SCFs in tubular X-joints retrofitted with FRP under out-of-plane bending moment

This paper presents a parametric study on the stress concentration factors (SCFs) on the chord member in tubular X-connections reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) under out-of-plane bending moment. For this aim, a FE model was generated and validated using several available experimental tests. After that, a set of 276 FE models was created to evaluate the effect of the FRP (layer number, orientation, and material) and joint geometry (γ, τ, and β) on the SCFs. In these FE models, the contact between the FRP sheets and the steel members (chord, weld, and braces) was modeled. Results indicated that the rise of the FRP laminate number causes a notable drop of the SCFs, especially in the connections with big γ. Moreover, the increment of the elastic modulus of FRP along the fibers causes a notable decrease of the SCF. Results showed that, for certain geometrical parameters set, the SCF in an X-connection retrofitted with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) can be down to 23% of the SCF in the associated un-retrofitted connection. Despite the notable efficacy of the FRP sheets on the drop of the SCFs in the X-connections, there is not any study or equation on the X-connections with FRP. Therefore, an equation was proposed for quantifying the SCFs in the X-connections with FRP.     

Stress concentration factors of multi-planar tubular KT-joints subjected to in-plane bending moments

Numerical research on the stress concentration factors (SCFs) in uniplanar tubular joints is abundantly reported in literature. However, it has been shown that SCF equations for uniplanar joints can lead to both under- or overestimation of the SCFs in multi-planar joints. In this paper, a parametric finite element study of 81 different three-planar KT joints subjected to five different in-plane bending loading conditions is performed. The effects of different non-dimensional geometrical parameters on the SCF values at the crown locations of the central and outer braces are studied. Based on nonlinear regression analyses of the finite element results, a new set of SCF equations is developed and presented.     

轴向载荷下多平面DT型管节点应力集中系数概率模型研究

应力集中系数作为一个随机变量,对管节点及导管架平台的疲劳可靠性评估结果有着重要影响。文章以多平面DT型管节点为研究对象,建立了352个几何参数不同的三维管节点有限元模型,并分析了沿弦管-撑管焊缝处的应力集中系数分布。采用密度直方图描述最大应力集中系数统计样本的特征,利用疲劳可靠性分析中常用的几种概率分布进行拟合。各个概率模型中的参数通过极大似然估计方法得到。根据卡方检验的结果对比发现,Birnbaum-Saunders分布是最适合的概率模型。因此,文中提出一组适用于描述在轴向载荷即单向轴向和平衡轴向载荷作用下多平面DT型管节点弦管侧和撑管侧最大应力集中系数分布的概率模型,对今后导管架式海洋平台结构的疲劳可靠性分析具有重要意义。     

纵骨穿过舱壁板的开孔应力集中系数

疲劳裂纹各方面一往发生在船舶结构的局部高应力区，而疲劳分析结果通常取决于任何准确确定结构的应力集中系数，本文研究为铺设纵骨而在舱壁板上开孔的应力集中，采用有限元方法对预先给定的结构进行应力分析。基于有限元计算结果给出了舱壁板典型开孔（参见ABS油船规范）的应力集中系数表。     

Stress concentration factors in tubular T/Y-connections reinforced with FRP under in-plane bending load

Stress concentration factors (SCFs) in steel tubular T/Y-connections strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) are investigated. In the first step, a finite element (FE) model was developed and verified using data of several available experimental tests and empirical formulas. After that, 134 FE models of T/Y-joints with and without FRP were created and analyzed under in-plane bending (IPB) load. In the FE models, the contact between the FRP layers and the members (chord, brace, and weld) was defined. Results showed that the increase of the FRP layer number leads to the notable decrease of the SCFs. Also, the SCFs of a T/Y-joint reinforced with FRP can be down to 40% of the SCF of the corresponding unreinforced joint. Finally, FE results were used to propose two parametric formulas for determining the SCFs in the T/Y-joints strengthened with FRP subjected to IPB load. The proposed formulas were checked according to the UK Department of Energy acceptance criteria.     

FPSO节点焊趾处的裂纹修理形状研究

对焊缝处出现的裂纹进行修理以阻止其进一步扩展,能够有效地延长FPSO焊接结构的疲劳寿命.考虑到应力集中而造成的疲劳寿命的降低,要谨慎选取修理时所采用的形状和尺寸,避免在修理后产生的表面缺陷处出现过高的应力集中.文中旨在进行三维T型焊接节点焊趾处的裂纹修理分析,为了选取合理的修理切口,首先对不同几何形状和尺寸的二维焊接修理切口,如抛物线型和椭圆型等,进行了应力集中系数的计算,并与相类似尺寸的U型切口的计算结果进行了比较.结果表明,当切口的表面半宽长于其深度时,椭圆型的裂纹修理切口具有更低的应力集中系数.随后,选择应力集中较小的椭圆型和U型切口焊接修理形状,并采用更加精确的三维有限元分析方法进行分析,给出了通过打磨等修理方式消除裂纹后得到的三维表面缺陷的应力集中系数,为工程上焊趾处裂纹的修理提供决策依据.     

Geometric stress distribution along the weld toe of the outer brace in two-planar tubular DKT-joints: Parametric study and deriving the SCF design equations

Regarding the research efforts expended so far on the calculation of stress concentration factors (SCFs) in tubular joints, two major shortcomings can be noted: (a) significant effort has been devoted to the study of SCFs in various uni-planar connections. Nevertheless, for multi-planar joints which cover the majority of practical applications, very few investigations have been reported due to the complexity and high cost involved; (b) majority of these research works focused on the study of SCFs at certain positions such as the saddle, crown toe, and crown heel, and they have ignored the hot-spot stress (HSS) at other positions along the weld toe. In the present paper, effects of dimensionless geometrical parameters on the SCF distribution along the weld toe of main (outer) braces in the axially loaded right-angle two-planar tubular DKT-joints are investigated. In order to study the multi-planar effect, SCF distribution in two-planar joints is compared with the distribution in a uni-planar joint having the same geometrical properties. A complete set of SCF database is constructed based on the two-planar DKT-joint Finite element models which are verified against experimental results and the predictions of Lloyd’s Register (LR) equations. The FE models cover a wide range of geometrical parameters. Six new SCF parametric formulae are developed through nonlinear regression analyses for the accurate and reliable fatigue design of two-planar DKT-joints under axial loads. An assessment study of these equations is conducted against the experimental data, the original FEM database and the acceptance criteria recommended by the UK Department of Energy.     

对接接头焊趾应力集中有限元分析

研究焊缝几何参数对应力集中的影响,对于提高焊接结构疲劳强度有重要的意义.本文采用有限元方法,计算了双侧对称加强高和单侧加强高的对接接头焊趾处的应力集中系数,分析了几个主要参数,包括焊趾倾角、焊趾过渡圆弧半径和板厚对于应力集中系数的影响,研究了焊趾处应力集中沿板厚方向的变化情况,在分析大量计算结果的基础上给出了估算两种形式的对接接头应力集中系数的经验公式.结果表明,减小焊趾倾角,增大过渡圆弧半径,可以减缓焊趾处截面形状的变化,改善焊趾处的应力集中;板厚的增加使得应力集中系数增大.并且单侧加强高的对接接头应力集中系数小于双侧对称加强高对接接头的,其减小幅度只与θ有关.     

SCF equations in multi-planar welded tubular DT-joints including bending effects

Welded tubular connections exhibit significant stress concentrations at the weld vicinity, which may result in fatigue failure. Stress concentration factors (SCFs) in DT-joint are computed, based on an extensive finite element study. The present paper develops a methodology for the calculation of the maximum local stress, referred to as “hot-spot stress”, in a multi-planar DT-joint, with particular emphasis on the effects of bending moments on the braces and the chord. Special attention is focussed on the location where critical stress concentration occurs, as well as on the so-called “carry-over phenomenon” and its implications on the hot-spot stress value. Simplified design equations for fatigue design are proposed to determine SCF values due to bending in order to improve predictions with respect to existing design tools.     

双平面焊接圆管截面DKT节点的中心撑杆鞍点及冠点位置的应力集中系数(英文)

A set of parametric stress analyses was carried out for two-planar tubular DKT-joints under different axial loading conditions.The analysis results were used to present general remarks on the effects of the geometrical parameters on stress concentration factors(SCFs) at the inner saddle,outer saddle,and crown positions on the central brace.Based on results of finite element(FE) analysis and through nonlinear regression analysis,a new set of SCF parametric equations was established for fatigue design purposes.An assessment study of equations was conducted against the experimental data and original SCF database.The satisfaction of acceptance criteria proposed by the UK Department of Energy(UK DoE) was also checked.Results of parametric study showed that highly remarkable differences exist between the SCF values in a multi-planar DKT-joint and the corresponding SCFs in an equivalent uni-planar KT-joint having the same geometrical properties.It can be clearly concluded from this observation that using the equations proposed for uni-planar KT-connections to compute the SCFs in multi-planar DKT-joints will lead to either considerably under-predicting or over-predicting results.Hence,it is necessary to develop SCF formulae specially designed for multi-planar DKT-joints.Good results of equation assessment according to UK DoE acceptance criteria,high values of correlation coefficients,and the satisfactory agreement between the predictions of the proposed equations and the experimental data guarantee the accuracy of the equations.Therefore,the developed equations can be reliably used for fatigue design of offshore structures.     

Local joint flexibility of tubular T/Y-joints retrofitted with GFRP under in-plane bending moment

In the present paper, the Local Joint Flexibility (LJF) of tubular T/Y-joints retrofitted with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) under IPB moment is studied and discussed. For this aim, a finite element (FE) model was generated and verified with the results of available experimental data and parametric formulas. Afterward, a set of 158 finite element (FE) models was created to evaluate the efficacy of the FRP sheets (number, length, and orientation), the brace inclination angle (θ), and the non-dimensional parameters (β, τ, and γ) on the LJF coefficient (f_LJF) and the f_LJF ratio of the retrofitted to the associated un-retrofitted joint. In the FE models, the efficacy of the weld profile and the contact between the FRP and the steel members (chord, weld, and brace) was considered. Also, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to identify the most dominant parameters which affect the f_LJF ratios. Results showed that in the retrofitted joints, the increment of the FRP sheet number results in the notable drop of the f_LJF. But, the efficacy of the FRP sheet orientation on the f_LJF can be ignored. Despite the considerable efficacy of the FRP sheets on the behavior of the tubular joints, there was not any study on the LJF in the joints retrofitted with FRP. Hence, after an extensive parametric study, the results were used to derive a parametric equation for determining the f_LJF of T/Y-joints retrofitted with FRP. Moreover, the derived equation was checked according to the UK DoE acceptance criteria.     

深水立管法兰接头的有限元分析

针对深水立管法兰式接头,提出一种确定螺栓预紧力的方法,并采用有限元法对其进行了强度分析。考虑到接头的几何不对称性,采用三维整体建模,通过ANSYS软件的预紧单元模拟螺栓的预紧行为,使用接触单元模拟各部件之间的相互作用。按照API规范对接头的等效膜应力、等效弯曲应力与许用应力进行校核。在接头整体分析的基础上,建立螺纹的二维轴对称模型,进行局部应力分析。计算中使用参数建模法,法兰接头、螺纹的几何尺寸、材料性质和载荷等均可方便地更改。     

一种新的海洋平台管节点应力评估方法

海洋工程焊接管节点受应力集中及复杂随机载荷的联合作用,容易发生疲劳破坏。为了提高焊接管节点结构疲劳寿命预测的准确性,文章以管壁厚方向上的一点作为疲劳评估点,提出了一种新的管节点结构应力计算方法。通过与国际上公开发表的疲劳试验数据进行比较,证明了文中方法应用于管节点结构的可行性及考虑壁厚方向应力梯度的有效性。基于数值计算,文中还提出了可用于T型管节点应力集中系数计算的参数公式,并对参数公式的精度进行了验证。     

I型金属夹层结构连接构件强度特性研究及灵敏度分析

在国外,激光焊接钢质夹层结构已用于实船,其连接构件的强度特性是尚待解决的关键问题之一.应用有限元分析软件ANSYS,研究2种典型连接构件的面外强度特性及灵敏度.计算中,为降低计算规模,采用MPC壳体连接和子模型分析技术;进行灵敏度分析时,为减少大量方案计算所需的繁琐人工操作,应用Matlab驱动ANSYS,以批处理方式的有限元分析计算各方案的响应值.计算结果显示,在普通焊接接头处存在一定的应力集中.在控制结构重量的条件下,若要降低接头的应力集中系数,对于内嵌方框型连接构件而言,增大连接构件长度和夹层端部面板长度最为有效,增大水平板厚度也有一定的作用;对于外接平板型连接构件而言,最有效的途径是增大连接构件的厚度,并选取合适的连接构件长度.     

Pressure effects on the static response of offshore tubular connections

The paper focuses on the influence of external hydrostatic pressure on the ultimate capacity of uniplanar X and T welded tubular connections under axial and bending loads. Nonlinear finite element tools, calibrated through available experimental data, are employed to simulate the tubular joints. The numerical results are presented in the form of load-displacement (or moment-rotation) equilibrium paths for different pressure levels, as well as in the form of pressure-load interaction diagrams. It is shown that external pressure causes structural instability, and has significant effects on both the ultimate load and the deformation capacity of the joint. The effects of external pressure on an X joint under balanced axial load are demonstrated and explained qualitatively using a simplified elastic–plastic mechanical model, which describes joint behavior through closed-form expressions.     

FRP加固负载混凝土柱轴压性能有限元分析

采用有限元方法对不同负载应力水平下短期加载的纤维增强塑料(FRP)布约束混凝土柱轴压性能进行分析,并与已有试验结果做了比较。分析表明:选择合理的分析模型,可以较好地预测FRP布约束混凝土柱轴心受压性能。在此基础上,分析了不同带载应力水平下配筋率、混凝土强度、FRP约束刚度等参数对FRP约束混凝土柱承载力和变形的影响。     

焊接转子热处理过程中残余应力释放行为数值研究

基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,编写DFLUX、FILM和UEXPAN子程序,建立焊接转子模拟件(M-1)和全尺寸焊接转子(M-2)轴对称有限元模型,实现了采用双椭球移动热源模型和考虑固态相变的转子焊接仿真过程。纳入Norton-Bailey蠕变本构方程研究了热处理过程中残余应力在不同热处理参数下的应力松弛行为。结果表明：焊接转子模拟件能够较为准确地反映全尺寸焊接转子焊接残余应力分布状态；考虑固态相变的焊接仿真结果更接近于实验测量值；热处理参数对残余应力释放行为影响不尽相同,其中热处理温度是决定热处理效果的关键因素。     

A design equation for evaluation of strain concentration factor in concrete coated X65 pipelines

An extensive parametric study using detailed nonlinear finite element (FE) models, was conducted in order to develop a design equation for predicting Strain Concentration Factor (SCF) in field joints of X65 concrete coated pipelines under bending. Dimensions of the pipeline and coating, material properties of the coating and anti corrosion layer, as well as the loading level, were included in the design equation. Buckingham's theorem was incorporated to simplify the equation by introducing non-dimensionalized parameters. The design equation was fitted to FE data using the nonlinear least square regression, while additionally, margins of safety were defined using the confidence interval concept for practical applications. The interactive effect of parameters on SCF was studied, leading to the introduction of a single non-dimensional “coating parameter” that can accurately describe the upper limit of the SCF. This study concluded with a definition of a critical “coating parameter” which can be used to assess safe combinations of coating thickness and installation loads, thus preventing excessive strain concentration.     

不同尺寸对FCBGA元器件焊点可靠性有限元分析

采用有限元法对FCBGA器件焊点尺寸和焊点间距进行了优化模拟。研究发现,元器件整体的最大应力集中在阵列最拐角焊点的上表面上,该部位可能成为焊点裂纹的发源地。对焊点最大应力节点进行时间历程处理,发现应力松弛现象严重,且应力值随着温度循环加载具有累积迭加的趋势。焊点优化结果显示,焊点高度对应的应力值曲线具有明显的单调递减特性。模拟的焊点直径值和实际情况吻合,同时发现焊点直径为0.02mm时对应的应力值最小。焊点间距曲线单调性表现为单调递增性,因此,可以根据应力最小的原则来选择焊点尺寸。