is derived.     

基于视频目标检测的桥梁防船撞主动预警技术研究*

为减少船撞桥事故的发生,提高桥区水域的通航安全等级,以目标检测算法为基础通过AForge.NET工具包设计实现对桥区水域的运动船舶实时检测与跟踪。根据运动船舶的航行轨迹预测船舶航向,判断船舶是否具有撞桥危险并做出相应预警措施。并在安徽淮河干流蚌埠段等进行验证试验,试验结果表明检测效果良好,能够对高等级航道桥群河段的桥梁防撞主动预警提供有效可行的实施方案。     

桥梁上部结构防船撞研究

船舶撞击桥梁上部结构是船撞桥事故模式之一,其撞击特性与撞击桥墩特性相比有所不同。现着重研究了船舶撞击桥梁上部结构的风险分析、撞击力、防撞保护等技术问题,并提出设置警示设施、AIS系统建设、拦截、红外线监测、警戒等防护措施,供通航安全部门参考。     

通航河流桥梁主动防船撞措施探讨

文章从影响通航条件的主要因素,即建桥对通航条件的影响入手,从桥梁选址、桥跨及墩位布设以及通航净空尺度等角度,全面分析了预防船撞桥事故发生的相关措施和技术要求,提出了从桥梁设计角度如何实现桥梁主动防船撞的方法,其成果可为桥梁设计借鉴参考。     

跨海大桥桥区航道智能助航系统研发

跨海大桥桥区航道是典型的船舶航行受限水域,船桥碰撞安全风险大,桥区航道智能助航技术有助于提高桥区航道安全保障水平。分析了桥区航道通航风险因素以及水文气象分布规律,按通航规则将水域划分为预警、警戒、航道等不同区块,构建了桥区航行的船舶动态领域风险辨识模型。研发了自主检测船舶动态并向其播发防撞预警信息的装置,以及自动管理和运行软硬件设施的桥区航道船舶避碰智能助航系统。该系统已应用在福建省平潭海峡大桥桥区航道,有效改善了桥区水域的航道通航安全形势。     

船舶碰撞后运动趋势的模拟计算

本文首先应用明诺斯基(Minorsky)一维碰撞理论,扩展为多自由度模型,描述船舶在碰撞瞬间的能量和运动的转化。以确定两船碰撞后运动的初始条件。船舶碰撞结束之后,开始进入惯性运动阶段,再以日本MMG小组提出的船舶操纵性数学模型为基础,根据基本物理定理,建立两船在互为约束条件下的运动数学模型,计算碰撞后两船的运动过程。最后,在可能出现的各种碰撞格局下进行模拟试验,确定比较符合实际的碰撞前的初始运动状态,为事故分析提供依据。研究表明,用此种模拟计算方法,能较好地计算出船舶碰撞后的运动过程,是一种分析碰撞事故的有效方法。     

仿真技术在船舶碰撞事故再现中的应用

船舶碰撞的研究始终是航行安全或海上交通安全研究领域的热点问题。介绍了应用船舶操纵模拟器模拟碰撞过程的仿真技术,它是目前进行海上事故鉴定和事故分析的重要技术手段。首先利用仿真技术对当事船舶的碰撞过程进行实时动态仿真,再通过船舶碰撞事故分析软件(船舶碰撞事故分析系统2.0)进行分析,最后的仿真结果对船长、驾驶员具有重要的参考价值,也为海上安全主管机关调查处理船舶碰撞事故提供一种新的途径。     

新型三桩式防撞设施的数值模拟分析

针对目前通航河道上船舶撞桥事故频发,而桥梁往往缺乏有效防撞设施的现状,提出新型三桩式桥梁防撞设施的设计方案.三桩式桥梁防撞设施具有占地少、造价低和吸能效果明显等优点,能够满足运河桥墩防撞的要求.根据船舶与桥梁碰撞的相关理论,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件模拟船舶与三桩式防撞设施的碰撞作用,深入分析和评估...     

基于整船整桥模型的船桥碰撞数值仿真

桥梁在船舶碰撞时受到的动力载荷和响应是复杂的动力非线性问题。近代非线性有限元技术为该问题的求解提供了有效的工具。本文简述了该技术的基本原理，并基于整船整桥模型，对一艘4万吨实船与桥梁的碰撞过程进行了计算。仿真结果显示了船艏结构损坏、碰撞力演变、能量传递和桥墩内部应力变化的详细情景，讨论了船—桥碰撞的力学特征。本文演示的方法比传统的经验公式和简化解析法提供了更为精确的结果。所提供的桥墩应力状态对桥梁的设计与碰撞后的损伤评估有重要参数价值。     

船-桥碰撞力学问题研究现状及非线性有限元仿真

归纳研究了船舶与桥梁碰撞力学的几种典型计算方法，并对各自的特点进行了分析。文中借助DYTRAN非线性有限元程序，以一艘4万吨级的油船与长江上某一斜拉索桥发生正向碰撞为例，演示了有限元法仿真计算船-桥碰撞问题的一般过程。反映了船-桥碰撞过程中船艏、桥梁承合、桥面和拉索的力与变形的时间历程，得到了具有指导意义的结论。     

Marine accident analysis for collision and grounding in oil tanker using FTA method

In this study, collision and grounding data registered in GISIS (Global Integrated Shipping Information System) were investigated for oil tankers. The database includes the information of the collision and grounding accidents during the period between 1998 and 2010 in oil tankers. The risk assessments were carried out using fault tree analysis (FTA) programme for the incidents as collision and grounding occurred in oil tankers. In this study, we were able to investigate first the potential problems which cause the collision and grounding accidents have been determined, second, the occurrence of accidents has been shown with causal factors by the FTA method, and, finally, the significance degree of the initial events causing occurrence of accidents have been put forth. Collision in oil tanker resulted in economical loss (81%), pollution (6%) and death or injury (13%). Grounding in oil tanker resulted in economical loss (91%) and pollution (9%). According to the FTA results, the main reason for the accidents originating from human error is as follows: for collision accidents, Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) violation and the lack of communication between vessels; and for grounding accidents, the interpretation failure of the officer on watch and lack of communication in the bridge resource management.     

Analysis of structural crashworthiness of double-hull ships in collision and grounding

A conceptual design framework for collision and grounding analysis is proposed to evaluate the crashworthiness of double-hull structures. This work attempts to simplify the input parameters needed for the analysis, which can be considered as a step towards a design-oriented procedure against collision and grounding. Four typical collision and grounding scenarios are considered: (1) side structure struck by a bulbous bow, (2) side structure struck by a straight bow, (3) bottom raking, (4) bottom stranding. The analyses of these scenarios are based on statistical data of striking ship dimensions, velocities, collision angles and locations, as well as seabed shapes and sizes, grounding depth and location. The evaluation of the damage extent considers the 50- and 90-percentile values from the statistics of collision and grounding accidents. The external dynamics and internal mechanics are combined to analyse systematically the ship structural damage and energy absorption under accidental loadings.     

上海内河跨航道桥梁防撞设施分析

针对上海内河跨航道桥梁水上防撞设施,对桥梁防撞体系、船撞力计算方法进行论述,结合内河跨航道桥梁自身特点和最新防撞理念,对适合内河跨航道桥梁的防撞方案和设施进行分析。结果表明:适合上海内河跨航道桥梁水上防撞的防撞设施主要有固定或浮式防撞装置和桩基防撞墩两种类型,若这两种类型防撞设施不具有施工条件,一般采用小规格缓冲材料对桥墩进行防护;对于与黄浦江直接连通的支流桥梁,除小规格缓冲材料,一般采用防护桩。     

6·15九江大桥船撞事故引发的思考

文章在调查研究200多起船撞桥事故的基础上,分析了事故的主要影响因素,提出了提高桥区船舶航行安全的对策建议。