汽油机冷起动控制技术

欧Ⅲ、欧Ⅳ排放法规已将发动机的冷起动过程纳入考核范围。论述了汽油机冷起动工作过程的特点、排放状况及冷起动控制技术对满足未来排放法规的意义。介绍冷起动控制技术中采用的油膜补偿模型、缸压反馈闭环控制、可变气门正时和气门升程技术及一些新的后处理措施,以降低冷起动的排放。     

点燃式乙醇发动机的性能和排放的研究

根据乙醇燃料的理化特性对电控喷射点燃式汽油发动机进行了改进,研究了进气温度和点火正时对乙醇发动机性能和排放的影响。试验结果表明:需采用进气预热解决乙醇发动机冷起动;乙醇发动机的动力性与汽油机基本相当,比能耗比汽油机低5%以上,CO和HC排放改善30%以上。     

汽油车低温冷起动和常温冷起动排放特性的对比分析

针对国Ⅲ标准中新规定的-7°的低温冷起动测试,采用对比试验的方法比较了低温冷起动(Ⅵ型试验)和常温冷起动(Ⅰ型试验)整个排放过程中CO、HC和CO2的排放差异。对两种温度条件下的催化器入口温度进行了比较分析。通过对排放特性的比较,简述了汽油车低温冷起动排放控制方法。     

点火时刻对甲醇发动机燃烧及非法规排放的影响

针对甲醇发动机低温冷起动困难,在1台由1130单缸柴油机改造而成的直喷火花点火甲醇发动机上,利用CFD模拟软件AVL-Fire耦合甲醇氧化反应机理,通过电热塞将进气温度加热到283K,研究了点火时刻对甲醇发动机低温(266K)冷起动燃烧及非法规排放的影响。结果表明:提前点火时刻能够使缸内混合气得到较充分燃烧,减少未燃甲醇排放,当点火时刻由8°BTDC提前到11°BTDC时未燃甲醇排放显著减少;提前点火时刻能够降低甲醛排放,当点火时刻提前到17°BTDC、缸内最高燃烧温度超过1 300K时,甲醛快速氧化,甲醛排放显著减少。     

二次空气喷射系统对V型汽油机排放及油耗影响的研究

为了达到降低发动机排放及油耗的目的,在发动机冷起动阶段使用一种向排气歧管内喷射二次空气的方法,并研究二次空气喷射系统对冷态发动机排放及油耗的影响。试验结果表明,二次空气喷射系统的应用能有效降低发动机冷起动阶段HC及CO的排放,同时不使油耗增加。     

火花点火发动机起动工况下未然HC排放研究

为了探索火花点火发动机在起动工况下影响未燃HC排放的主要因素以及项岸狭缝间隙对未燃HC排放的影响，设计了活塞顶岸狭缝处瞬态温度测量系统并对瞬时未燃HC排放进行了测量，通过试验发现，在起动工况下缸内最大的HC生成源是由壁面激冷效应所造成的不完全燃烧，并首次提出了起动工况下狭缝容积释放HC占总体未燃HC排放10．8％的结论。为进一步研究降低火花点火发动机在起动工况下未燃HC排放提供依据。     

实际环境下柴油轿车冷起动的排放特性

研究了实际环境下柴油轿车低温冷起动时的气态排放和经济性,并与其热起动的性能进行了对比.结果表明,实际环境下柴油轿车冷起动时有害气体排放量大部分高于热起动,且发动机的供油量较高.这是由于在整个冷起动过程中存在较多的不完全燃烧循环,导致排气中的CO和HC明显较高,而氧化催化转换器(DOC)在较低温度下工作性能欠佳,使有害气...     

满足欧五法规THC排放的摩托车三效催化器开发(2)

<正>(上接2019年第10期)3.4催化器入口温度对THC排放的影响通过向近发动机方向前移催化器在消声器中的位置,将催化器的入口温度从基准温度(Base)平均提高了约200℃,考察了催化器入口温度对降低THC排放的影响。图6是不同的入口温度条件下冷起动阶段THC的实时排放曲线,从图中可以明显看出入口温度提高200℃后,相对于原先的Base入口温度,无论是在冷起动阶段还是在热车阶段,催化器的THC排放都有约40%的     

车用汽油机燃油空气加热器试验

为减少车用汽油机低温冷起动排放并实现快速起动,采用低压喷射、高压点火的方案,研制了一种新型燃油空气加热器,并对其进行结构优化和性能试验研究.结果表明:喷油压力对排放影响很大;喷油压力为3.5×105～4×105 Pa时,热风出口温度相差不大;喷油压力为4.5×105 Pa时,燃烧40 s后,热风出口温度上升较快,60 s时能达到109℃;结构优化后,加热时间可控制在60 s以内,但排气温度较高,燃烧室热负荷加大;采用该燃油空气加热器可实现快速有效的进气预热,为解决发动机低温冷起动排放高和起动困难等问题,提供了一个有效的措施.     

喷射时刻对甲醇发动机燃烧及非法规排放的影响

针对甲醇发动机低温冷起动困难,在一台由1130单缸柴油机改造的直喷火花点火甲醇发动机上,利用商用CFD模拟软件AVL-Fire耦合甲醇氧化反应机理,通过电热塞将进气温度加热到283 K,研究了喷射时刻对甲醇发动机低温(266 K)冷起动燃烧及非法规排放的影响。结果表明:推迟喷射时刻能够改善缸内燃烧,使得缸内混合气能够得到较为充分燃烧,减小未燃甲醇排放,当喷射时刻由53°BTDC推迟到49°BTDC时,未燃甲醇排放显著减少;喷射时刻由57°BTDC推迟到49°BTDC时,甲醛排放增大,但当喷射时刻继续推迟到45°BTDC时,缸内最高燃烧温度超过1 200 K,使得甲醛快速氧化,甲醛排放显著减少。     

点燃式发动机排气后处理技术新发展

在提出高发动机经济性的同时，满足日益严格的排放要求的关键是降低冷起动过程HC的排放和减少排气富氧条件下NOx的排放。催化转换器快速起活技术与吸收技术相结合可以有效降低冷起动暖机过程的HC排放。富氧条件下还原NOx的技术主要有催化还原、电化还原、选择性NOx再循环以及低温等离子体等技术。低温等离子体技术与选择性催化还原技术相结合是降低稀燃发动机排放的有效方法。     

LPG电控喷射冷起动循环的着火及HC排放影响因素分析

分析了电喷LPG发动机冷起动过程中影响着火及HC排放的主要因素。试验在一台四冲程、水冷125mL单缸电喷发动机上进行。试验结果表明：LPG发动机冷起动混合气的浓度相当于稳定燃烧混合气浓度的1．5倍左右，比汽油机稀，HC排放也低；随着混合气变稀，首次着火循环逐渐推迟；高起动转速是发动机冷起动可靠的一个主要保障因素；适当提前点火和增大火花塞间隙有利于降低冷起动循环的首次着火循环数；环境温度是影响冷起动过程的一个主要参数。     

Measurement of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions during the starting of automotive DI Diesel engines

Most of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from automotive DI Diesel engines are produced during the engine warm-up period and are primarily caused by difficulties in obtaining stable and efficient combustion under these conditions. Furthermore, the contribution of engine starting to these emissions is not negligible; since this operating condition is highly unfavorable for the combustion progress. Additionally, the catalytic converter is ineffective due to the low engine temperature. In conjunction with adequate engine settings (fuel injection and fresh air control), either the glow plugs or the intake air heater are activated during a portion of the engine warm-up period, so that a nominal engine temperatures is reached faster, and the impact of these difficulties is minimized. Measurement of gaseous pollutants during engine warm-up is currently possible with detectors used in standard exhaust gas analyzers (EGA), which have response times well-suited for sampling at such transient conditions. However, these devices are not suitable for the measurement of exhaust emissions produced during extremely short time intervals, such as engine starting. Herein, we present a methodology for the measurement of the cumulative pollutant emissions during the starting phase of passenger car DI Diesel engines, with the goal of overcoming this limitation by taking advantage of standard detectors. In the proposed method, a warm canister is filled with an exhaust gas sample at constant volumetric flow, during a time period that depends on the engine starting time; the gas concentration in the canister is later evaluated with a standard EGA. When compared with direct pollutant measurements performed with a state-of-art EGA, the proposed procedure was found to be more sensitive to combustion changes and provided more reliable data.     

发动机起动过程及影响低温起动的因素

低温对发动机的主要影响有：低温使润油粘度显著增大，低温使燃油气化不良；低温使蓄电池容量和端电压下降，火花塞不易跳火；低温使发动机机件磨损加剧。改善发动机冷起动的主要措施有：进气预热器、燃烧室电热塞、喷注起动液、装电加热器或燃油加热器、使用低温机油、采用新型高能量蓄电池、采用无触点式高能电子点火器等。     

汽油发动机水温传感器检测与故障分析

水温传感器的功能是检测发动机冷却液温度,并将温度信号转换为电信号传送给发动机电控单元,电控单元根据该信号修正喷油时间和点火时间,使发动机工况处于最佳运行状态。当水温传感器发生故障时,发动机会易出现冷、热车启动困难、油耗增加、怠速稳定性降低、废气排放量升高等等故障现象。     

Efficiency and ecological characteristics of a VCR diesel engine

Compression ratio (CR) is a design parameter with highest influence on efficiency, emission and engine characteristics. In conventional internal combustion (IC) engines, the compression ratio is fixed and their performance is, therefore, a compromise between conflicting requirements. One fundamental problem is that drive units in the vehicles must successfully operate at variable speed and loads and in different ambient conditions. If a diesel engine has a fixed CR, a minimal value must be chosen that can achieve a reliable self-ignition when starting the engine in cold start conditions. In diesel engines, variable compression ratio (VCR) provides control of peak cylinder pressure, improves cold start ability and low load operation, enabling the multi-fuel capability, increase of fuel economy and reduction of emissions. By application of VCR and other mechanisms, the optimal regime fields are extended to the prime requirements: consumption, power, emission, noise, etc., and/or the possibility of the engine to operate with different fuels is extended. An experimental Diesel engine has been developed at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac. The changes of CR are realized by changing the piston chamber diameter. Detailed engine tests were performed at the Laboratory for IC engines. Special attention has been given to decrease of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. An optimal field of CR variation has been determined depending on the given objectives: minimal fuel consumption, minimal nitric oxides, and particulate matter emissions, etc.     

降低工况法外排放的试验研究

工况法外排放对车辆实际使用排放有较大的影响。在BN6V87QE电控燃油喷射汽油机的标定过程中,对循环外排放进行了试验研究。研究表明,循环外排放主要产生于冷起动和暖机过程、加速过程、高速大负荷阶段。采取在冷起动阶段不使用过小的空燃比,在加速过程中不使空燃比偏离理论空燃比时间过长,及在高速大负荷阶段空燃比不要过小等方法能有效地降低循环外排放。     

柴油机冷起动过程喷油系统的控制模式

冷起动性能是柴油机重要的使用特性之一。与机械式喷油泵相比，电控喷油系统可使柴油机冷起动过程自动化和冷起动混合气状态最佳化。从柴油机冷起动过程及其影响因素、冷起动燃烧过程和喷油系统的最佳控制模式等方面，论述了最佳冷起动过程的电控喷油模式。设计了冷起动控制器，使柴油机能自动地与变化的起动条件相适应。     

Assessment of the influence of different cooling system configurations on engine warm-up, emissions and fuel consumption

One of the major goals of engine designers is the reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions while keeping or even improving engine performance. In recent years, different technical issues have been investigated and incorporated into internal combustion engines in order to fulfill these requirements. Most are related to the combustion process since it is responsible for both fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Additionally, the most critical operating points for an engine are both the starting and the warming up periods (the time the engine takes to reach its nominal temperature, generally between 80°C and 90°C), since at these points fuel consumption and pollutant emissions are larger than at any other points. Thus, reducing the warm-up period can be crucial to fulfill new demands and regulations. This period depends strongly on the engine cooling system and the different strategies used to control and regulate coolant flow and temperature. In the present work, the influences of different engine cooling system configurations on the warm-up period of a Diesel engine are studied. The first part of the work focuses on the modeling of a baseline engine cooling system and the tests performed to adjust and validate the model. Once the model was validated, different modifications of the engine coolant system were simulated. From the modelled results, the most favourable condition was selected in order to check on the test bench the reduction achieved in engine warm-up time and to quantify the benefits obtained in terms of engine fuel consumption and pollutant emissions under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). The results show that one of the selected configurations reduced the warm-up period by approximately 159 s when compared with the baseline configuration. As a consequence, important reductions in fuel consumption and pollutant emissions (HC and CO) were obtained. On doctoral leave from Universidad Technológica de Pereira (Colombia)     

我国甲醇汽车冷启动技术研究发展综述

甲醇燃料在国内已经大量运用于汽车发动机,但由于甲醇的物化特性导致甲醇发动机存在冷启动困难问题,文章通过查阅相关资料,总结了国内相关研究者针对这一问题所做研究,并提出甲醇汽车冷启动技术未来发展方向。结果表明只要采取一定的辅助措施,就能让甲醇发动机在特定温度下顺利起动。其中,效果最好的能达到在-25℃下顺利起动。