中国南海ASDD深水试验井中的锚泊设计与作业(英文)

Mooring systems play an important role for semi-submersible rigs that drill in deepwater.A detailed analysis was carried out on the mooring of a semi-submersible rig that conducted a trial well drilling at a deepwater location in the South China Sea in 2009.The rig was 30 years old and had a shallow platform with a designed maximum operating water depth of 457 m.Following the mooring analysis,a mooring design was given that requires upgrading of the rig’s original mooring system.The upgrade included several innovations,such as installing eight larger anchors,i.e.replacing the original anchors and inserting an additional 600 m of steel wires with the existing chains.All this was done to enhance the mooring capability of the rig in order for the rig to be held in position to conduct drilling at a water depth of 476 m.The overall duration of the drilling was 50 days and the upgraded mooring system proved to be efficient in achieving the goal of keeping the rig stationary while it was drilling the trial well in the South China Sea.This successful campaign demonstrates that an older semi-submersible rig can take on drilling in deep water after careful design and proper upgrading and modification to the original mooring system.     

浮式海上风力机运动性能和锚泊系统(英文)

The development of offshore wind farms was originally carried out in shallow water areas with fixed(seabed mounted) structures.However,countries with limited shallow water areas require innovative floating platforms to deploy wind turbines offshore in order to harness wind energy to generate electricity in deep seas.The performances of motion and mooring system dynamics are vital to designing a cost effective and durable floating platform.This paper describes a numerical model to simulate dynamic behavior of a new semi-submersible type floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT) system.The wind turbine was modeled as a wind block with a certain thrust coefficient,and the hydrodynamics and mooring system dynamics of the platform were calculated by SESAM software.The effect of change in environmental conditions on the dynamic response of the system under wave and wind loading was examined.The results indicate that the semi-submersible concept has excellent performance and SESAM could be an effective tool for floating wind turbine design and analysis.     

系泊系统非线性恢复力研究及其应用(英文)

Mooring system plays an important role in station keeping of floating offshore structures.Coupled analysis on mooring-buoy interactions has been increasingly studied in recent years.At present,chains and wire ropes are widely used in offshore engineering practice.On the basis of mooring line statics,an explicit formulation of single mooring chain/wire rope stiffness coefficients and mooring stiffness matrix of the mooring system were derived in this article,taking into account the horizontal restoring force,vertical restoring force and their coupling terms.The nonlinearity of mooring stiffness was analyzed,and the influences of various parameters,such as material,displacement,pre-tension and water depth,were investigated.Finally some application cases of the mooring stiffness in hydrodynamic calculation were presented.Data shows that this kind of stiffness can reckon in linear and nonlinear forces of mooring system.Also,the stiffness can be used in hydrodynamic analysis to get the eigenfrequency of slow drift motions.     

Investigation on the Dynamic Responses of a Truss Spar Platform for Different Mooring Line Groups

The dynamic responses of any floating platform are dependent on the mass, stiffness and damping characteristics of the body as well as mooring system. Therefore, it is very essential to study the effect of individual contributions to the system that can finally help to economise their cost. This paper focuses on the effect of mooring stiffness on the responses of a truss spar platform, obtained by different grouping of lines. The study is part of our present researches on mooring systems which include the effect of line pretension, diameter and azimuth angles. The platform is modelled as a rigid body with three degrees-of-freedom and its motions are analyzed in time-domain using the implicit Newmark Beta technique. The mooring lines restoring force-excursion relationship is evaluated using a quasi-static approach. It is observed that the mooring system with lines arranged in less number of groups exhibits better performance in terms of the restoring forces as well as mean position of platform. However, the dynamic motions of platform remain unaffected for different line groups.     

Added resistance acting on hull of a non ballast water ship

In this paper, added resistances acting on a hull of non ballast water ship(NBS) in high waves is discussed. The non ballast water ships were developed at the laboratory of the authors at Osaka Prefecture University, Japan. In the present paper, the performances of three kinds of bow shapes developed for the NBS were theoretically and experimentally investigated to find the best one in high waves. In previous papers, an optimum bow shape for the NBS was developed in calm water and in moderated waves. For a 2 m model for experiments and computations, the wave height is 0.02 m. This means that the wave height is 15% of the draft of the ship in full load conditions. In this paper, added resistances in high waves up to 0.07 m for a 2 m model or 53% of the full load draft are investigated. In such high waves linear wave theories which have been used in the design stage of a ship for a long time may not work well anymore, and experiments are the only effective tool to predict the added resistance in high waves. With the computations for waves, the ship is in a fully captured condition because shorter waves, λ/Lpp0.6, are assumed.     

Safety assessment for a side-by-side offloading mooring system

In order to improve the safety properties of an offloading system with side-by-side (SBS) mooring in which the FPSO is moored by a yoke system in the field of BZ25-1, it is necessary to analyze those properties. According to the experience of similar projects, tow strategies of different offloading arrangements were discussed by using the 3-D radiation/diffraction theory and quasi-static time domain method to assess their respective safety properties. Through the safety assessment analysis of different arrangement comparisons, various ways to improve the safety properties of offloading systems with side-by-side mooring were verified by analyzing the tension in the mooring lines and the fender deflection. Through comparison it can be concluded that by enlarging the key factors properly, including the size of the fenders and the hawsers as well as the number of hawsers, a better safety performance can be achieved.     

某散货船单桨、双桨推进系统燃油消耗分析（英文）

This paper presents a comparative analysis between single and twin-screw propulsion systems of a bulk carrier to evaluate the ship and propeller performance in terms of fuel consumption as well as to discuss the cavitation and noise criteria. An optimization model is developed to select the optimum propeller geometry and operational point along the engine load diagram for the selected engines of each case. The engines are selected from the same series due to the same behaviour along the engine l...     

漂浮式潮流电站系泊系统疲劳性能预报(英文)

As a kind of clean and renewable energy,tidal current energy is becoming increasingly popular all over the world with the shortage of energy and environmental problems becoming more and more severe.A floating tidal current power station is a typical type of tidal current power transformers which can sustain the loads of wind,waves,and current,and even the extreme situation of a typhoon.Therefore,the mooring system must be reliable enough to keep the station operating normally and to survive in extreme situations.The power station examined in this paper was installed at a depth of 40 m.A 44 mm-diameter R4-RQ4 chain was chosen,with a 2 147 kN minimum break strength and 50 kN pretension.Common studless link chain was used in this paper.Based on the Miner fatigue cumulative damage rule,S-N curves of chains,and MOSES software,a highly reliable mooring system was designed and analyzed.The calculation results show that the mooring system designed is reliable throughout a 10-year period.It can completely meet the design requirements of American Petroleum institution(API).Therefore,the presented research is significant for advancing the design of this kind of power station.     

Experimental investigation of TARMAX model for modeling of hydrodynamic forces on cylinder-like structures

A new approach that models lift and drag hydrodynamic force signals operating over cylindrical structures was developed and validated. This approach is based on stochastic auto regressive moving average with exogenous (ARMAX) input and its time-varying form, TARMAX. Model structure selection and parameter estimation were discussed while considering the validation stage. In this paper, the cylindrical structure was considered as a dynamic system with an incoming water wave and resulting forces as the input and outputs, respectively. The experimental data, used in this study, were collected from a full-scale rough vertical cylinder at the Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. The practicality of the proposed method and also its efficiency in structural modeling were demonstrated through applying two hydrodynamic force components. For this purpose, an ARMAX model is first used to capture the dynamics of the process, relating in-line forces provided by water waves;secondly, the TARMAX model was applied to modeling and analysis of the lift forces on the cylinder. The evaluation of the lift force by the TARMAX model shows the model is successful in modeling the force from the surface elevation.     

多途信道短慕线时间反转聚焦研究(英文)

The existence of a multi-path channel under the water greatly decreases the accuracy of the short baseline positioning system.In this paper,the application of a time reversal mirror to the short baseline positioning system was investigated.The time reversal mirror technique allowed the acoustic signal to better focus in an unknown environment,which effectively reduced the expansion of multi-path acoustic signals as well as improved the signal focusing.The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of the time reversal operator greatly increased and could be obtained by ensonifying the water.The technique was less affected by the environment and therefore more applicable to a complex shallow water environment.Numerical simulations and pool experiments were used to demonstrate the efficiency of this technique.     

基于混沌算法的等效水深截断系泊系统优化设计

为替代全水深系统进行混合模型试验,设计了等效水深截断系统。同时考虑总系泊系统以及具有代表性的单根系泊缆静恢复力特性相似,采用改进的变尺度混沌算法对等效水深截断系泊系统进行优化计算。选取了一工作水深为1500m的新型单柱式(Spar)平台,对其截断水深为700m的等效截断系泊系统进行优化设计,数值试验结果表明,截断系统的设计是合理的、可靠的。     

FPSO单点系泊系统动力截断优化设计

浮体系泊系统在海洋工程水池进行模型试验时，由于水池尺度有限，首先对系泊线进行等效截断设计，是被动式混合模型试验的重要一步。截断设计时，基于细长杆理论，模拟系泊线的非线性动力特性，将计算所得时域内的系泊力转换到频域响应，选择有代表性的频率及响应建立目标函数，结合NSGA II优化算法，确定最优截断系泊参数，计算快速准确。针对一作业水深420m的FPSO单点系泊系统，进行水平截断设计。截断前后系泊系统和单根系泊线的静力特性吻合很好。截断系泊系统在不同环境载荷作用下的总体响应和系泊动力，都与截断前一致。证明了截断设计的合理性和准确性，为后续的模型试验工作打下了基础。     

水深截断系泊缆动力特性试验研究

采用Froude相似准则和常规缩尺比在现有试验水池很难对深水系泊缆进行完整模拟.一种可行的方法是对全水深系泊缆进行截断,设计静力和动力特性都与全水深系泊系统等效的水深截断系泊系统.但是如果深水平台的工作水深很大,或者是现有水池的工作水深很浅,就需要对全水深系泊缆进行较大的截断.文章对一工作在15OOm 水深的Cell-Tress Spar平台在现有4m水深的水池进行了模型试验.虽然采用了1:100的模型缩尺比,但是截断因子仍然较大.文中给出了6种水深截断系泊缆方案,主要参数均各不相同.通过单缆模型试验对水深截断系泊缆的动力特性进行了研究,并采用其中2种水深截断系泊缆进行了不规则波模型试验.结果表明,增大直径和单位长度空气中重量可以有效增加水深截断系泊缆的动力响应,合理控制轴向刚度可以保证在整个位移范围内的动力响应变化趋势.因此认为,如果合理地选择了水深截断系泊缆的所有参数,较好模拟全水深系泊缆的动力响应是可能的.     

等效水深截断系统优化设计问题的新求解方法

考虑总系泊系统水平和垂直两个方向的恢复力以及具有代表性的单根系泊缆静力等特性进行等效水深截断系统优化设计,以替代全水深系统进行混合模型试验.在使用混合离散变量模拟退火方法时提出了一种"接力棒"寻优方式,若每棒寻优结束后变量到达上限或者下限时,须扩大上限或缩小下限.以工作水深为320m的10万吨内转塔式系泊FPSO作为研究对象,其截断水深为80m进行等效水深截断系统优化设计计算.数值试验结果表明,截断系统设计是成功和有效的.     

深水SPAR平台截断技术研究(英文)

To solve the dimensional limitations of physical models in tests, an equivalent water depth truncated design for a classical SPAR working in 913 m water was investigated. The water depth was reduced to 736m and then to 552m. As this was done, the mooring line lengths, EA value, and mass per meter were adjusted. Truncation rules and formulas for parameters and truncation factors were proposed. SPAR static characteristics were made to be consistent with those at full water depth. Then further time-domain coupled analysis was carried out for the SPAR when the mooring system experienced waves. The mooring lines were simulated by quasi-static method. Global responses and mooring line forces were found to agree well with test results for a prototype at that water depth. The truncation method proved to be robust and reliable.     

深海平台复合单系泊缆形状和张力分析

以一工作水深为310 m的转塔式浮式生产存储系统为例研究了复合单系泊缆索静力特性的计算方法,用C++编写了基于悬链线方程式的深海平台系泊缆形状和张力的分析计算程序,计算并分析了复合单缆在无浮筒重物、只有浮筒、只有重物、既有浮筒又有重物四种情况下的形状和张力,为动力计算提供条件。本方法简单直观,并且完成一次计算所耗时间不到1 s,特别适合于需要多次迭代计算复杂系泊系统静力特性的等效水深截断系统优化设计。     

新型FDPSO涡激运动试验研究

以一座工作水深为1500m的新型深吃水变截面多立柱式FDPSO为研究对象,对其在300m等效截断水深锚泊系统系泊时的涡激运动特性开展了模型试验研究.模型试验在上海交通大学海洋工程国家重点实验中进行,缩尺比取为1:80.本文重点对不同工况下平台的横向涡激运动、响应谱和运动轨迹进行了系统性研究.研究结果表明:平台的横向运动频率未出现典型"锁定"现象,而是一直保持在接近固有横荡频率的范围内;同一流向下,平台纵向运动的平衡位置与最大振幅均随着折合速度的增加而增加.与其他经典平台相比,本文新型FDPSO最大横荡振幅值随折合速度的变化呈现不同的趋势.随着折合速度的增加,横荡运动的最大振幅与标称振幅之间的差值增大.     

深水悬链锚泊系统等效截断水深优化设计

工程中,常用的深水悬链锚泊线通常是由顶部锚链、中部钢索和底部锚链三段复合而成。该文采用分段外推的数值解法,考虑锚泊线所受的重力、张力、流力以及锚泊线的弹性伸长,利用黄金分割算法求解锚泊线顶端张力对应的顶张角,对其进行静力特性分析。基于混合模型试验方法应用,考虑锚泊系统静力特性相似,采用遗传算法编制开发等效截断水深系统优化设计程序。以一座工作水深为1500 m的深水半潜式平台为例,对其悬链式锚泊系统在700 m水深处进行等效截断优化设计计算,为下一步进行混合模型试验提供参考。     

深水半潜式钻井平台纤维材料系泊方案研究

针对一个工作于墨西哥湾海域1500m水深的半潜式钻井平台,选择polyester PET,polyester PEN和HMPE三种合成纤维材料及不同轴向刚度进行系泊方案设计,考虑系泊线的非线性动态特性和平台与系泊线之间的相互影响,在时域内进行耦合计算分析.并与传统的锚链钢缆组合的悬链线式系泊方式进行比较,发现悬链线方式很难保证平台的活动半径在要求范围之内,而由新型纤维材料组成的张紧式系泊方式则能达到良好的定位效果.经进一步对三种材料系泊系统对平台运动和系泊线受力以及经济性的比较,确定polyester PET最满足此半潜式钻井平台的安全作业要求.