Effect of fuel stratification on initial flame development: Part 3-high swirl condition

This paper discusses the final investigation into the effect of fuel stratification on flame propagation. In previous works, the characteristics under the no port-generated swirl condition and the low-swirl condition were considered. For this purpose, the initial flame development and propagation were visualized under different axially stratified states in a modified optical single-cylinder SI engine. The images were captured by an intensified CCD camera through the quartz window mounted in the piston. Stratification was controlled by the combination of the port swirl ratio and injection timing. These were averaged and processed to characterize the flame propagation. The flame stability was estimated by the weighted average of flame area and luminosity. The stability was also evaluated through the standard deviation of flame area and propagation distance and through the mean absolute deviation of the propagation direction. The results show that the LML is expanded remarkably under the high-swirl cases up to the highest relative AFRs of 1.71 and 1.75 between 140 and 160CA. In addition, similar to the low-swirl condition, the flame-flow interaction determines the direction of flame propagation, and the governing roles of the two factors vary according to the swirl level; the flow is more important at the higher swirl conditions, and the flame is more important at the lower swirl condition. Finally, fast and stable flame propagation can be achieved under the preferably stratified condition, which is induced by the suitable combination of the high swirl and injection timing.     

Effect of injection condition and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion in a transparent engine system

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of injection conditions and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion using a transparent engine system. The test engine is equipped with a common rail injection system to control injection conditions and to obtain split injection characteristics. A combustion analysis and steady flow test were conducted to measure the heat release rate due to cylinder pressure and the swirl ratio. In addition, spray and diffusion flame images were obtained using a high speed camera. The LII & LIS methods were also used to obtain 2-D soot and droplet distributions. High injection pressure was found to shorten ignition delay, as well as to enhance peak pressure. The results also revealed that the heat release rate in the premixed combustion region was markedly reduced through the use of pilot injection, while the soot distribution and the heat release rate in the diffusion combustion region were increased. The swirl effect was found to shorten ignition delay at certain injection timings, and to enhance the heat release rate in all experimental conditions.     

柴油机可调进气涡流系统的研制

以1132Z单缸柴油机为平台,研制了电控可调进气涡流系统,包括可调涡流进气道、可调涡流执行机构和基于ADUC812单片机的电控单元。针对发动机的不同工况实现了进气涡流强度的最佳化控制;试验结果表明,在最大扭矩工况,发动机燃油消耗率和烟度排放明显改善。     

点燃式CNG发动机燃烧过程研究

利用混合气形成和燃烧三维模型建立了针对CA6SE1—21N增压点燃式CNG发动机的数值模拟研究平台,并对模型进行了试验验证,同时研究了该发动机混合气形成和燃烧的缸内微观变化历程。验证结果表明,CNG发动机混合气形成及燃烧过程的数值模拟结果和试验结果吻合较好,所选模型适合对CNG发动机进行模拟分析。模拟结果表明,缸内混合气形成可分为大幅度掺混和弱流动混合两个阶段;采用螺旋进气道与平缸盖时,在压缩后期逐渐形成强涡流、低滚流的刚性涡;点火时刻缸内混合气呈上稀下浓的分布,不利于提高点火稳定性和火焰传播速度。     

侧向换气发动机分层和均质燃烧的试验研究

在1台侧向进气的单缸发动机上对分层和均质充气燃烧进行了试验研究。通过灵活的喷油和点火控制策略实现了缸内的分层充气和均质充气燃烧。在线分析了各种工况下分层和均质充气燃烧及排放状况。研究表明,随着过量空气系数的增加,分层燃烧的性能明显优于均质燃烧,并且在稀燃状态下,分层燃烧能获得比均质燃烧更好的燃烧稳定性。在所有研究工况下,分层燃烧都能够有效地降低NOx排放。     

内燃机燃烧过程光纤传感器光电探测技术的研究

论述内燃机燃烧过程新型光纤传感器光电探测技术研究的初步成果，介绍光探测系统的主要构成及其在燃烧探测中的应用。研究表明，光纤探测系统对实现燃烧过程的燃烧时间、爆震、循环稳定性、温度及燃烧产物成分等多项燃烧特征的准确测量向步探测意义重大，光纤传感器是探测能力宽和具有良好发展应用前景的内燃机燃烧分析测试传感器。     

用于研究柴油机进气涡流的水模拟测试系统

主要介绍了一个针对 115 0G单缸柴油机进气道结构的进气涡流水模拟装置和一套用于测量二维流场的激光粒子速度场仪 (PIV) ,用它们来测量旋流器在气缸内产生的涡流流场 ,目的是为研究旋流器在气缸内产生涡流的能力和涡流在缸内的发展情况。其中旋流器是作者设计的一种用于 4气门、短直气道发动机产生进气涡流的装置。     

火花塞对汽油机缸内湍流的影响

针对4种不同火花塞,利用三维模拟软件建立了缸内直喷汽油机的仿真计算模型,在2 000r/min冷态情况下,对缸内湍流进行了计算,得到发动机在进气冲程、压缩冲程、点火时刻气缸内及火花塞附近的流场,评价了缸内速度场、湍动能参数。结果表明:在进气初期,火花塞对周围湍动能和缸内速度场影响最大,决定了缸内初期涡团的形成以及此后缸内湍流的发展变化;随着进气门的关闭和气缸容积的增大,火花塞对缸内湍流的影响越来越小;直至活塞靠近上止点,火花塞对局部流场的影响再一次显现。采用恰当的火花塞结构,使点火位置气流处于低速且具有足够湍流强度,对点火的稳定性和火焰的传播具有深远的影响。     

Atkinson循环发动机紧凑型燃烧系统研究

基于Atkinson理论循环建立混合动力汽油机的性能仿真模型,确定出合适的压缩比与配气正时。分别采用增加活塞顶面凸起高度(上凸型燃烧室)和减小缸盖上燃烧室高度的方式来满足Atkinson循环汽油机对压缩比的要求。同时为适应紧凑结构减小气门升程、直径(紧凑型燃烧室)。通过三维CFD计算分析,比较了两种燃烧室缸内燃烧及流动特性,发现紧凑型燃烧室能够在火核形成及扩散时期在缸内产生更高的湍动能,有利于加快火焰传播,使燃烧持续期缩短9.8%~24.4%,可显著提高燃油经济性。在混合动力用Atkinson循环发动机开发中使用紧凑型燃烧室,具有重要的应用价值。     

Characteristics of flame kernal radius in a spark ignition engine according to the electric spark ignition energy

To study flame propagation in a spark ignition engine, it must concentrate on the initial combustion stage, i.e., the formation and development of flame. Therefore, we must study the theoretical calculation of minimum flame kernel radius which affects the formation and development of flame kernel. To calculate the minimum flame kernel radius, we must know the thermal conductivity, flame temperature, laminar burning velocity, etc. To evaluate the accuracy of the minimum flame kernel radius based on the theory, authors compared with those from calculation and those from tests. According to the increase of number of sparks and spark intervals, the flame kernel radii become to increase and the expected lean limits are extended. It is considered that is due to the stability of combustion as increase of flame kernel size according as high ignition energy supplies in initial period and discharge energy period lengthens.     

Effects of the throttle opening ratio and the injection timing of CNG on the combustion characteristics of a DI engine

We investigated the effects of the fuel injection timing — both for early and late injection — in conjunction with the throttle opening ratio on the fuel-air mixing characteristics, engine power, combustion stability and emission characteristics of a DI CNG spark engine and control system that had been modified and designed according to the author’s original idea. We verified that the combustion characteristics were affected by the fuel injection timing and that the engine conditions were affected by the throttle opening ratios and the rpm. The combustion characteristics were greatly improved for a complete open throttle ratio with an early injection timing and for a partial throttle ratio with a late injection timing. The combustion duration was governed by the duration of flame propagation in late injection timing scenarios and by the duration of early flame development in cases of early injection timing. As the result, the combustion duration is shortened, the lean limit is improved, the air-fuel mixing conditions are controlled, and the emissions are reduced through control of the fuel injection timing and vary according to ratio of the throttle opening.     

Mixture formation of direct gasoline injection engine:: in-cylinder gas sampling using fast flame ionization detector

Local mixture concentration near the spark plug of a direct gasoline injection engine was observed by a fast flame ionization detector. To ensure combustion stability in DISC (Direct Injection Stratified Charge) operation using conventional lean burn intake ports, the swirl ratio and the piston configuration were optimized. Swirl is needed to retain well-vaporized and stable mixture near the spark plug, especially under light load. Also, adequate volume in the piston cavity is required for trapping curved fuel spray. Measurement with a fast flame ionization detector was very effective for understanding the mixture features on DISC operation.     

天然气发动机燃烧过程控制及可视化的试验研究

在单缸四冲程点燃式发动机上，将天然气燃料直接喷入气缸内，采用高速摄影方法对不同喷射方式及喷射时刻下的火焰传播过程进行实际观测，并进行了对比分析。同时制取示功图分析研究了不同喷射方式对放热规律的影响，研究结果表明，在较稀薄的混合气下，通过不同的喷射方式可以有效地控制放热规律和控制排放特性。并明显改善循环变动量。     

改变缸内涡流降低车用柴油机NOx和微粒排放

用喷气式可变涡流进气系统改变车用柴油机气缸内的涡流水平，研究了涡流对柴油机微粒（PI）和NOx排放的影响。结果表明，适度降低低速小负荷工况的涡流水平，在对PT排放影响不大的情况下，可以有效降低NOx的排放量；低速大负荷工况，适度提高气缸内的涡流水平，在不至于过在提高NOx排放的情况下，可以有效降低PT排放量，中速工况涡流水平的变化对PT排放量影响不大，而降低中速小负荷工况气缸内的涡流水平，可以有效降低NOx的排放量。降低高速工况气缸内的涡流水平，可以同时降低PT和NOx的排放量。     

缸内直喷式汽油机工作过程三维数值模拟

将一台柴油机改装为缸内直喷式汽油机,采用KIVA-Ⅱ软件时缸内直喷式汽油机的两个典型工况(分层燃烧和均质预混合燃烧)的燃烧过程进行了三维数值模拟。计算结果表明,采用分层燃烧和均质预混合燃烧具有不同的火焰传播方式和特点。     

Effect of fuel injection strategies on the combustion process in a PFI boosted SI engine

A low-cost solution based on fuel injection strategies was investigated to optimize the combustion process in a boosted port fuel injection spark ignition (PFI SI) engine. The goal was to reduce the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions while maintaining performance. The effect of fuel injection was analyzed for the closed and open valve conditions, and the multiple injection strategies (MIS) based on double and triple fuel injection in the open-valve condition. The tests were performed on an optical accessible single-cylinder PFI SI engine equipped with an external boost device. The engine was operated at full load and with a stoichiometric ratio equivalent to that of commercial gasolines. Optical techniques based on 2D-digital imaging were used to follow the flame propagation from the flame kernel to late combustion phase. In particular, the diffusion-controlled flames near the valves and cylinder walls, due to fuel deposition, were studied. In these conditions, the presence of soot was measured by two-color pyrometry, and correlated with engine parameters and exhaust emissions measured by conventional methods. The open valve fuel injection strategies demonstrated better combustion process efficiency than the closed ones. They provided very low soot levels in the combustion chamber and engine exhaust, and a reduction in specific fuel consumption. The multiple injection strategies proved to be the best solution in terms of performance, soot concentration, and fuel consumption.     

螺旋气门的结构优化及对无节气门汽油机燃烧性能的影响

由于进气方式的改变,气道喷射式无节气门汽油机中小负荷时泵气损失显著降低,但燃烧性能却明显恶化。为改善其燃烧性能,本文中设计了一种在进气过程中能产生较强进气涡流的螺旋气门,并使用仿真软件STAR-CCM+对螺旋气门的主要结构参数进行了优化。在稳流气道试验台上测量其进气涡流比和流量系数,证明该螺旋气门在开启升程较小时能产生强烈的进气涡流,对改善无节气门汽油机在中小负荷时的缸内进气流动状态和油气混合十分有利。将该螺旋气门安装在一台装载有全可变液压气门机构的无节气门汽油机上,试验结果表明:螺旋气门产生的进气涡流显著提高了无节气门汽油机中小负荷工况下燃烧速率、降低了循环波动,使燃油经济性能得到明显改善。     

高强化柴油机双卷流燃烧系统喷油参数匹配试验研究

针对采用双卷流燃烧系统的单缸柴油机进行了强化燃烧试验研究,研究内容包括不同喷雾锥角燃烧特性试验和相同负荷下不同转速的燃烧特性试验。研究发现,柴油机喷雾锥角的合理设计对燃烧特性具有重要影响,提高转速是提高柴油机强化程度的有效途径,但是转速提高会带来排温升高及燃油经济性恶化等问题。通过调节喷油定时可以在提高发动机转速时使排温及燃油经济性的问题在一定程度上得以改善。采用双卷流燃烧系统并配以合适的喷油参数(喷雾锥角、喷油定时)可以达到提高柴油机强化程度的目的。     

柴油机气道试验中缸内涡流转速的测量方法

本文在稳流模拟试验台上，利用三种涡流计测量了不同横截面高度的缸内涡流，分析了涡流计型式及测速位置对缸内涡流转速测量结果的影响，阐述了缸内速度分布对涡流测量影响的变化规律。     

基于柴油机万有特性分析的进出口独立控制挖掘机节能研究

挖掘机采用泵阀复合进出口独立控制液压系统较传统抗流量饱和的负载敏感系统（LUDV）可显著降低阀口工作压差，提高能量利用效率，同时降低柴油机转速及其扭矩输出，改善柴油机的燃油经济性，但在动臂下降、回转制动工况时液压系统功率输出较小，柴油机工作于低负荷工况，尚有较大节油空间。为优化柴油机工作区域，进一步提高泵阀复合进出口独立控制挖掘机的整机经济性，提出基于柴油机万有特性分析的柴油机-液压泵功率匹配方案。通过对比泵阀复合进出口独立控制系统与LUDV系统的动臂工作特性和回转特性，明确动臂单动作、回转单动作时的功率范围，并依据柴油机万有特性曲线，分析2个系统在相应工况时柴油机的工作区域，指出对于泵阀复合进出口独立控制系统，当动臂下降、回转制动时，柴油机输出功率远小于1 800 r·min^-1所对应的额定功率。为改善此工况时柴油机的经济性，基于柴油机三缸工作模式和柴油机两缸工作模的万有特性曲线，确定功率匹配的控制策略，当挖掘机动臂举升时，柴油机全部气缸工作，动臂下降时，柴油机采用两缸工作模式；当以最大半径回转启动时，柴油机全部气缸工作；以最小半径回转启动时，柴油机采用三缸工作模式；回转制动阶段，柴油机工作于两缸模式。建立整机动力系统试验平台，进行动力性和经济性比较试验。试验结果表明：在满足的动力性的前提下，采用柴油机多个气缸停缸技术，动臂单动作举升过程中降低燃油消耗20%，在最大半径回转过程中，可降低燃油消耗40%，在最小半径回转过程中，燃油消耗降低20%，节能效果明显。