Estimation of soot oxidation rate in DPF under carbon and non-carbon based particulate matter accumulated condition

By high particulate matter(PM) reduction performance, diesel particulate filter(DPF) is applied to almost all of modern HSDI diesel engine. PM emitted from diesel engine is consist of carbon based and non-carbon based material. Representative carbon based PM is soot. Non-carbon based PM is produced by wear of engine and exhaust component, combustion of lubrication oil and sulphur in fuel. Accumulation of non-carbon based PM affects pressure difference of DPF and thus accuracy of soot mass estimation in DPF can be lowered during normal and regeneration condition when the pressure difference caused by non-carbon based PM is not recognized correctly. Also unevenly accumulated PM inside of DPF can produce locally different exhaust gas temperature and thus it can lower accuracy of soot mass estimation during regeneration. This study focuses on estimation of soot oxidation rate not by conventional pressure difference but by exhaust gas analysis at up and downstream of DPF. Results, strong correlations between CO₂ -fuel mass ratio and soot oxidation was observed.     

Pressure drop and heat transfer of catalyzed diesel particulate filters due to changes in soot loading and flow rate

When soot particles are loaded in a diesel particulate filter, it causes increase in back pressure of the exhaust system. To minimize this pressure drop due to DPF, the filter needs to be regenerated after a certain amount of soot has been accumulated. It is crucial to estimate the correct amount of soot that has been accumulated by measuring the differential pressure. It is also important to understand changes in pressure drop due to flow rate variations of the exhaust gas, since the pressure drop would be influenced by the exhaust flow rate as well as the amount of soot. Furthermore, the heat transfer characteristics of the catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) are another major issue, as the filter is occasionally exposed to high temperature gas. This study presents the characteristics of pressure drop according to the variation of soot loading and the mass flow rate in CDPF. In addition, heat transfer characteristics in the filter was investigated when a high temperature gas flows into the CDPF. Tests were performed in several CDPF samples having varying amounts of catalyst coating. Experimental results indicate that rig-based experiments are useful in understanding the characteristics of pressure drop in the CDPF. In the cake filtration region, a pressure drop has a proportional relationship according to soot loading and mass flow rate. It was found that an increased catalyst coating may lead to enhanced convective heat transfer.     

国六柴油机颗粒物捕集器在工程应用中的关键问题分析

通过分析国六排放法规,并结合对OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer)市场国六后处理技术的开发以及我国的特殊地理环境,总结了国六柴油机颗粒物捕集器(Diesel Particulate Filter,DPF)开发的重点、难点问题。综合来看,开发高目数、薄壁、非对称孔道结构及高强度的DPF载体是国六柴油机面临的关键问题。同时,DPF的高原捕集再生特性也是值得深入研究的核心问题。新一代国六DPF主要面临以下技术难题:(1)DPF压降与捕集效率的折衷关系,尤其是对颗粒物数量(Particle Numbers,PN)的捕集效率需要在99%以上。(2)DPF的捕集再生特性决定了其作为流-固-热多场耦合装置需要与控制策略协同优化,才能避免DPF爆燃现象的发生,提高载体可靠性和耐久性。(3)高原地区低压、低氧的特殊环境导致发动机原排PM/PN较高,同时颗粒物理化特性变化较大,且山路驾驶工况复杂多变,对DPF的高效捕集再生及可靠性要求提出了更大挑战。     

Carbon Deposit Incineration During Engine Flameout Using Non-Thermal Plasma Injection

In order to investigate the influence of initial regeneration temperatures on diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration, an experimental study of DPF regeneration was implemented using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, aided by exhaust waste heat after engine flameout. DPF trapping characteristics and carbon deposit mass were discussed to facilitate further data analysis and calculation. DPF regeneration was then investigated by comparison analysis of deposit removal mass, backpressure drop, and internal temperature change. The results revealed that a large amount of particulate matter (PM) was deposited in DPF with a high filtration efficiency of about 90 %. The deposit removal rate and percentage drop of the backpressure both maximized at the initial temperature of 100 °C. During DPF regeneration, the sharp rise of internal temperature indicated vigorous PM incineration and high CO₂ emission. The results successfully demonstrated DPF regeneration using non-thermal plasma injection during engine flameout, and prominent heat durability was achieved in this method.     

车用柴油机微粒捕集器热再生的一维数值模拟

以壁流式蜂窝陶瓷微粒捕集器(DPF)为研究对象,建立了DPF一维热再生过程的数学模型。对陶瓷孔道内微粒(PM)的燃烧过程及其温度分布进行了模拟,结果表明,再生过程进行到一半时,DPF载体的温度达到最大值。设计时必须保证在此温度下DPF的载体壁面不会发生破裂,以免影响其正常工作。     

DPF对柴油机性能影响的仿真研究

利用GT-Power软件,分别建立了柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)和D19柴油机的仿真模型,并把二者进行耦合,研究了DPF对D19柴油机的功率、扭矩、缸压及燃油消耗率等方面的影响。研究结果表明,加装DPF会使发动机排气背压升高,输出功率与扭矩下降,缸内最高燃烧压力降低,燃油消耗率上升,且随着载体内颗粒物数量的增加,这种趋势更为明显;当DPF内炭烟加载量接近满载达到10 g/L时,D19发动机的功率、扭矩已有明显的下降趋势,在高转速下最高降幅达4%左右,燃油消耗率增幅为3%左右。     

Computational study on the effects of volume ratio of DOC/DPF and catalyst loading on the PM and NOx emission control for heavy-duty diesel engines

The use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) in a diesel aftertreatment system has proven to be an effective and efficient method for removing particulate matter (PM) in order to meet more stringent emission regulations without hurting engine performance. One of the favorable PM regeneration technologies is the NO₂-assisted regeneration method due to the capability of continuous regeneration of PM under a much lower temperature than that of thermal regeneration. In the present study, the thermal behavior of the monolith during regeneration and the conversion efficiency of NO₂ from NO with an integrated exhaust system of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and DPF have been predicted by one-channel numerical simulation. The simulation results of the DOC, DPF, and integrated DOC-DPF models are compared with experimental data to verify the accuracy of the present model for the integrated DOC and DPF modeling. The effects of catalyst loading inside the DOC and the volume ratio between the DOC and DPF on the pressure drop, the conversion efficiency, and the oxidation rate of PM, have been numerically investigated. The results indicate that the case of the volume ratio of ‘DOC/DPF=1.5’ within the same diameter of both monoliths produced close to the maximum conversion efficiency and oxidation rate of PM. Under the engine operating condition of 175 kW at 2200 rpm, 100% load with a displacement of 8.1, approximately 55 g/ft³ of catalyst (Pt) loading inside the DOC with the active Pt surface of 5.3 m²/g_pt was enough to maximize the conversion efficiency and oxidation rate of PM.     

采用燃烧器+氧化催化器的柴油机微粒捕集器复合再生控制策略的研究

设计了一种车载全流式燃烧器,从增压柴油机的涡轮增压器取出新鲜空气,从回油管路取油供给燃烧;将该装置安装在排气管尾端使捕集器进行再生.在燃烧器和捕集器之间增加氧化催化器,实现了在发动机所有稳态工况下捕集器的复合再生.在排气背压的再生控制策略基础上,根据经验公式对背压值进行温度修正,将三维背压MAP简化为二维,提出"恒温定时"的复合再生控制策略,分析了控制策略在不同工况区域的运用,给出了再生过程分析实例.对既定的控制策略进行了实车试验,结果表明微粒排放达到了国Ⅳ标准.     

柴油机排气颗粒物捕集器的发展

柴油机在轻型车辆上使用的日趋普遍,使得柴油机排放气体中的颗粒物后处理成为研究热点。颗粒物捕集器是解决柴油机排气颗粒污染最有效的后处理技术。针对目前国内颗粒物捕集器的使用情况,论述了柴油机排气颗粒物捕集器过滤材料和过滤体再生技术近年来的研究现状,介绍了近年来过滤材料和过滤体再生技术结合良好的几种颗粒物捕集器,提出了颗粒物捕集器今后的研究方向。     

基于添加剂和电加热的柴油机DPF再生技术研究

提出了基于添加剂和电加热的柴油机微粒捕集器再生技术,以柴油添加剂与电加热相结合的方式,利用柴油添加剂降低微粒起燃温度,再生时补充少许空气,只需少量的电能就可以点燃微粒,通过其自身火焰的蔓延来完成整个捕集器的再生。以SOFIM8140.27柴油机为对象,对微粒捕集及再生方案进行了大量试验研究,证实了该设计方案具有捕集效率高、再生可靠和车载实用等优点,能够适应我国的燃油品质。     

影响柴油机微粒捕集器背压因素的试验研究

采用搭建的气道试验台和实车试验系统研究了影响发动机排气背压的因素,同时量化了部分发动机工况下流量、背压和温度随时间的变化关系,为再生时机的判断提供了有力的数据支持。     

Effects of Residual Ash on Dpf Capture and Regeneration

To study the effects of residual ash on the capture and regeneration of a diesel particulate filter (DPF), repeated capture and complete regeneration experiments were conducted. An engine exhaust particulate sizer was used to measure the particle size distribution of diesel in the front and back of DPF. Discrepancies in the size distribution of the particulate matter in repeated trapping tests were analyzed. To achieve complete DPF regeneration, a DPF regeneration system using nonthermal plasma technology was established. The regeneration carbon removal mass and peak temperatures of DPF internal measuring points were monitored to evaluate the effect of regeneration. The mechanism explaining the influence of residual ash on DPF capture and regeneration was thoroughly investigated. Results indicate that the DPF trapping efficiencies of the nuclear-mode particles and ultrafine particles have significant improvements with the increase quantity of residual ash, from 90 % and 96.01 % to 94.17 % and 97.27 %, respectively. The exhaust backpressure of the DPF rises from 9.41 kPa to 11.24 kPa. Heat transfer in the DPF is improved with ash, and the peak temperatures of the measuring points accordingly increase. By comparing the regeneration trials, the elapsed time for complete regeneration and time difference for reaching the peak temperature between adjacent reaction interfaces are extended with increased quantity of ash. The carbon removal mass rises by 34.00 %.     

Investigation of particle emission characteristics from a diesel engine with a diesel particulate filter for alternative fuels

Particle number measurement is a new approach to determine emission, which may be more accurate at very low emission levels than when using gravimetric measurements. An experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of fuel properties on the performance, combustion process, regulated gaseous emissions and particle number emissions of a diesel engine with an uncatalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF). The effect of the filter on the particle size distribution was reported. The DPF number-based filtration efficiency in terms of number efficiency and fractional efficiency for petroleum diesel fuel and two alternative fuels, BTL and GTL, were analyzed. For nearly all test modes, the filter had a higher number efficiency for diesel than for BTL and GTL. The DPF fractional efficiency showed it was highly dependent on fuel type and varied widely at each size range. For diesel, the filter fractional efficiency was sufficiently high and behaved as predicted by filtration theory. For BTL and GTL, the fractional performance of the filter decreased when unexpectedly low efficiencies within the nuclei mode were exhibited. This research will be helpful in understanding DPF number-based filtration performance for alternative fuels and will provide information for the development of particulate emission control technology.     

柴油机微粒捕集器瞬态再生特性仿真

建立了基于柴油机微粒捕集器主动再生的GT-Power仿真模型,针对2 200 r/min、100%和1 400 r/min、50%两种典型工况,对捕集器瞬态再生特性进行了研究。计算结果表明：柴油机由高转速、大负荷变为低转速、小负荷的瞬态工况下,微粒捕集器再生时,载体各端温度曲线呈双峰状,载体壁面峰值温度与稳态相比大大升高;且工况变化时间越短,这种现象越明显。     

柴油机颗粒物后处理技术综述

通过调研国内外文献,介绍了柴油机颗粒物污染现状、颗粒物后处理技术、壁流式颗粒捕集器(DPF)的工作原理、材料和结构类型、捕集器再生技术和控制策略等。堇青石陶瓷壁流式DPF具有成本和性能方面的优势,占据主要市场份额,再生技术是DPF应用的关键。与主动再生技术相比,被动再生具有结构简单、节约油耗等优势,可通过涂敷催化剂、前置DOC和辅助主动再生等方法确保再生效果。     

基于ATT7022B电能计量芯片的研究与应用

详细介绍了多功能计量芯片ATIT022B,采用该芯片与低功耗单片机STC89C51、RS-458通信电路组成的电能表,可实现防窃电、高精度、低功耗等特点,并且具有远程抄、校电表等功能。     

DOC辅助DPF再生的二次污染研究

在氧化型催化转换器(DOC)前端的排气管中喷入柴油,通过提高柴油机尾气温度、燃烧并去除柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)中的PM,实现了DPF再生。对整个再生过程中尾气成分进行分析和计算,发现碳氢化合物(HC)为主要二次污染物,且排放相对较大。通过试验方法,分别研究喷油流量和喷油时DOC前端排气温度对再生过程中HC排放的影响,并依此提出保温处理、分阶段喷油和低速再生等三项优化措施。优化后再生过程中HC排放降低了68%,且燃油经济性提高了21%。     

柴油机排气微粒捕集器燃气再生可行性研究

提出了一种新的柴油机排气微粒捕集器的再生技术 ,即利用燃气与排气中的O2 燃烧清除微粒捕集器中沉积的微粒 (PM)。根据燃气的物化特性和排气中的含O2 量 ,对这种方法的可行性进行了理论分析和试验验证 ,为解决柴油机PM排放控制提供了一条新的技术途径     

柴油机微粒捕集器催化再生技术

柴油机微粒捕集器（DPF）能降低柴油机的微粒（PM）排放量,文章提出了DPF催化再生技术方案,将氧化催化器（DOC）与DPF相结合,通过DOC催化氧化未燃HC等来提高排气温度达到微粒着火温度500～600℃,点燃微粒从而完成再生过程。以YN4100QB–1A柴油机为研究对象,对不同喷油量下的DPF升温特性进行了试验研究,试验结果表明：当喷油量大于60mL/min时,再生系统能迅速将排气温度提高到500℃以上。可变喷油量的喷油控制方案可使DPF升温平缓,降低再生造成的二次污染。     

面向控制的DPF再生效率建模和试验研究

对柴油机颗粒物捕集器(DPF)的再生效率进行实时和准确的在线预估,可为DPF热再生结束的控制提供判断依据,是实现DPF系统化和高效应用的重要功能。本文基于热再生过程中DPF内碳烟颗粒的氧化反应机理探讨并建立了DPF再生效率计算模型,通过发动机台架试验对模型的化学反应动力学参数进行了校核和辨识,从而得到DPF内碳烟颗粒热再生氧化反应的反应级数为α=1与活化能参数为E_a=107.5 kJ/mol。台架稳态工况和车辆在实际道路行驶工况的试验结果表明,再生效率模型最大计算误差为5.6%,较好满足实际应用需求,为DPF热再生中准确判断再生结束的时机提供了参考。