Carbon Deposit Incineration During Engine Flameout Using Non-Thermal Plasma Injection

In order to investigate the influence of initial regeneration temperatures on diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration, an experimental study of DPF regeneration was implemented using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, aided by exhaust waste heat after engine flameout. DPF trapping characteristics and carbon deposit mass were discussed to facilitate further data analysis and calculation. DPF regeneration was then investigated by comparison analysis of deposit removal mass, backpressure drop, and internal temperature change. The results revealed that a large amount of particulate matter (PM) was deposited in DPF with a high filtration efficiency of about 90 %. The deposit removal rate and percentage drop of the backpressure both maximized at the initial temperature of 100 °C. During DPF regeneration, the sharp rise of internal temperature indicated vigorous PM incineration and high CO₂ emission. The results successfully demonstrated DPF regeneration using non-thermal plasma injection during engine flameout, and prominent heat durability was achieved in this method.     

DOC辅助DPF再生的二次污染研究

在氧化型催化转换器(DOC)前端的排气管中喷入柴油,通过提高柴油机尾气温度、燃烧并去除柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)中的PM,实现了DPF再生。对整个再生过程中尾气成分进行分析和计算,发现碳氢化合物(HC)为主要二次污染物,且排放相对较大。通过试验方法,分别研究喷油流量和喷油时DOC前端排气温度对再生过程中HC排放的影响,并依此提出保温处理、分阶段喷油和低速再生等三项优化措施。优化后再生过程中HC排放降低了68%,且燃油经济性提高了21%。     

Estimation of soot oxidation rate in DPF under carbon and non-carbon based particulate matter accumulated condition

By high particulate matter(PM) reduction performance, diesel particulate filter(DPF) is applied to almost all of modern HSDI diesel engine. PM emitted from diesel engine is consist of carbon based and non-carbon based material. Representative carbon based PM is soot. Non-carbon based PM is produced by wear of engine and exhaust component, combustion of lubrication oil and sulphur in fuel. Accumulation of non-carbon based PM affects pressure difference of DPF and thus accuracy of soot mass estimation in DPF can be lowered during normal and regeneration condition when the pressure difference caused by non-carbon based PM is not recognized correctly. Also unevenly accumulated PM inside of DPF can produce locally different exhaust gas temperature and thus it can lower accuracy of soot mass estimation during regeneration. This study focuses on estimation of soot oxidation rate not by conventional pressure difference but by exhaust gas analysis at up and downstream of DPF. Results, strong correlations between CO₂ -fuel mass ratio and soot oxidation was observed.     

采用燃烧器+氧化催化器的柴油机微粒捕集器复合再生控制策略的研究

设计了一种车载全流式燃烧器,从增压柴油机的涡轮增压器取出新鲜空气,从回油管路取油供给燃烧;将该装置安装在排气管尾端使捕集器进行再生.在燃烧器和捕集器之间增加氧化催化器,实现了在发动机所有稳态工况下捕集器的复合再生.在排气背压的再生控制策略基础上,根据经验公式对背压值进行温度修正,将三维背压MAP简化为二维,提出"恒温定时"的复合再生控制策略,分析了控制策略在不同工况区域的运用,给出了再生过程分析实例.对既定的控制策略进行了实车试验,结果表明微粒排放达到了国Ⅳ标准.     

Comparison of fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions between the aged and new DPF systems of Euro 5 diesel passenger car

This study was conducted to examine the impact of aged and new DPF systems of the Euro 5 diesel passenger car on fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions. Test diesel vehicle used in this study was equipped with diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) as aftertreatment systems, and satisfied the Euro-5 emissions standard. The displacement volume of engine was 1.6 L and the cumulative mileage was 167,068 km before the test. The FTP-75 test procedure was used, and the time resolved and weight based exhaust emissions of total hydrocarbon (THC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured. The results show that the vehicle with the new DPF system has lower emissions of THC, CO and NOx than the aged one, and fuel efficiency also increased about 5 percent. The aged DPF system had higher backpressure due to the particulate matter (mostly in the form of ash) accumulated in the DPF. As was shown in the analysis using X-CT (X-ray computer tomography), the aged DPF system had particulate matter (PM) accumulated to a length of 46.6 mm. In addition, a component analysis of PM through XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis found that 50 % or more of the components consisted of the P, S, Ca, and Zn.     

柴油机排气颗粒物捕集器的发展

柴油机在轻型车辆上使用的日趋普遍,使得柴油机排放气体中的颗粒物后处理成为研究热点。颗粒物捕集器是解决柴油机排气颗粒污染最有效的后处理技术。针对目前国内颗粒物捕集器的使用情况,论述了柴油机排气颗粒物捕集器过滤材料和过滤体再生技术近年来的研究现状,介绍了近年来过滤材料和过滤体再生技术结合良好的几种颗粒物捕集器,提出了颗粒物捕集器今后的研究方向。     

柴油机排气微粒捕集器燃气再生可行性研究

提出了一种新的柴油机排气微粒捕集器的再生技术 ,即利用燃气与排气中的O2 燃烧清除微粒捕集器中沉积的微粒 (PM)。根据燃气的物化特性和排气中的含O2 量 ,对这种方法的可行性进行了理论分析和试验验证 ,为解决柴油机PM排放控制提供了一条新的技术途径     

柴油机微粒捕集器催化再生技术

柴油机微粒捕集器（DPF）能降低柴油机的微粒（PM）排放量,文章提出了DPF催化再生技术方案,将氧化催化器（DOC）与DPF相结合,通过DOC催化氧化未燃HC等来提高排气温度达到微粒着火温度500～600℃,点燃微粒从而完成再生过程。以YN4100QB–1A柴油机为研究对象,对不同喷油量下的DPF升温特性进行了试验研究,试验结果表明：当喷油量大于60mL/min时,再生系统能迅速将排气温度提高到500℃以上。可变喷油量的喷油控制方案可使DPF升温平缓,降低再生造成的二次污染。     

影响柴油机微粒捕集器背压因素的试验研究

采用搭建的气道试验台和实车试验系统研究了影响发动机排气背压的因素,同时量化了部分发动机工况下流量、背压和温度随时间的变化关系,为再生时机的判断提供了有力的数据支持。     

CDPF再生性能的试验研究

基于外加热源再生性能测试台架,研究了来流参数和灰沉积对催化型柴油机颗粒捕集器(CDPF)再生性能的影响规律,并比较了DPF和CDPF在再生性能上的差异。结果表明:随着来流温度的增加,载体的最高温度和最大温度梯度先保持不变,后迅速增大,再生效率和效能比也逐渐增大;随着来流温度脉冲持续时间的增长,载体的最高温度基本保持不变,最大温度梯度略有增大,再生效率逐渐增大,但效能比却逐渐降低;随着灰沉积量的逐渐增大,载体的最高温度和最大温度梯度基本保持不变,再生效率和效能比却逐渐降低;在来流温度为475℃时,相较于DPF内碳黑基本不发生反应,CDPF内碳黑发生剧烈氧化,最高温度和最大温度梯度升高,再生效率和效能比也随之升高。     

DOC+DPF对柴油机颗粒物排放特性的影响研究

以某型高压共轨柴油机为研究对象,研究试验样机加装DOC+DPF后处理装置对其颗粒排放特性的影响。结果表明:试验样机连接DOC+DPF后,颗粒物排放显著降低,在中高转速下,转化率平均在97%以上;在中低转速DOC+DPF对积聚态颗粒净化效率高于核模态颗粒,在1030rpm下,颗粒物总数量下降89%,总质量下降33%;在1200rpm下,颗粒物总数量下降96%,总质量下降77%。在1030rpm和1600rpm除了70%负荷外,DOC+DPF前的NO2/NOX比值都高于DOC+DPF后的,DOC+DPF后的NO2/NOX比值随负荷增加先减小后增加。     

Performance of radial-type metal foam diesel particulate filters

An analytical study of the performance of a radial-type, metal foam diesel particulate filter is reported. A mathematical model for the filtration and regeneration of soot in a metal foam filter was developed. Nickel foam was selected for the filter medium due to its large specific area, high porosity, and high thermal resistance. For various metal foams, the filtration efficiency and the pressure drop through the filter were calculated, as was the deposition of soot. The results from the analytical model were compared with experimental data. In comparison with a conventional wall flow filter, the metal foam diesel particulate filter (DPF) is effective in utilizing the volume of material, due to the porous structures. As the size of the metal foam pores in the DPF increases from 580 μm to 800 μm, the filtration efficiency decreases from 90% to 50%, and the pressure drop decreases from 380 mbar to 20 mbar. The metal foam DPF with a large pore size is effective in utilizing the volume of material with a small pressure drop. The regeneration is completed within four minutes by the flow of hot exhaust gases under full load conditions.     

Computational study on the effects of volume ratio of DOC/DPF and catalyst loading on the PM and NOx emission control for heavy-duty diesel engines

The use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) in a diesel aftertreatment system has proven to be an effective and efficient method for removing particulate matter (PM) in order to meet more stringent emission regulations without hurting engine performance. One of the favorable PM regeneration technologies is the NO₂-assisted regeneration method due to the capability of continuous regeneration of PM under a much lower temperature than that of thermal regeneration. In the present study, the thermal behavior of the monolith during regeneration and the conversion efficiency of NO₂ from NO with an integrated exhaust system of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and DPF have been predicted by one-channel numerical simulation. The simulation results of the DOC, DPF, and integrated DOC-DPF models are compared with experimental data to verify the accuracy of the present model for the integrated DOC and DPF modeling. The effects of catalyst loading inside the DOC and the volume ratio between the DOC and DPF on the pressure drop, the conversion efficiency, and the oxidation rate of PM, have been numerically investigated. The results indicate that the case of the volume ratio of ‘DOC/DPF=1.5’ within the same diameter of both monoliths produced close to the maximum conversion efficiency and oxidation rate of PM. Under the engine operating condition of 175 kW at 2200 rpm, 100% load with a displacement of 8.1, approximately 55 g/ft³ of catalyst (Pt) loading inside the DOC with the active Pt surface of 5.3 m²/g_pt was enough to maximize the conversion efficiency and oxidation rate of PM.     

柴油机微粒捕集器瞬态再生特性仿真

建立了基于柴油机微粒捕集器主动再生的GT-Power仿真模型,针对2 200 r/min、100%和1 400 r/min、50%两种典型工况,对捕集器瞬态再生特性进行了研究。计算结果表明：柴油机由高转速、大负荷变为低转速、小负荷的瞬态工况下,微粒捕集器再生时,载体各端温度曲线呈双峰状,载体壁面峰值温度与稳态相比大大升高;且工况变化时间越短,这种现象越明显。     

DPF对柴油机性能影响的仿真研究

利用GT-Power软件,分别建立了柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)和D19柴油机的仿真模型,并把二者进行耦合,研究了DPF对D19柴油机的功率、扭矩、缸压及燃油消耗率等方面的影响。研究结果表明,加装DPF会使发动机排气背压升高,输出功率与扭矩下降,缸内最高燃烧压力降低,燃油消耗率上升,且随着载体内颗粒物数量的增加,这种趋势更为明显;当DPF内炭烟加载量接近满载达到10 g/L时,D19发动机的功率、扭矩已有明显的下降趋势,在高转速下最高降幅达4%左右,燃油消耗率增幅为3%左右。     

Experimental investigation and comparison of nanoparticle emission characteristics in light-duty vehicles for two different fuels

In recent years, particle number emissions rather than particulate mass emissions in automotive engines have become the subject with controversial discussions. Recent results from studies of health effects imply that it is possible that particulate mass does not properly correlate with the variety of health effects attributed to engine exhaust. The concern is now focusing on nano-sized particles emitted from I. C. engines. In this study, particulate mass and particle number concentration emitted from light-duty vehicles were investigated for a better understanding of the characteristics of the engine PM from different types of fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel. Engine nano-particle mass and size distributions of four test vehicles were measured by a condensation particle counter system, which is recommended by the particle measurement program in Europe (PMP), at the end of a dilution tunnel along a NEDC test mode on a chassis dynamometer. We found that particle number concentrations of diesel passenger vehicles with DPF system are lower than gasoline passenger vehicles, but PM mass has some similar values. However, in diesel vehicles with DPF system, PM mass and particle number concentrations were greatly influenced by PM regeneration. Particle emissions in light-duty vehicles emitted about 90% at the ECE15 cycle in NEDC test mode, regardless of vehicle fuel type. Particle emissions at the early cold condition of engine were highly emitted in the test mode.     

一种基于神经网络的氧化催化器出口温度控制方法

氧化催化器(DOC)出口温度控制是实现颗粒捕集器(DPF)主动再生控制的关键。本文介绍一种基于神经网络的氧化催化器出口温度控制方法,首先结合DOC系统的实际特征以及DOC传热及化学反应特性建立了一阶延迟DOC出口温度模型,然后在温度模型基础上基于神经网络建立了DOC出口温度预测模型,最后将DOC出口温度预测值作为闭环反馈输入建立反馈控制器计算HC喷射量进而控制DOC出口温度。本方法采用整车试验中连续变化工况来验证,试验结果表明DOC出口温度在DPF再生过程中控制在600±20℃范围内,满足DPF精确再生控制要求。     

Heat exchanger/catalytic system for reducing the exhaust emissions from diesel engines

A system has been researched over the past 3 years for reducing the exhaust pollutants from diesel engines for light commercial vehicles. The system researched achieves Euro 6 standards for reduction of polluting gases (CO, HC, PM, NO). It consists of 4 main sections: 1. A heater and heat exchanger (HE); 2. A CO/HC oxidising catalyst (D°C); 3. Pt catalyst on a diesel particulate filter (DPF); 4. A NO reducing reaction (SCR) within the DPF. The system operates as follows. The exhaust gas contains oxidising gases, namely both O₂ and NO₂. The levels of CO and HC are oxidised by O₂ to CO₂ for temperatures above 200°C. Carbon (PM) is oxidised to CO₂ by NO₂ but requires a temperature above 250°C. The operating exhaust temperature of 300°C is ideal for the removal of NO by using the Pt catalyst and the CO generated within the DPF. The heater is required to be able to raise the exhaust temperature at any time to 300°C in order to optimise the performance of the system, since diesel engine exhaust temperatures vary between 160°C (slow speeds) to 350°C (high speeds). Considerable heat is required (??3 kW) to maintain the exhaust gas for a 2l engine at 300°C for engine idle conditions. Therefore a heat exchanger is required to re-circulate the input heat and thereby reduce the maximum power consumption to a maximum of 500W over the engine full operating test cycle. This energy is supplied by the engine battery and alternator. Experimental results have been obtained for the exhaust from a Kubota diesel engine and the reductions in exhaust emissions of 83% (CO/ HC), 58% (NOx) and 99% (PM) were obtained. The PM was continuously cleaned so that there was no build up of back pressure.     

微粒捕集器再生技术的研究动态和发展趋势

微粒捕集器技术是满足未来车用柴油机严格排放法规的重要措施,再生技术是其中的关键环节。综述了柴油机微粒捕集器再生技术的研究现状,对各种再生技术进行了分析。阐述了这些再生技术存在的问题以及相关措施,并展望了微粒捕集器再生技术的发展趋势。     

基于添加剂和电加热的柴油机DPF再生技术研究

提出了基于添加剂和电加热的柴油机微粒捕集器再生技术,以柴油添加剂与电加热相结合的方式,利用柴油添加剂降低微粒起燃温度,再生时补充少许空气,只需少量的电能就可以点燃微粒,通过其自身火焰的蔓延来完成整个捕集器的再生。以SOFIM8140.27柴油机为对象,对微粒捕集及再生方案进行了大量试验研究,证实了该设计方案具有捕集效率高、再生可靠和车载实用等优点,能够适应我国的燃油品质。