发展动向2002年柴油机排放控制回顾

在日趋严格的排放法规推动下，先进的柴油机排放控制技术正在快速向前发展。本文将回顾这一领域中反映目前发展水平的典型研究成果。首先，笔者评估了重型和轻型柴油机排放控制的效率目标。从超细颗粒物对健康和排放控制技术的重要性出发，评述了超细颗粒物科学研究的重大进展和颗粒过滤器技术。除了介绍SCR和LNT的进展外，还阐述了deNOx催化器的重要发展。最后，介轺了排放控制系统综合应用的若干实例。总的采说，排放控制领域的进展是令人信服的。研究表明，高效率排放控制系统是能够在所有道路车辆上实现的。关于超细颗粒物，有资料认为毫微级悬浮颗粒物主要来自润滑油。颗粒过滤器技术的重点是优化结构、探索过滤器再生的最佳途径和改善系统背压。SCR系统NOx控制技术的重点则集中在尿素喷射策略和系统优化，而NOx吸附剂的性能和耐用性正在明显提高。颗粒过滤器和NOx控制的系统综合应用正在重型柴油机上进行台架试验研究。     

我国治理汽车尾气排放污染的对策

汽车以燃料为动力，不论是烧汽油还是柴油，在燃烧过程中不断排出废气，废气中含有CO、HC、NOx和颗粒物等有害成分，这些有害气体造成环境污染，危害人的健康。汽车给人们带来方便和快捷的同时，也带来了无法回避的大问题，汽车污染已成为世界性的公害。有关资料调查表     

缸内直喷汽油车WLTC颗粒物排放试验研究

对某国Ⅴ排放水平缸内直喷汽油车进行WLTC排放试验,并对颗粒物质量、数量、粒径分布和组分进行研究。结果表明,该车颗粒物质量排放为1.8 mg/km,固态颗粒物数量排放满足国Ⅵ过渡限值,起动、加速工况固态颗粒物及总颗粒物数量排放增大,减速工况、热机起动时减小;颗粒物以100 nm以下的超细颗粒物为主,呈双峰分布形态,在10 nm、60 nm附近取颗粒物数量排放峰值;颗粒物可溶性有机组分主要为脂肪酸。     

循环测量工况下汽油车颗粒物排放试验研究

利用电子低压冲击仪对4辆采用不同技术的国Ⅳ排放汽油车进行了颗粒物分布特性的试验研究.试验按照国Ⅳ测试循环(NEDc)在转鼓试验台上进行,测量了冷启动下排气中颗粒物的特性分布.试验结果表明:汽油机排气中包含有大量的超细颗粒物,其中以0.02～0.5μm的粒子居多;颗粒物排放主要在NEDC循环的冷启动阶段和加速过程中产生;汽油直接喷射车辆颗粒物数量比气道汽油喷射的高.     

柴油机颗粒物排放后处理技术

柴油机已在全球范围得到广泛应用，柴油机排放的颗粒物（PM）对环境具有十分恶劣的影响，降低其颗粒物排放是目前的研究热点。文章介绍了车辆排气中颗粒物的组成和生成机理，阐述了目前正在应用及研究的6种颗粒物排放后处理技术。指出我国硫含量过高限制了许多种类的颗粒物排放后处理技术的运用，因此我国应采用各种可靠性较高的主动再生柴油机颗粒捕集器。     

汽车轮胎磨损颗粒物收集装置研究进展

为了减轻轮胎磨损颗粒物对人类及自然环境的危害,各国研究人员纷纷展开了对轮胎磨损颗粒物收集装置的研究。综述了国内外轮胎磨损颗粒物收集装置的研究进展,整理了轮胎磨损颗粒物的产生机理,概括归纳了不同收集装置的优缺点及收集效率,并对轮胎磨损颗粒物收集装置的发展趋势进行了展望。     

欧洲实施实际行驶排放法规的结果分析

空气污染对人类的健康产生了严重的危害。在欧洲,NO2和颗粒物(PM)排放量普遍都超出空气质量标准,尤其是在交通密集的城市地区。     

城市机动车PM_1污染浓度影响模型及应用

交通产生的细小入肺颗粒物PM_1给人们的生活环境及长期健康带来不利影响,有必要分析城市环境中颗粒物浓度情况。文章在西安市小范围内对PM_1进行了浓度监测并建立了多元回归模型,并对结果进行了可视化。模型指出相对湿度、风速与绿地面积为主要影响变量,结果显示出研究区域内的颗粒物浓度热点集中在建筑密集区域,以及植被少、设施陈旧的小区。     

国内外排放法规体系现状及我国排放法规分析

伴随汽车保有量的飞速增长,汽车废气排放已成为全球空气污染的主要来源之一,废气排放不但危害人类的生命健康,而且会带来严重的地球环境变化,危害人类社会的持续健康发展.总结国内外主流的排放体系及法规,以我国现行《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第六阶段)》为分析重点,对我国排放法规的特点和未来发展趋势进行讨论.     

共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油-汽油混合燃料的性能与排放研究

为了研究生物柴油在柴油机上的应用,在一台6缸高压共轨柴油机上进行生物柴油与汽油混合燃料的性能试验。研究结果表明:随着汽油掺混比的增加,生物柴油-汽油混合燃料的黏度、凝点和馏程温度降低,热值有所提高;在部分负荷和中等负荷下,生物柴油-汽油混合燃料的峰值燃烧压力、峰值放热率和燃烧温度都会升高;在大负荷下,3种燃料的缸内压力、瞬时放热率和燃烧温度相差不大。发动机转速为1 400 r/min时,与生物柴油相比,BD90G10和BD83G17的NO_x排放分别增加4.2%和6.7%,而炭烟排放显著降低。对于超细颗粒物(D<220 nm)而言,混合燃料的峰值数浓度对应的直径小于生物柴油;在低负荷和中等负荷下,汽油掺混能够有效降低超细颗粒物排放,但在大负荷下,BD90G10和BD83G17的颗粒数浓度相差不大,表明汽油掺混比的进一步增大对超细颗粒物排放的减少影响较小。     

Effects of Residual Ash on Dpf Capture and Regeneration

To study the effects of residual ash on the capture and regeneration of a diesel particulate filter (DPF), repeated capture and complete regeneration experiments were conducted. An engine exhaust particulate sizer was used to measure the particle size distribution of diesel in the front and back of DPF. Discrepancies in the size distribution of the particulate matter in repeated trapping tests were analyzed. To achieve complete DPF regeneration, a DPF regeneration system using nonthermal plasma technology was established. The regeneration carbon removal mass and peak temperatures of DPF internal measuring points were monitored to evaluate the effect of regeneration. The mechanism explaining the influence of residual ash on DPF capture and regeneration was thoroughly investigated. Results indicate that the DPF trapping efficiencies of the nuclear-mode particles and ultrafine particles have significant improvements with the increase quantity of residual ash, from 90 % and 96.01 % to 94.17 % and 97.27 %, respectively. The exhaust backpressure of the DPF rises from 9.41 kPa to 11.24 kPa. Heat transfer in the DPF is improved with ash, and the peak temperatures of the measuring points accordingly increase. By comparing the regeneration trials, the elapsed time for complete regeneration and time difference for reaching the peak temperature between adjacent reaction interfaces are extended with increased quantity of ash. The carbon removal mass rises by 34.00 %.     

EGR对轻型柴油机超细颗粒排放的影响

基于1台匹配废气再循环(EGR)系统的轻型柴油机,在中低负荷下研究了EGR对发动机超细颗粒排放的影响.研究发现:各工况下,随EGR率的增大,颗粒排放中核模态颗粒数量浓度在各粒径下有所减少,核模态颗粒排放数量速率和质量速率有减少趋势,且在最大扭矩转速的低负荷工况更加明显;积聚态颗粒数量浓度在各粒径下都增加,积聚态颗粒排放数量和质量速率也都增加,且中负荷时更加明显,而积聚态颗粒数量浓度峰值粒径基本没有改变.随EGR率的增大,总的超细颗粒排放数量速率在最大扭矩转速的低负荷工况减小,而其他工况都明显增加.由于积聚态颗粒总质量浓度占超细颗粒总质量浓度比例达99%,所以超细颗粒排放质量速率也都增加,几何平均粒径也都明显增大.在低负荷较低EGR率和中负荷较大EGR率时,过高的喷油压力都将使超细颗粒排放数量速率增加.     

Experimental study on the characteristics of nano-particle emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine using a urea-SCR system

Particulate matter in diesel engine exhaust, particularly nano-particles, can cause serious human health problems including diseases such as lung cancer. Because diesel nano-particle issues are of global concern, regulations on particulate matter emissions specify that not only the weight of particulate matter emitted but also the concentration of nanoparticles must be controlled. This study aimed to determine the effects on nano-particle and PM emissions from a diesel engine when applying a urea-SCR system for NO_x reduction. We found that PM weight increases by approximately 90% when urea is injected in ND-13 mode over the emission without urea injection. Additionally, PM weight increases as the NH₃/NO_x mole ratio is increased at 250 °C. In SEM scans of the collected PM, spherical particles were observed during urea injection, with sizes of approximately 200 nm to 1 μm. This study was designed to determine the conditions under which nano-particles and PM are formed in a urea-SCR system and to relate these conditions to particle size and shape via a quantitative analysis in ND-13 mode.     

Review on characterization of nano-particle emissions and PM morphology from internal combustion engines: Part 1

This paper is review of the characterization of exhaust particles from state-of-the-art internal combustion engines. We primarily focus on identifying the physical and chemical properties of nano-particles, i.e., the concentration, size distribution, and particulate matter (PM) morphology. Stringent emissions regulations of the Euro 6 and the LEV III require a substantial reduction in the PM emissions from vehicles, and improvements in human health effects. Advances in powertrains with sophisticated engine control strategies and engine after-treatment technologies have significantly improved PM emission levels, motivating the development of new particle measurement instruments and chemical analysis procedures. In this paper, recent research trends are reviewed for physical and chemical PM characterization methods for gasoline and diesel fueled engines under various vehicle certification cycles and real-world driving conditions. The effects of engine technologies, fuels, and engine lubricant oils on exhaust PM morphology and compositions are also discussed.     

Improved theoretical modeling of a cyclone separator as a diesel soot particulate emission arrester

Particulate matter is considered to be the most harmful pollutant emitted into air from diesel engine exhaust, and its reduction is one of the most challenging problems in modern society. Several after-treatment retrofit programs have been proposed to control such emission, but to date, they suffer from high engineering complexity, high cost, thermal cracking, and increased back pressure, which in turn deteriorates diesel engine combustion performance. This paper proposes a solution for controlling diesel soot particulate emissions by an improved theoretical model for calculating the overall collection efficiency of a cyclone. The model considers the combined effect of collection efficiencies of both outer and inner vortices by introducing a particle distribution function to account for the non-uniform distribution of soot particles across the turbulent vortex section and by including the Cunningham correction factor for molecular slip of the particles. The cut size diameter model has also been modified and proposed by introducing the Cunningham correction factor for molecular slip of the separated soot particles under investigation. The results show good agreements with the existing theoretical and experimental studies of cyclones and diesel particulate filter flow characteristics of other applications.     

城市交通相关空气污染健康风险研究综述

交通空气污染问题作为交通问题重要部分,因危及到人体健康而越发受到人们的重视。文章将对近年来关于交通空气污染对人体健康影响的相关研究进行综述,并从不同交通空气污染物导致的相关疾病及其与特定污染物暴露研究方法分析介绍,从而更为系统全面了解地交通相关空气污染物作用于人体相关生物机理,为交通相关空气污染控制与防护提供科学依据。     

城市高架桥对颗粒物扩散分布的影响

近年来,随着中国城市化进程的不断加快,城市高架的数量也与日俱增,但高架桥在缓解交通拥堵的同时也给城市道路空气污染扩散分布带来了新的影响。为了探讨这一新问题,采用实地监测和数值模拟相结合的方法,基于计算流体力学原理(CFD)建立RNG k-ε模型及离散相(DPM)模型,分析对称型街道峡谷内高架桥沿线交通颗粒物的扩散机制。研究结果表明：高架桥的存在会影响街道峡谷内的空气流场,导致桥面颗粒物向桥下地面沉积,造成地面颗粒物浓度增大;高架引桥沿线的交通状态对街谷内湍流动能的分布也有较大影响,进而改变了颗粒物的分布状态,通过模拟发现,车辆湍动能VIT的存在使颗粒物平均浓度相比于未考虑VIT时降低了3.77%,并且加重了高架桥的“盖子效应”,使高架桥面高度以下的颗粒物的平均浓度发生变化,迎风侧浓度增长11.46%~16.52%,而背风侧浓度下降2.82%~8.65%,高架桥源颗粒物在垂直方向上更加容易扩散;同时发现,高架引桥各位置处对应的街谷内颗粒物浓度要高于高架桥面高度处的颗粒物浓度。研究成果可为制定城市高架地区的交通污染控制对策提供理论参考。     

喷油定时对GDI汽油机燃用含水乙醇汽油的燃烧和颗粒排放的影响

在1台2.0L直列4缸GDI汽油机上,分别燃用汽油、含水乙醇汽油E10W、E20W,保持转速和平均指示压力不变,在不同喷油定时下分析汽油、E10W、E20W的燃烧特性和颗粒物排放特性.结果 表明:随着喷油定时的推迟,缸内压力、放热率和缸内平均温度三者峰值均呈现下降趋势,且放热率和缸内平均温度峰值位置推迟.燃用含水乙醇汽...     

Review on characterization of nano-particle emissions and PM morphology from internal combustion engines: Part 2

This paper presents a review of the characterization of physical properties, morphology, and nanostructure of particulate emissions from internal combustion engines. Because of their convenience and readiness of measurement, various on-line commercial instruments have been used to measure the mass, number, and size distribution of nano-particles from different engines. However, these on-line commercial instruments have inherent limitations in detailed analysis of chemical and physical properties, morphology, and nanostructure of engine soot agglomerates, information that is necessary to understand the soot formation process in engine combustion, soot particle behavior in after-treatment systems, and health impacts of the nano-particles. For these reasons, several measurement techniques used in the carbon research field, i.e., highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy, were used for analysis of engine particulate matter (PM). This review covers a brief introduction of several measurement techniques and previous results from engine nano-particle characterization studies using those techniques.