运用贝叶斯网络对浮台吊装进行基于知识的危险场景概率分析（英文）

Owing to the increase in unprecedented accidents with new root causes in almost all operational areas, the importance of risk management has dramatically risen. Risk assessment, one of the most significant aspects of risk management, has a substantial impact on the system-safety level of organizations, industries, and operations. If the causes of all kinds of failure and the interactions between them are considered, effective risk assessment can be highly accurate. A combination of traditional risk assessment approaches and modern scientific probability methods can help in realizing better quantitative risk assessment methods. Most researchers face the problem of minimal field data with respect to the probability and frequency of each failure. Because of this limitation in the availability of epistemic knowledge, it is important to conduct epistemic estimations by applying the Bayesian theory for identifying plausible outcomes. In this paper, we propose an algorithm and demonstrate its application in a case study for a light-weight lifting operation in the Persian Gulf of Iran. First, we identify potential accident scenarios and present them in an event tree format. Next, excluding human error, we use the event tree to roughly estimate the prior probability of other hazard-promoting factors using a minimal amount of field data. We then use the Success Likelihood Index Method(SLIM) to calculate the probability of human error. On the basis of the proposed event tree, we use the Bayesian network of the provided scenarios to compensate for the lack of data. Finally, we determine the resulting probability of each event based on its evidence in the epistemic estimation format by building on two Bayesian network types: the probability of hazard promotion factors and the Bayesian theory. The study results indicate that despite the lack of available information on the operation of floating objects, a satisfactory result can be achieved using epistemic data.     

半潜式支持平台靠泊海洋生产平台碰撞概率建模

为有效解决深水半潜式支持平台靠泊海洋生产平台过程中存在的碰撞问题,从碰撞事故发生原因入手,借鉴挪威船级社(Det Norske Veritas,DNV)DNV-RP-107规范中的船与海洋平台碰撞概率模型和美国公路与运输协会(American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,AASHTO)《美国公路桥梁防船撞设计指南》中的船桥碰撞概率模型,将支持平台发生向前的过分偏移引起的碰撞场景分为漂移碰撞和动力碰撞2种,建立事件树,得到支持平台靠泊海洋生产平台碰撞概率模型。在此基础上,估算支持平台靠泊碰撞海洋生产平台的概率,由此评估碰撞风险,为半潜式支持平台靠泊碰撞海洋生产平台场景下的相关规范制定提供参考。     

基于贝叶斯网络的HRA研究在舰船PSA中的应用

通过分析概率安全评价对人因可靠性分析的本质需求，运用人为失误率预计技术与人的认知可靠性模型相结合的方法对概率安全评价中的人因事故进行分析计算，并针对传统事件树、故障树分析方法的局限性，采用了贝叶斯网络结构评估的方法将计算结果合理融入到整体中．通过舰船弹药库的起火实例分析说明了该方法的运用过程和有效性．     

基于故障树贝叶斯网络的装备故障诊断方法研究

针对复杂系统故障诊断的难点,通过某装备信息机的实例给出了一种基于故障树贝叶斯网络的故障诊断方法。该方法通过结构转变、证据传播,采用局部计算进行故障概率推理,不仅使FBN故障概率推理简洁易行,而且使FBN故障概率推理的复杂性大大降低。     

基于GO-FLOW方法反应堆净化系统动态可靠性分析

传统上的系统风险分析实质上是一种静态分析方法(如事件树/故障树方法),在描述影响系统状态变化的诸多因素方面存在诸多困难,如时间、过程变量、硬件状态、历史场景和人因等。研究将GO-FLOW用于动态特性显著的反应堆净化系统可靠性分析,改进备用单元的GO-FLOW动态模型,构建的系统GO-FLOW模型图有效模拟了初因事件下系统结构和配置的改变以及操作员的状态和行为。实例分析表明,在初因扰动下反应堆净化系统的失效概率变化显著,操作员的干预有效降低了因硬件失效所导致的系统风险;GO-FLOW是分析包含人因的动态系统的有效而实用的方法。     

西非铝矾土进口海运供应链风险评估

在分析从西非到我国终端客户的铝钒土进口海运供应链(Bauxit Import Maritime Supply Chain,BIMSC)内部和外部影响因素的基础上,采用故障模式与影响分析(Failure Mode and Effects Analysis,FMEA)和模糊贝叶斯网络(Fuzzy Bayesian Network,FBN)相结合的方法,建立BIMSC风险评估方法的概念框架。采用FMEA辨识潜在的失效模式,并剖析失效原因和后果;根据失效模式潜在的因果关系建立贝叶斯网络;利用三角模糊数处理表征风险参数的不确定性,评估BIMSC风险水平,并进行敏感性分析,确定风险因子排序。研究结果表明,港口操作中的违规操作、违规指挥、货物易流态化和安全管理问题是主要的风险因素。     

船舶搁浅的模糊概率计算

目前，计算船舶搁浅的概率时常采用故障树和事件树方法，以确定的概率数表示底事件的发生概率，这种方法的一个不利之处在于无法考虑基本事件发生概率的不确定性，所以无法了解船舶搁浅概率的不确定性，本文引入了合适的模糊数表示基本事件的发生概率，通过模糊计算算法得到了船舶搁浅的模糊概率，并进行了敏感分析，确定了减小船舶搁浅事故发生的措施，与其他方法的计算结果比较表明，本文采用的方法更有利于了解船舶搁浅的概率分布规律。     

基于贝叶斯网络的港口生产安全评价方法

将基于贝叶斯网络的概率安全评价方法引入港口生产作业安全评价中,提出了将故障树分析法转换为贝叶斯网络的步骤,建立了基于贝叶斯网络的安全评价模型。通过在贝叶斯网络模型上进行推理求解,进行前向的风险预测和后向的诊断分析。最后通过对码头前沿机损的安全评价实例说明该评价方法的合理性和有效性。     

基于贝叶斯网络方法对船舶搁浅概率的研究

针对船舶航行安全的薄弱环节,在故障树分析船舶搁浅事故成因的基础上,运用贝叶斯网络对事件之间的多态性和逻辑性进行了研究。得到了事件的后验概率值,分析了导致事故发生的薄弱环节,推理得出最可能引起事故发生的事件组合,结果与统计资料一致,为提高船舶运营的安全和运营管理提供了科学依据。     

FPSO外输系统维修策略研究

浮式生产储油轮(FPSO)是当今海洋石油天然气开发的主要设备之一。针对外输系统作为FPSO重要的一个子系统,但其传统维修策略过于依赖经验的缺陷,从可靠度角度出发,通过对失效模式和失效概率的分析从而确定较为合理的检修周期和大修周期。采取失效模式和效果分析（FMEA）方法确定主要失效模式及其关系,再利用动态故障树分析（DFTA）方法获得最小割集及相应故障时间,最后通过成组维修理论从全局最优化,经济性角度确定大修周期约为3.23年。经过与工程实际数据的对比,验证了该方法的可行性和适用性。     

基于O3/H2O2处理船舶压载水过程中形成溴酸盐的研究

LNG加注船作为一种为LNG燃料动力船提供加注的新型加注基础设施船舶,在国内尚处于初步研究阶段。基于已有事故案例的危险性,并结合《液化天然气燃料加注作业指南(2017)》的相关要求,开展加注船加注过程的泄漏火灾事故定量风险分析。通过简化加注过程泄漏火灾事故树,求取顶上事件的概率和个人风险值,并以失效概率为判断标准,选取加注软管为泄漏对象,通过10 mm(易发生状况)和50 mm(最危险状况)两种孔径工况的泄漏,针对5 000 m~3加注船运用PHAST软件进行泄漏扩散和火灾后果模拟分析,最后提出相关的控制措施建议,这对LNG加注船加注过程泄漏火灾事故发生可能性的降低具有积极意义。     

Marine accident analysis for collision and grounding in oil tanker using FTA method

In this study, collision and grounding data registered in GISIS (Global Integrated Shipping Information System) were investigated for oil tankers. The database includes the information of the collision and grounding accidents during the period between 1998 and 2010 in oil tankers. The risk assessments were carried out using fault tree analysis (FTA) programme for the incidents as collision and grounding occurred in oil tankers. In this study, we were able to investigate first the potential problems which cause the collision and grounding accidents have been determined, second, the occurrence of accidents has been shown with causal factors by the FTA method, and, finally, the significance degree of the initial events causing occurrence of accidents have been put forth. Collision in oil tanker resulted in economical loss (81%), pollution (6%) and death or injury (13%). Grounding in oil tanker resulted in economical loss (91%) and pollution (9%). According to the FTA results, the main reason for the accidents originating from human error is as follows: for collision accidents, Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) violation and the lack of communication between vessels; and for grounding accidents, the interpretation failure of the officer on watch and lack of communication in the bridge resource management.     

A risk model for the operation of container vessels

Commercial shipping of containerized goods involves certain risks for human safety and environment. In order to actively manage these risks, they must be identified, analyzed, modeled, and quantified. This requires a systematical analysis of design and operation of container vessels. Within the EU-funded research project SAFEDOR, a Formal Safety Assessment has been applied to establish the current safety level of generic container ships and to identify potential cost-effective risk control options. This paper describes a structured approach to develop the underlying high-level risk model. It is structured as risk contribution tree consisting of a series of fault trees and event trees for the major accident categories. Statistical analysis of casualty data is used to estimate the probability of occurrence. Finally, the summation overall individual risk contributions yields the current risk pro file for the operation of container vessels is presented as FN-curve.     

Bayes判别法在水下爆炸实验中的应用

介绍Bayes判别法的基本原理，使用该方法对装药在水下爆炸的模拟实验进行分析研究，并在理论和实际中进行了误判概率及爆炸效果的讨论和计算。该方法的有效性对实际应用具有一定的指导作用。     

贝叶斯树算法在异常入侵检测中的应用

研究了Windows平台下异常检测方法,提出了一种利用Windows Native API调用序列和基于贝叶斯树算法的主机服务进程规则与对应概率分布生成算法。根据长为N-1的Windows Native API调用序列预测第N个调用的概率分布,对生成的概率序列用U检验方法作为异常检测算法。以贝叶斯树作为弱分类算法,利用AdaBoost-M1方法构造多个基于贝叶斯树的概率分布序列,并按一定方式把它们组合成一个加强的概率分布序列进行入侵检测。实验结果表明这种方法能明显提高模型预测能力。     

Predictive analyses of the integrity of corroded pipelines based on concepts of structural reliability and Bayesian inference

In this paper, structural reliability concepts are used in conjunction with limit state functions proposed in the Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F101 (2010) to evaluate the probability of failure of corroded pipelines during their lifetimes. The model takes into account the natural spread of material properties, geometric and operational parameters, and the uncertainties associated with the sizing of eventual corrosion defects. Bayesian reliability concepts are used to estimate the evolution of a pre-defined distribution of defects obtained, for instance, from an inspection campaign. By comparing the predicted probability of failure with the reliability acceptance criteria, the operator can schedule defect repairs and establish inspection intervals with more confidence. This proposed methodology can provide the basis to develop a risk based maintenance strategy of pipeline systems.     

ESD_FT综合分析法在船用堆失水事故分析中的应用

ESD（事件序列图）方法常用于对事故发展进程及其后果进行分析,但在模型控制及图形建模能力方面存在不足。对较复杂的系统而言,用纯粹的ESD方法所产生的模型往往过于庞大、复杂且不直观。相反,在ESD方法的基础上,对ESD方法进行拓展和完善,采用ESD_FT（故障树）综合分析法所产生的模型比较简洁直观,且可以充分利用故障树分析技术的优势。探讨ESD_FT综合分析法在船用反应堆事故分析中的应用,提出一种新的由内部故障树展开的ESD基本事件,建立船用堆失水事故的ESD_FT分析模型,得到了事故的发生概率。从分析结果可知,ESD_FT综合分析法是一种有效而实用的事故分析方法。     

故障树分析法在变、配电系统火灾危险评价中的应用

基于故障树分析法,对变、配电系统的火灾危险性进行了定性和定量分析,查明了导致火灾发生的原因并建立了该系统火灾发生的概率模型,为变、配电系统的维护和火灾的预防性检测提供了依据。     

舰用锅炉炉膛安全性定量分析方法研究

将基于Bayes方法的Monte-carlo数字仿真运用于故障树分析法中,形成得到底事件故障概率的新方法.克服实际安全事故数据较少给定量分析带来的困难,解决数据来源问题,最后用该方法对某型舰增压锅炉安全性进行分析,得出定量的评价结果并提出建议.     

Maritime accident risk estimation for sea lanes based on a dynamic Bayesian network

ABSTRACT

The safety of maritime transportation has become increasingly important with the development of international economics and trade. This paper introduces a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model to facilitate the estimation of the dynamic emergency risk in sea lanes. The DBN model is a novel model that can efficiently represent and infer complex stochastic knowledge. To construct this model, available data, which were collected from emergency investigation reports by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), are employed in conjunction with expert knowledge to develop and demonstrate a BN; an evidence theory approach is applied to calculate the prior probability with the help of historical data; the conditional probability is learned by the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm; and the transition probability is obtained by a Markov model. Finally, the Viterbi algorithm is adopted to estimate emergency risk. The emergencies that occurred in the Indian Ocean from 2009 to 2018 were used as a case study for risk estimation. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify significant influential factors. The results show that the sea lane risk in the Indian Ocean fluctuates within a small range, presenting an overall downward trend over time. These findings provide a reference for maritime stakeholders to make proper decisions.