发动机制动技术运用分析

当今汽车逐渐向大功率、高速度等方向发展,对汽车制动性能提出了越来越高的要求。为了减少交通事故,保证行车安全,有效利用发动机辅助制动技术显得尤为重要。本文通过分析发动机制动工作原理及其对汽车制动性能的影响,发动机缓速器和发动机排气辅助制动装置的结构特点、工作特性,提出了实施发动机制动的必要性和发动机制动技术运用要领。     

安装在发动机上的几种形式的缓速装置

分析了发动机缓速器的工作过程及其制动能力,介绍了典型的商用车发动机制动的机构特征,工作原理及性能特点等,对目前最新的发动机缓速器技术进行了比较全面的分析。     

发动机辅助制动技术

文章分析了发动机缓速器的工作过程及其制动能力,介绍了典型的商用车发动机制动的机构特征,工作原理及性能特点等,对目前最新的发动机缓速器技术进行了比较全面的分析。     

客车辅助制动性能试验研究

介绍客车辅助制动系统的分类、作用及原理。以某型客车为例,依据相关标准,采用减速度测定试验方法来测试样车的辅助制动性能。结果表明,缓速器制动的制动效能要优于发动机制动和发动机排气制动;采用发动机制动、发动机排气制动与缓速器联合工作的方式,能够有效地改善高速行车时的制动效能。     

商用车的辅助制动系统

目前技术比较成熟,适合装车的辅助制动装置有:发动机制动/排气制动、电涡流缓速器、液力缓速器和永磁式缓速器、自励式缓速器等。发动机制动/排气制动在发动机排气管中装置阀门,当阀门关闭时,把发动机作为空气压缩机来工作。在排气冲程中,排气歧管中的空气受到压缩,发动机获得负功,从而产生制动力。     

客车辅助制动技术探讨

对客车辅助制动系统作了探讨,分析了辅助制动系统的制动效果,并就目前应用较为广泛的发动机制动／排气制动、电涡流缓速器、蔽力缓速器泳磁式缓速器和自励式缓速器等作了详细的介绍,分析了各种辅助制动装置的优缺点和国内外应用研究现状。     

汽车发动机减压缓速器离散控制系统的研究

对汽车发动机减压缓速器进行台架试验,并结合汽车参数对试验数据进行处理,结果验证了发动机减压缓速器能满足汽车在常见坡道上的制动要求。在此基础上,以汽车实际速度和加速度作为输入、发动机减压缓速器的挡位作为输出确定发动机减压缓速器的离散控制系统,并提出控制系统的控制策略,设计了控制系统的软硬件。在虚拟的多坡度道路上,计算实际车辆在发动机减压缓速器的辅助制动作用下的行驶过程,表明设计的离散控制系统可使汽车在预期目标速度下行驶,且行驶过程中加速度的变化量小,适合工程应用。     

电涡流缓速器性能特性评价方法

为了掌握车用电涡流缓速器的性能特性,研究了电涡流缓速器性能特性的综合评价方法。在介绍电涡流缓速器结构、工作原理的基础上,分析了车用电涡流缓速器性能特性与使用要求,提出了以缓速器的平均制动力矩、抗热衰退性系数、制动效能、单位质量制动效能、价格作为车用电涡流缓速器性能的评价指标,并且运用价值分析的方法对车用缓速器的性能特性进行了加权综合评价。从所举实例看,加权综合评价方法对比较各种电涡流缓速器性能的优劣,有着直观的可比性,得出的结果正确、可信。     

一种新型的车辆制动缓速装置——发动机缓速器

缓速装置是用以使行驶中的车辆，特别是下长坡的车辆速度减低或稳定在一定的速度范围内，但不是用以使用车辆停驶的机构。它与传统的车辆制动系统配合使用，组成了现代车辆的制动控制系统，从而大大地提高了车辆的可靠性、安全性和经济性。在以柴油机为动力的中、重型车辆中，通常使用排气缓速器、电机缓速器以及发动机缓速器。本文重点介绍了康明斯公司与杰克毂公司共同研制的发动机缓速器的工作原理、基本结构及其在车辆制动系统中所起的作用。     

发动机辅助制动满足机动车运行安全条件的对策和未来发展趋势

正前言随着对车辆安全性要求的提升,工信部对国标GB 7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》的内容进行了调整,新的标准已于2018年1月1日实施,其中对辅助制动装置的配置要求和性能要求都有提高。缓速器是较为成熟的辅助制动装置,但缓速器体积大,质量大,同时长时间工作的温升会使制动效果大大降低。发动机辅助制动与缓速器相比,具备重量轻、体积小、高速制动效果好等各种优势,非常适合在商用车应用,高     

柴油机排气制动控制技术研究

介绍了基于CAN总线的柴油机排气制动控制系统。设计完成了以DSP控制器为主、S12控制器为辅的发动机排气制动控制系统,二者通过CAN总线方式进行通信,采用步进电机驱动排气蝶阀方式实现了排气节流控制。在单缸柴油机上通过反拖功率和减速测量的方法,进行了制动试验。分析了发动机在不同转速和不同的蝶阀制动角度下的排气制动效果。试验结果表明,排气制动作为一种辅助制动系统,在排气蝶阀的制动角度较大时制动作用明显。     

喷油正时对电控共轨柴油机燃用LNG-柴油双燃料的影响

为了在电控共轨柴油机上应用LNG,将电控共轨柴油机改装为柴油引燃天然气双燃料发动机,研究了引燃柴油喷油正时对双燃料发动机性能与排放的影响。试验选取最大扭矩转速1 600r/min和标定转速2 500r/min,在不同油门开度工况下研究了双燃料发动机的功率、燃料消耗量、有效燃料消耗率和排放。试验结果表明:随喷油正时的提前,双燃料发动机的输出功率先增大后降低;有效燃料消耗率先降低后增大,并在最大功率正时处达到最低;HC,CO和炭烟排放降低,CO2排放升高;油门开度较小时的NOx排放降低,而油门开度较大时升高。     

柴油-酒精混合燃料发动机的性能研究

在分析柴油—酒精混合燃料物理化学特性的基础上，研究了不同混合比例的柴油—酒精混合燃料发动机的性能。研究表明：柴油醇燃料发动机的有效燃油消耗率较柴油机的升高，而有效能耗率有一定程度的降低；发动机的碳烟排放明显降低，在保持同样排温的前提下，其功率有一定程度的升高，尾气排放明显降低；柴油机使用混合燃料后，滞燃期延长，燃烧持续期缩短。在采用推迟供油的条件下，柴油—酒精混合燃料发动机的尾气排放性能可以得到较大幅度的提高。     

Coordinated vehicle traction control based on engine torque and brake pressure under complicated road conditions

Vehicle traction control system has been developed to enhance the traction capability and the direction stability of the driving wheels through the tyre slip ratio regulation. Under normal situations, if the tyre slip ratio exceeds a certain threshold, the slip ratio of the driving wheel is regulated by the coupled interaction of the engine torque and the active brake pressure. In order to obtain the best driving performance on a road under complicated friction conditions, the driving torque and the active brake pressure, need to be decoupled and adjusted to avoid penalisation of each other. In this paper, a coordinated cascade control method with two sliding-mode variable structure controllers is presented. In this control method, the driving wheel slip ratio is regulated by adjusting the engine torque and the wheel brake pressure. Through the sliding-mode controller, the engine torque is tuned to achieve the maximum driving acceleration and then the active brake pressure is applied to the slipped wheel for further modification of the wheel slip ratio. The advantage of this control method is that through proper regulation, the conflict between the two control inputs could be avoided. Finally, the simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Heavy-duty vehicle modelling and longitudinal control

This paper addresses modelling, longitudinal control design and implementation for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). The challenging problems here are: (a) an HDV is mass dominant with low power to mass ratio; (b) They possess large actuator delay and actuator saturation. To reduce model mismatch, it is necessary to obtain a nonlinear model which is as simple as the control design method can handle and as complicated as necessary to capture the intrinsic vehicle dynamics. A second order nonlinear vehicle body dynamical model is adopted, which is feedback linearizable. Beside the vehicle dynamics, other main dynamical components along the power-train and drive-train are also modelled, which include turbocharged diesel engine, torque converter, transmission, transmission retarder, pneumatic brake and tyre. The braking system is the most challenging part for control design, which contains three parts: Jake (engine compression) brake, air brake and transmission retarder. The modelling for each is provided. The use of engine braking effect is new complementary to Jake (compression) brake for longitudinal control, which is united with Jake brake in modelling. The control structure can be divided into upper level and lower level. Upper level control uses sliding mode control to generate the desired torque from the desired vehicle acceleration. Lower level control is divided into two branches: (a) engine control: from positive desired torque to desired fuel rate (engine control) using a static engine mapping which basically captures the intrinsic dynamic performance of the turbo-charged diesel engine; (b) brake control: from desired negative torque to generate Jake brake cylinder number to be activated and ON/OFF time periods, applied pneumatic brake pressure and applied voltage of transmission retarder. Test results are also reported.     

Heavy-duty vehicle modelling and longitudinal control

This paper addresses modelling, longitudinal control design and implementation for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). The challenging problems here are: (a) an HDV is mass dominant with low power to mass ratio; (b) They possess large actuator delay and actuator saturation. To reduce model mismatch, it is necessary to obtain a nonlinear model which is as simple as the control design method can handle and as complicated as necessary to capture the intrinsic vehicle dynamics. A second order nonlinear vehicle body dynamical model is adopted, which is feedback linearizable. Beside the vehicle dynamics, other main dynamical components along the power-train and drive-train are also modelled, which include turbocharged diesel engine, torque converter, transmission, transmission retarder, pneumatic brake and tyre. The braking system is the most challenging part for control design, which contains three parts: Jake (engine compression) brake, air brake and transmission retarder. The modelling for each is provided. The use of engine braking effect is new complementary to Jake (compression) brake for longitudinal control, which is united with Jake brake in modelling. The control structure can be divided into upper level and lower level. Upper level control uses sliding mode control to generate the desired torque from the desired vehicle acceleration. Lower level control is divided into two branches: (a) engine control: from positive desired torque to desired fuel rate (engine control) using a static engine mapping which basically captures the intrinsic dynamic performance of the turbo-charged diesel engine; (b) brake control: from desired negative torque to generate Jake brake cylinder number to be activated and ON/OFF time periods, applied pneumatic brake pressure and applied voltage of transmission retarder. Test results are also reported.     

柴油机多环芳香烃排放规律的研究

选用色谱－质谱联用中的选择离子检测技术研究了柴油机多环芳香烃放规律，分析了苯并药芘来源，并采用１３工况法测定了１４种曲环芳香烃物质的比排放量。结果表明，多环芳香烃排放量随着工况的改变有很大的变化；苯并芘完全是在燃料燃烧过程中的；有较多苯环的多环芳香地烃比排放量小，而具有较少苯环的多环芳香烃比排放量大。     

进气节流对柴油机低负荷性能影响的试验研究

在柴油机上加装节流阀是提升小负荷工况排温、改善排放的途径之一,但会对柴油机的其他性能造成影响。本研究通过给柴油机加装节流阀,研究了进气节流对柴油机小负荷工况性能的影响。试验结果表明:进气节流对柴油机的排温和NOx排放提升明显;柴油机进气节流后缸内压力下降,缸内平均燃烧温度、机械效率升高,滞燃期延长,燃烧始点后移;中低转速小负荷工况,随着节流程度的增加,燃油消耗率和烟度增加;高转速小负荷工况,一定范围内通过进气节流可以实现燃油消耗率和烟度的降低。2 500r/min,29N·m工况,保持EGR阀全开,随着节流程度的增加,NOx和烟度出现同时下降趋势,当空气流量由191.4kg/h降至140.6kg/h时,燃油消耗率、NOx、烟度分别下降了7.9%,58.1%,27.3%,排温提升了42.5%。     

SUV车传动系与高压共轨柴油机的匹配研究

针对某SUV车,运用GT-DRIVE软件分别对给定传动系统时不同配置的柴油机和给定发动机时不同传动系统对整车性能的影响进行仿真分析。结果表明:对一定的传动系统,发动机采用可变增压中冷和EGR,可有效改善整车的动力性、燃油经济性和排放特性;而对确定的发动机,合理选定传动系的传动比,可提高燃油经济性,但将损失部分动力性。     

我国机动车辆动力的发展重点

简略介绍了我国部分城市出现限制使用柴油机汽车的概况 ,指出柴油机在环保、节能和安全方面都优于汽油机 ,并提出了根据国情应重点发展高性能、低排放柴油机及有关发展措施和建议。