A numerical investigation of bubble dynamics based on the potential-flow theory

1 Introduction1 In the past, people researched into the underwater bubble dynamics by combining the theoretical analysis and experimental study, however, theoretical analysis is limited to simple and regular cases and the repeatability and alterability of…     

减压条件下深水圆柱附近气泡的运动特性

为深入探究气泡与附近潜艇的相互作用规律,采用电火花气泡发生装置与高速摄像分析系统,在减压环境中对近似潜艇的深水圆柱周围不同位置的气泡进行研究。并以气泡通过圆柱结构中心的铅垂线为界的分类情况讨论深水圆柱周围气泡的动态变化。实验结果表明：圆柱结构附近的气泡的运动主要取决于气泡与圆柱结构间相对的攻角以及气泡质心到就近圆柱壁面的无量纲距离这两种因素的影响。在此基础上同时考虑减压环境中浮力的因素分析了浮力参数及攻角和爆距半径比对气泡第一周期运动时间和位移的影响,并总结圆柱下侧气泡不同爆距半径比下射流宽度的作用范围变化规律。研究结论为圆柱状的潜艇结构在水下受到攻击时的毁伤状态提供了参考。     

两个气泡相互作用的某些动力特性研究

文章采用边界积分方法模拟三维水下气泡的动力特性,详细阐述气泡计算的数学模型和数值实施过程,探究了三种不同浮力参数情况下(无重力、弱浮力、强浮力)气泡的演变情况。计算结果表明,在不同的浮力参数下,气泡形状和射流特点有着显著的区别,射流形成和发展与重力有着密切的联系。文中计算了两气泡在不同距离和不同强度参数下的相互作用的特点,为气泡动力特性的研究提供了参考。     

基于AUTODYN的气泡与固定壁面相互作用数值模拟

阐述了AUTODYN软件模拟水下爆炸气泡的原理及过程,通过球对称模型以及重力场中气泡的实验数据与AUTODYN计算结果的对比,验证其在计算气泡脉动时间和压力等方面的计算精度,并以此为基础研究近壁面水下爆炸气泡的动力学特征以及影响因素,包括无量纲距离对气泡形状的影响,固壁面对气泡最大半径、脉动周期和射流时间的影响,以及近固壁面气泡射流速度及压力的变化等,总结相关规律,为气泡的数值模拟研究提供参考。     

Interaction of two three-dimensional explosion bubbles

The interaction of two underwater explosion bubbles was mathematically analyzed in this paper. Based on the assumption of potential flow, high-order curved elements were used to discretize the boundary integral equation and solve it. Assuming that gas inside the bubble follows the isentropic rule, the Euler-Lagrange method was used to trace the evolution of the bubble, and when calculating the singular integral, the singularity of the double-layer singular integral was eliminated by reconstructing a principal-value integral of double-layer potential so that a more precise result could be obtained. Elastic mesh technique (EMT) was also used when tracing the evolution of the bubble interface, and numerical smoothing wasn't needed. A comparison of calculations using this three-dimensional model with results of the Reyleigh-Plesset bubble model shows that the three-dimensional model and calculation method in this paper is practical. This three-dimensional model was applied to simulate the interaction of two bubbles under the action of gravity, and the dynamic characteristics of two bubbles near the surface was also analyzed. Bubbles influenced by surface effects and gravity present severe non-linearity. This paper provides a reference for research into the dynamics of multi-bubbles.     

冲击波和气泡脉动联合作用下加筋板的毁伤仿真研究

运用有限元程序MSC．Dytran对无限水域近场非接触爆炸冲击波和气泡脉动载荷下加筋板的毁伤进行研究，分析两种冲击载荷的不同作用方式、作用位置和毁伤效果。在此基础上分析加筋板结构和气泡脉动的相互影响，距离参数的改变对气泡中心移动方向、射流方向和射流强度的影响。并对Blake准则在弹性结构边界下的使用范围进行探讨。     

水下爆炸气泡载荷作用下船体梁的动态水弹性响应

文章基于势流理论,针对水下爆炸气泡脉动载荷作用下船体梁的动态水弹性鞭状响应及其共振效应进行了研究。阐述了水下爆炸气泡与船体梁之间的流固耦合理论分析,并分别建立了一个考虑气泡迁移,自由面效应和气泡阻力的气泡模型和一个船体梁的弹性响应的计算模型。文中以两条实船作为算例,研究了刚体运动对船体梁弹性振动响应的影响,分析了船体梁在气泡脉动载荷作用下产生的共振破坏的机理。     

A study on bubble plume behavior in stratified water

Plumes of air and carbon-dioxide (CO₂) bubbles in stratified water were studied experimentally and numerically. It is important to understand the plume behavior of droplets or bubbles in the ocean in marine environmental engineering. In sequestration of CO₂ in the ocean, liquid CO₂ is injected in the form of droplets, and thermal stratification in enclosed seas is possibly destroyed by a bubble generator. This study focuses on the relationship between intrusion depth and stratification intensity, gas flow rate, and bubble size. A desktop-sized tank was used to achieve no-background-flow conditions for salt stratification. The results from the air-bubble experiments indicated that the larger the bubble size, the smaller the intrusion depth. We also observed the behavior of CO₂ bubbles. They are different from air in that they dissolve in water and are reduced in volume. Our numerical simulation method for two-phase flow was validated by comparisons with the experiments. Received: August 13, 2001 / Accepted: October 9, 2001     

Reduction of skin friction by microbubbles and its relation with near-wall bubble concentration in a channel

Determination of the flow structure near the wall is essential for a clear insight into the phenomenon of skin friction reduction by microbubbles in a turbulent boundary layer. An important parameter, is the bubble concentration or void fraction in the wall region in drag-reducing conditions. The purpose of this paper is to show drag-reducing effects due to microbubbles in a water channel and, more importantly, to show the dependence of the drag-reduction values on the near-wall void fraction. A two-dimensional channel with an aspect ratio of 10 was specially built for this purpose with provisions for air injection through porous plates. Skin friction was directly measured by a miniature floating element transducer with a 5-mm circular sensing disk mounted flush on the top wall 67 channel-heights downstream of the injector. The wall friction in the presence of air bubbles was found to be reduced under the same bulk velocity when compared with the value without air. Detailed void fraction profiles across the channel were obtained by a sampling probe and a fiber-optic probe. Better collapse of the drag reduction data, independent of different profile shapes, was found when plotted against the near-wall void fraction than against a cross-sectional mean void fraction. While this dependence reconfirms that the phenomena are essentially inner-region dependent, the lack of influence of the bubble distribution patterns away from the wall implies lack of outer region influence.     

水下点火推进尾空泡振荡的研究

本文通过对水下航行体垂直发射出筒后尾空泡内点火推进过程的数值模拟研究,获得了其尾空泡演化的一般规律,并与相应的试验结果进行了对比;进而给出了燃气尾空泡周期性地膨胀、颈缩、阻滞、脱落的演化规律,以及与尾空泡内的压力振荡、喷管扩张段内激波前后移动的相关性。研究表明:水下航行体尾空泡内点火与空中点火、水中直接点火形成的燃气射流存在明显差别,水下点火推进同时会形成对水下航行体额外的振动激励;尾空泡收缩阶段,亚音速射流在尾空泡颈缩处膨胀加速,使尾空泡持续颈缩进而形成对燃气的阻滞作用,是形成尾空泡近似周期性形态演化、空泡压力剧烈振荡的主因。     

螺旋桨-舵-舵球推进组合体水动力性能的计算与仿真研究

建立了螺旋桨-舵-舵球推进组合体水动力性能的计算机仿真系统.系统研究了螺旋桨-舵-舵球推进组合体水动力性能的计算方法,建立了相关的仿真数学模型.模型中螺旋桨的水动力性能采用升力面理论涡格法计算,桨毂的影响采用Hess-Smith面元法计算.将舵及舵球的诱导速度作为对桨及桨毂进流的修正,以考查舵及舵球的影响.舵与舵球水动力的计算采用以速度势定义的面元法.在此基础上,进行系统功能设计,编制了计算机仿真系统.应用此软件设计了四种舵球方案,并进行了相应方案螺旋桨的定常水动力性能的计算对比分析.仿真计算表明,设计的舵球方案可有效地提高螺旋桨的水动力性能.其中不对称型舵球方案在实船对比测试中获得了节能5.1%,提高主机功率储备5%以上的效果.     

船舶柴油机喷油泵柱塞穴蚀机理的数值仿真研究

针对船舶柴油机喷油泵柱塞螺旋槽上方壁面的穴蚀现象,建立了喷油泵柱塞与套筒模型,利用FLUENT软件对喷油泵内流场进行数值仿真计算,重点研究局部低压区、湍流涡团以及气泡析出、成长和溃灭过程。研究结果表明,柱塞螺旋槽与套筒回油孔构成的重叠开口的大小和形状对燃油流场具有决定性影响,产生低压区和湍流,生成的气泡溃灭时对柱塞螺旋槽上方壁面和回油孔内壁产生机械冲击,造成穴蚀。     

气泡动力学数值模型的稳定性研究

基于势流假设,建立气泡动力学数值模型,并开发计算程序.系统地分析了不同模型、不同单元类型的计算精度,以及网格划分、时间步等因素对计算结果的影响,验证了本文数值模型的收敛性,并在计算过程中分析了动能、势能及总能量随时间的变化.为考核文中建立的气泡动力学计算模型的有效性,分别将轴对称模型及三维模型与Rayleigh-Plesset气泡模型的精确解及实验数据、实验照片进行了对比分析,分析表明,计算结果与Rayleigh-Plesset模型及实验数据吻合很好,表明文中建立的计算模型是可行的、有效的.并分析了气泡在重力场中的运动特性.     

Influence of microbubble diameter and distribution on frictional resistance reduction

Investigations into frictional resistance reduction by microbubbles were carried out using a two-dimensional channel. The flow velocity and the amount of air injected were varied, and the frictional resistance reduction was measured. The frictional resistance reduction increased with increasing mean void ratio. When the bubble diameter was changed, the influence on frictional resistance reduction was negligible. The influence of bubble distribution near a wall was also investigated. Although it is thought that the influence of microbubbles near a wall is large, further investigations are required. Received: February 6, 2002 / Accepted: April 30, 2002 Acknowledgments. This research was supported by a special research program of Toyo University, SR239 Research Committee of the Shipbuilding Research Association of Japan, and the Research Project on Smart Control of Turbulence. The authors express their sincere gratitude for these supports. Address correspondence to: H. Kato (kato@eng.toyo.ac.jp)     

采用微气泡缩减高速船拖曳阻力(英文)

Ship hull form of the underwater area strongly influences the resistance of the ship.The major factor in ship resistance is skin friction resistance.Bulbous bows,polymer paint,water repellent paint(highly water-repellent wall),air injection,and specific roughness have been used by researchers as an attempt to obtain the resistance reduction and operation efficiency of ships.Micro-bubble injection is a promising technique for lowering frictional resistance.The injected air bubbles are supposed to somehow modify the energy inside the turbulent boundary layer and thereby lower the skin friction.The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of injected micro bubbles on a navy fast patrol boat(FPB) 57 m type model with the following main dimensions:L=2 450 mm,B=400 mm,and T=190 mm.The influence of the location of micro bubble injection and bubble velocity was also investigated.The ship model was pulled by an electric motor whose speed could be varied and adjusted.The ship model resistance was precisely measured by a load cell transducer.Comparison of ship resistance with and without micro-bubble injection was shown on a graph as a function of the drag coefficient and Froude number.It was shown that micro bubble injection behind the mid-ship is the best location to achieve the most effective drag reduction,and the drag reduction caused by the micro-bubbles can reach 6%-9%.     

Experimental study on the resistance of a transport ship navigating in level ice

This study investigates the resistance of a transport ship navigating in Arctic waters by conducting a series of model tests in an ice tank at Tianjin University. The laboratory-scale model ship was mounted on a rigid carriage using a one-directional load cell and then towed through an ice sheet at different speeds. We observed the ice-breaking process at different parts of the ship and motion of the ice floes and measured the resistances under different speeds to determine the relationship between the ice-breaking process and the ice resistance. The bending failure at the shoulder area was found to cause maximum resistance. Furthermore, we introduced the analytical method of Lindqvist (1989) for estimating ice resistance and then compared these calculated results with those from our model tests. The results indicate that the calculated total resistances are higher than those we determined in the model tests.     

具有阶梯状海底的表面穿透柔性多孔屏障结构斜波捕获（英文）

The present study deals with the oblique wave trapping by a surface-piercing flexible porous barrier near a rigid wall in the presence of step-type bottoms under the assumptions of small amplitude water waves and the structural response theory in finite water depth. The modified mild-slope equation along with suitable jump conditions and the least squares approximation method are used to handle the mathematical boundary value problem. Four types of edge conditions, i.e., clamped-moored, clamped-free,moored-free, and moored-moored, are considered to keep the barrier at a desired position of interest. The role of the flexible porous barrier is studied by analyzing the reflection coefficient, surface elevation, and wave forces on the barrier and the rigid wall. The effects of step-type bottoms, incidence angle, barrier length, structural rigidity, porosity, and mooring angle are discussed. The study reveals that in the presence of a step bottom, full reflection can be found periodically with an increase in(i) wave number and(ii) distance between the barrier and the rigid wall. Moreover, nearly zero reflection can be found with a suitable combination of wave and structural parameters, which is desirable for creating a calm region near a rigid wall in the presence of a step bottom.     

刚性桨叶工作位置对涡旋流堵漏效果的影响

为了克服船舶现有堵漏手段固有的不足,提出涡旋流堵漏的新技术思想.设计制作了相应的试验装置,研究刚性桨叶工作位置对涡旋流堵漏效果的影响.结果表明:当刚性桨叶与破口处于同一高度且距离破口越近时,对降低破口进水量的效果越明显,可用于堵漏的时间延长到300%以上.研究结论可为船舶涡旋流堵漏方法的完善提供理论基础和试验依据.     

水下爆炸作用下对称结构船体梁整体损伤特性研究

基于相似原则设计了全封闭对称结构船体梁模型,将TNT炸药置于模型中部正下方爆炸,通过改变爆距和药量来研究梁模型在水下近距非接触爆炸作用下的整体损伤特性,比较爆炸气泡运动对梁结构造成的中垂和中拱弯曲损伤作用,探索近距条件下炸药爆炸造成梁发生整体损伤变形时的高效攻击方式。研究发现:在近距非接触爆炸作用下,当爆炸气泡脉动频率与梁一阶湿频率相近时,水下爆炸气泡对梁结构造成的损伤作用以中垂弯曲为主,且爆径比越小,中垂损伤作用越明显;若爆径比不变,随着药量的增大,梁的整体损伤模式会由中垂弯曲向中拱弯曲转变;一定爆距范围内,炸药在远距离多次爆炸比近距离一次爆炸所造成的梁结构中垂损伤变形要大。