世界主要区域港口国检查组织实施情况

港口国检查(port state control,简称PSC)制度实施近20年来,其依据不断变化,已经生效和即将生效的公约修正案不断对船舶应对PSC检查带来了新的挑战,PSC政策研究应该是一个持续的过程。通过对五个主要区域港口国检查组织近两年实施PSC检查的情况进行统计分析,展示了PSC实施过程中各地区的差异性,为各航运公司更好地应对PSC检查提供了新的参考依据,同时,根据我国船舶应对PSC检查的现状提出针对性的措施。为确保我国船舶顺利通过检查,对船舶检查具有重要的指导意义。     

A fuzzy failure mode and effects approach to analyse concentrated inspection campaigns on board ships

ABSTRACT

Maritime actions against substandard operations of ships are a great deal of memorandum of understanding (MoUs) under regional basis agreements among port state control (PSC) organisations. Herein, concentrated inspection campaigns (CIC), performed by the different members of MoUs in certain periods, are a monitoring strategy to effectively control the core operational matters encountered in fire-safety systems, propulsion and auxiliary machinery system, lifesaving appliances, working conditions on board ships, etc. This paper proposes a quantified maritime safety analysis based on fuzzy failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to evaluate CIC database of MoUs in order to achieve advance creative solutions. Demonstration studies are performed on the special database on fire-safety system deficiencies. Since the fuzzy FMEA outcomes point out the risk prioritisation numbers and relevant control options, the paper attempts to transform CIC feedback into useful information in terms of enhancing the ship PSC inspection concept (e-PSC inspection). The paper theoretically contributes to safety analysis methods in literature while demonstration of e-PSC inspections offers an insight into maritime industry in safety improvement.     

论方便旗船突出存在的几个问题及PSC对策

方便旗船凭借在政治、经济上的巨大优势已成为国际海运的主流,但部分船舶在安全方面的痼疾日益突出。此文从5个方面分析了方便旗船存在的影响船舶安全的突出问题,通过PSC检查提出扼制低标准方便旗船和提高船舶安全适航性的对策。     

PSC检查中救生设备常见缺陷与防范

船舶救生设备的管理一直是船舶安全工作的重要内容之一。然而，在实施PSC检查中发现，船舶救生设备仍存在许许多多的缺陷和安全隐患，以至于船舶被港口国监督滞留。文中指出了安检中发现的船舶救生设备常见的缺陷，并提出了做好船舶救生设备日常维护和管理的对策与建议。     

安全返港要求下的客船电气设计

客船安全性长期以来备受国际海事组织关注,海安会MSC216(82)决议中也修正了SOLAS对于2010年7月1日起建造客船的相关要求。文中介绍了对应该决议要求的设计步骤及方法,对于规范的正确解读以及相应的设计方法总结给同类型船的设计者提供参考。     

Association rule learning to improve deficiency inspection in port state control

ABSTRACT

The inspection of foreign ships in national ports is a critical measure in port state control (PSC), preventing substandard ships from entering national ports. Multifarious inspection items, limited inspection time and inspector manpower are challenging PSC inspection. This research applies data mining to analyze historical PSC inspection records in Taiwan’s major ports to extract potential valuable information for PSC onboard inspections. Using the Apriori Algorithm, the analysis identifies many useful association rules among PSC deficiencies in terms of specific ship characteristics, such as ship types, societies, and flags. The general rules identified show that the items ‘Water/Weathertight conditions’ and ‘Fire safety’ are significantly related. Besides, in the analysis of the various ship types, several different rules are found. After comparing the analysis of ship types and ship societies, it can be observed that the association rules for specific ship types, such as oil tankers, have a better effect than those for individual ship societies do. These identified rules can not only help inspectors effectively spot the associated deficiencies, but also improve the efficiency of PSC inspection. The ports other than Taiwan’s ports can apply a similar analysis method to identify corresponding association rules suitable for their own inspections.     

析某轮发生滞留事故的原因和教训

某轮在一次接受PSC检查时被滞留，检查中被查出缺陷共有20多项，其中6项为滞留项目，当然其中有一定的客观因素，但从主观上查找原因，船舶管理松散，对老旧船管理不严，对南美国家PSC检查不重视，存在侥幸心理，对船员的监督、检查、指导、落实相关PSC检查工作和安全管理工作不到位，导致PSC滞留事故的发生，教训十分深刻。     

Port state control versus marine environmental pollution

This work analyses whether port state control (PSC) has been effective in reducing environmental pollution in the region it covers. The analysis covers the technical and political aspects of PSC's effectiveness. To match the complexity of marine environmental pollution and safety issues, several indicators are developed to assess performance under both aspects. Previous studies on quantitative and qualitative material, as well as fresh evidence, are utilized to obtain quantitative or qualitative evaluations, as the case may be. The separate insights are then combined to reach an integrated conclusion. PSC is found to be effective in fighting marine environmental pollution, but with peripheral shortcomings of a mainly operational nature. These shortcomings limit the effectiveness to a less than optimal degree.     

Maritime policy making for flag states: Forecasting safety/detention performance with the use of time series analysis

In this paper time series univariate forecast methods and analysis of time series is used in an innovative way, with the intention of assisting the flag state administrators to map and predefine their shipping quality policy. In general, given the number of ships detained by Port State Control (PSC) and corresponding inspections of the flag fleet for the same period of time, one is able to forecast the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU) excess factor of any flag state for a selected time window. Thus, depending on the goals of each flag state administration, one can judge their feasibility (e.g. remain in the Paris MOU White List or achieve an excess factor of —1 etc) and determine whether to enhance the safety measures or not. The method is first developed and discussed on an abstract basis to set the theoretical background, a combination of time series analysis and practical engineering philosophy. Then the study focuses upon the Cyprus Flag figures in Paris MOU ports, only to demonstrate its effectiveness but can in any case be applied upon any given flag. The application of the method suggested, combined with expert judgment, could result in a significant improvement of the flag quality.     

基于作战模拟的登陆舰艇作战能力评估方法

在舰艇的论证过程中,评价论证方案的好与坏或评比不同舰艇作战能力的强与弱,就要研究舰艇的作战能力评估。登陆舰艇与驱逐舰、护卫舰等作战舰艇的使命任务有本质的不同,所以不能完全采用作战舰艇的能力评估指标体系和评估方法对登陆舰艇进行评估。首先根据登陆舰艇的使命任务和特点,建立了登陆舰艇作战能力评估的指标体系,然后,采用作战模拟方法和层次分析方法对指标体系中的各级指标进行了计算,其次对作战模拟方法中的仿真模型和仿真平台设计进行了研究。     

我国PSC检查情况分析

对我国加入CCS的船舶在2001～2003年间各年度的PSC检查情况进行分析,并提出远东地区航行船舶针对PSC检查的注意事项。     

最新特种用途船安全规则对分舱设计的影响分析

最新特种用途船(SPS)安全规则在2008年通过,替代了原来A.534(13)决议通过的SPS规则。通过某型专用引航员船的实例计算,比较分析了新老规则对分舱稳性要求的不同。发现两者的计算思路不同,相应的分舱设计的特点更不同。新规则进一步保障了船舶的安全,同时带来了分舱设计灵活多变的特点,开辟了特种用途船分舱设计的新格局。     

关于加强海事职能部门建设的探讨

我国的海事执法队伍,全面承担着履行国家水上安全监督、防止船舶污染、船舶设施检验及航海保障管理的职能,因此加强海事职能部门建设尤为重要。     

Law enforcement in the ocean

The combating of the present great variety of criminal activities occurring at sea mainly involves measures to be taken on land, in particular in ports.However, also actual enforcement at sea will continue to play an essential (complementary) role. This article surveys the rules of international law governing law enforcement measures at sea. These rules are complex, because distinctions have to be made between the various jurisdictional zones at sea and between the positions of the flag state, the coastal state and the port state. Traditionally, ships in the high seas (all sea areas beyond a narrow band of territorial sea) were under the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag state. In an increasing number of situations, the coastal state now has law enforcement authority over foreign ships in expanded areas up to 200 nautical miles offshore. But apart from these situations, flag state jurisdiction still prevails beyond the territorial sea. This makes effective law enforcement difficult. In practice, many obstacles can be overcome by making more effective use of the authority of the port state, and by concluding new international agreements providing for specific enforcement systems.     

船舶黑碳排放测算方法

回顾黑碳的定义、黑碳的影响和船舶黑碳排放的研究进展，列举国际海事组织（IMO）自2008年以来关于黑碳内容的相关会议和关于北极船舶黑碳排放主题的提案。描述船舶黑碳排放的测量方法，提出船舶黑碳排放量的计算方法，为后续建立区域船舶黑碳排放测算方法提供依据。     

应对港口国监督中“新手对新船”情况的思考

由于近几年海事队伍的不断壮大，如今的港口国监督工作时常会由经验较少或相关公约知识不足的新任执法人员担当。鉴于此种情况，文中从新生效公约、船舶软件和船舶硬件三方面入手提出学习建议，使其在较短时间内进入工作角色，并能较专业地开展港口国监督工作。     

船舶防海盗袭击的对策

近十几年来，曾一度销声匿迹的海盗又死灰复燃，据IMO统计，从1984年初至1999年11月底，IMO收到全球范围内海盗袭击商船事件的报告1 587起，海盗对船舶的袭击，轻则偷盗船舶上物品和船员的个人贵重物品，重则杀死船员抢劫船舶和货物。从船员和船舶安全的角度，介绍船舶防止海盗袭击的应急反应和防范对策。     

对船舶手动火灾警报按钮安装处所的探讨

就船舶手动火灾报警按钮在船上的合理安装位置及其在PSC检查中争议的处理进行分析讨论,指出在PSC检查中应以确保船舶防火安全、有利于船舶火灾的早期报警为立足点,本着实事求是的态度处理该争议,但不能因此造成船舶不适当的延误。     

An econometric analysis of deficiencies noted in port state control inspections

The factors to consider in selecting which vessels to board for port state control (PSC) inspections are crucial. This paper tries to identify these factors using 4080 reported PSC inspections from the Swedish Maritime Administration for the period 1996-2001. It relies on count data models and compares results from the Poisson, negative binomial, random effect and random parameters models. The results suggest that three factors are the main determinants of the number of reported deficiencies: the age at inspection, the flag of registry and the type of ships. Conversely, the year when the inspection occurs does not seem to be a significant factor. Estimations also stress that the relationship between the age at inspection and the number of deficiencies detected is not similar for different vessel types. For instance, the number of deficiencies detected decreases for chemical carriers and Ro-Ro passenger vessels older than 25 and 22 years old, while for instance the effect is rather small for tanker and bulk carriers and only occurs when vessels are older than 35 years.     

船岸一体化管理平台设计

船岸一体化管理平台建设采用了全新的船舶管理理念，充分利用现代通信、信息、数据处理技术，与先进的船舶管理模式相结合，以船舶实时运行数据为基础，成为船岸安全与技术管理的决策依据。