极地平整冰区运输船航行阻力的模型试验研究（英文）

This study investigates the resistance of a transport ship navigating in level ice by conducting a series of model tests in an ice tank at Tianjin University. The laboratory-scale model ship was mounted on a rigid carriage using a one-directional load cell and then towed through an ice sheet at different speeds. We observed the ice-breaking process at different parts of the ship and motion of the ice floes and measured the resistances under different speeds to determine the relationship between the ice-breaking process and ice resistance. The bending failure at the shoulder area was found to cause maximum resistance. Furthermore, we introduced the analytical method of Lindqvist(1989) for estimating ice resistance and then compared these calculated results with those from our model tests. The results indicate that the calculated total resistances are higher than those we determined in the model tests.     

冰区运输船极地海域航行阻力的模型试验研究（英文）

为了考查冰区运输船在北极结冰海域航行时所受到的航行阻力,进行了一系列室内物理模型试验。试验中船体模型通过一个单向测力传感器与主拖车上的刚性拖曳臂相连。试验包含三种主要的冰条件,即船体独立航行的平整冰条件、在破冰船引导下航行的航道碎冰条件和独立航行的浮冰条件。平整冰及航道碎冰条件下对多种船体航行速度进行考察,而浮冰条件下则针对不同的冰覆盖率展开研究。试验中对冰-船相互作用模式、冰排在船体不同位置处的破坏进程以及碎冰沿船体的运动状态进行了详尽的观测,并对船体的航行阻力进行了有效的测量。此外,文中还对航行阻力均值与极值之间的差异进行了详尽的讨论与分析。结果表明,冰条件与船体航行速度是影响船体航行阻力的重要因素。     

Experiments on the resistance of a large transport vessel navigating in the Arctic region in pack ice conditions

In this study, we carried out model tests to investigate the ice failure process and the resistance experienced by a transport vessel navigating in the Arctic region in pack ice conditions. We tested different navigation velocities, ice plate sizes, and ice concentrations. During the tests, we closely observed several phenomena, including the modes of interaction of the ice ship and the moving and failure modes of ice. We also measured the vessel resistances under different conditions. The test results indicate that the navigation velocity is a significant determinant of the moving and failure modes of ice. Moreover, vessel resistance is remarkably dependent on the ice concentration and navigation velocity. The variances of the mean and maximum resistance are also compared and discussed in detail.     

大型运输船浮冰区航行阻力试验研究（英文）

In this study, we carried out model tests to investigate the ice failure process and the resistance experienced by a transport vessel navigating in the Arctic region in pack ice conditions. We tested different navigation velocities, ice plate sizes, and ice concentrations. During the tests, we closely observed several phenomena, including the modes of interaction of the ice ship and the moving and failure modes of ice. We also measured the vessel resistances under different conditions. The test results indicate that the navigation velocity is a significant determinant of the moving and failure modes of ice. Moreover, vessel resistance is remarkably dependent on the ice concentration and navigation velocity. The variances of the mean and maximum resistance are also compared and discussed in detail.     

基于半经验公式方法的破冰船破冰阻力计算研究

传统Lindqvist半经验公式存在将不同船型阻力的计算结果均一化的缺点,本文基于船首不同区域的海冰破坏模式,采用船体纵向切片法对传统Lindqvist半经验公式进行了改进。通过将传统及改进后的半经验公式计算结果与模型实验结果进行比较,验证了改进的Lindqvist半经验公式计算结果的有效性和正确性。进而通过半经验公式计算方法,研究了船速和船舶吃水对船体所受破冰阻力的影响。结果表明,改进的Lindqvist半经验公式计算结果明显高于传统Lindqvist半经验公式,与实验值更为接近；船舶破冰阻力随船速呈近似线性增长的趋势,随船舶吃水的增加呈现减小的趋势。     

基于非线性有限元法的船舶冰区破冰数值模拟

应用非线性有限元法进行了破冰船冰区破冰数值模拟。通过比较数值模拟结果和试验结果,对冰体材料模型进行了验证;采用该冰体材料模型,对破冰船以不同航速在不同厚度的层冰中破冰航行时的动态响应进行了数值研究,给出了破冰过程中层冰的变形、冰力的大小以及冰的变形能和动能变化,分析了船速、冰层厚度对破冰阻力的影响。该研究结果对分析破冰船在层冰中破冰时的动态响应特性具有一定的参考价值。     

中国新型极地考察船冰载荷预估研究

本文针对中国新型极地考察船所受冰载荷进行了研究,其中包含了平整冰阻力和浮冰碰撞力.对于船舶设计者和建造者来说,船舶冰载荷的预估非常重要.本文采用经验公式方法计算了该船在平整冰中航行的冰阻力,并且与模型试验结果进行了对比.结果显示,计算和试验结果中的冰阻力都随船舶航行速度的增大而增大,经验公式方法可以预测出合理的平整冰阻力.通过计算得到了该船的性能曲线,即该船在不同厚度平整冰中航行所能达到的速度.此外,本文还考虑了该船与圆形浮冰之间的三维斜向碰撞问题,采用解析方法评估了浮冰对船舶的撞击力,研究了撞击位置、法向框架角度以及浮冰尺寸对碰撞力的影响.基于计算结果,本文就冰载荷的预测进行了讨论并提出了一些建议.     

水翼复合小水线面双体船低阻特性的数值分析

为了获取高速航行的复合船型的阻力,基于Star-CCM+软件平台,考虑到航行姿态变化的影响,通过求解RANS方程和船体运动方程,采用DFBI的方式实时监控船体受力,在运动稳定后得出船体的航行姿态及阻力。本文选取一定速度范围内的水翼复合小水线面双体船进行数值计算,并和模型试验进行对比,计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,较适合该类船型的阻力估算。     

某客滚船主尺度变化对阻力性能的影响

[目的]从节能减阻方面对客滚船的主尺度比进行研究。[方法]利用模型试验和数值模拟的方法,研究船舶主尺度比(长宽比L/B、船宽吃水比B/T)变化对阻力性能的影响。[结果]结果表明,某700客位客滚船不同L/B方案之间的有效功率在较低航速时最大差异仅为150 W,在较高航速时最大差异增大到1300 W;不同B/T方案之间的有效功率在较低航速时最大差异为170 W,在较高航速时最大差异仅为300 W。[结论]研究发现:增大L/B值能够明显减小实船航速对应的模型阻力和实船有效功率;不同B/T方案的实船有效功率相差不明显。     

Dilated-polyhedron-based DEM analysis of the ice resistance on ship hulls in escort operations in level ice

The ice resistance on ships in escort operations in level ice are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). A dilated polyhedron—generated by the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a polyhedron—is employed in the DEM; this dilated polyhedron-based DEM (DPDEM) is adopted to simulate the ship–ice interaction, wherein the contact force and bond-failure criterion are considered for the collision and fracture of sea ice, respectively. A three-point bending test was simulated with DPDEM, and a field test was conducted in the Bohai Sea to validate the DEM results. Further, a parametric analysis of flexural strength was conducted to identify the parameters involved in the bond-failure criterion. The ice resistance on icebreakers and cargo ships in level ice are simulated using DPDEM. The simulated ice resistances are compared with the Lindqvist and Riska formulas and the model test, which proves the validity of the DEM simulation. The interaction between ships and level ice is simulated parametrically to investigate the ice resistance on cargo ships with and without the icebreaker escort. Influencing factors such as ship speed, ice thickness, and ship breadth were examined to investigate the ice resistance on the escorted cargo ship. Analysis and change rules of the ice resistance on cargos affected by those factors were given.     

基于CFD的船舶形状因子随缩尺比及弗劳德数变化规律分析

针对实船阻力预报误差较大的问题,采用CFD软件Fluent分析某大型货船形状因子的变化规律,验证计算方法的准确性,采用叠模计算确定不同缩尺比及弗劳德数时船舶形状因子,结果表明,基于Fluent计算得到的船模阻力与模型试验结果基本吻合,计算方法准确;船舶形状因子(1+k)随缩尺比减小而增加,随弗劳德数增加而增加,主要是由于摩擦阻力占比减小,k值增大。说明实验室在实船阻力换算时对于不同速度均采用同一k值是不合理的,这也是阻力预报存在较大误差的原因之一。     

Numerical estimation of ship resistance in broken ice and investigation on the effect of floe geometry

In this paper, a numerical model based on the non-smooth discrete element method is presented to investigate the effect of ice floe shape on ship resistance under low-concentration broken ice condition where ice fields consist of relatively small and unbreakable floes. The accuracy of the numerical model is validated by the comparison with a series of experiments conducted by the authors with artificial ice floes made from polypropylene (PP) material. The mean ice resistance estimated by the numerical model is in fairly good agreement with both the experimental results and those from the existing semi-empirical formulas. Additionally, the floe shape effect captured in the experiment, i.e. “rectangle-like” floes results in higher resistance than “elliptic-like” floes, is also predicted by the numerical model. Then, the validated numerical model is used to further investigate the effect of floe shape on ship resistance. It has been found that the rectangle floe results in higher ice resistance than other studied floe shapes. The ratio between the maximum and minimum caliper diameters of floe shows little influence on the ice resistance of ship. Finally, the effect of ice thickness on the ice resistance is also discussed.     

Numerical Simulation of Turret Moored Ship Performance in Variable Ice Drift Based on Heading Control

The frequent change in ice drift direction poses a significant challenge for turret moored ship in ice. Variability in ice drift is mainly caused by the winds and currents. To solve this problem, a new method with numerical simulation based on heading control is applied to reduce the risk of operation of The Arctic Tandem Offloading Terminal(ATOT),which includes an offloading icebreaker(OIB) moored to a submerged turret and a shuttle tanker moored at the stern of the OIB in this paper. An icebreaking tanker, MT Uikku, was modeled in a simulation program. Then the level ice load on the tanker was calculated with different ice thicknesses and drift speeds, after which a heading controller assisted with mooring system is used to simulate the horizontal motion of the tanker under the ice action.     

内河船舶的浅水阻力计算

本文提供了一种估算内河船舶浅水阻力的方法。根据184条船模浅水阻力曲线及部分相应的深水阻力曲线,计算了经济航速、临界航速和不同航速下的兴波阻力系数。应用经修正的Prohaska方法计算了深、浅水形状因子。将上述这些量视为H/T、L/B、B/T和C_B的幂函数方程,应用回归分析确定其指数值。利用求得的回归公式即可进行深、浅水阻力计算,协助选择优良船型,进行主尺度分析,选配经济航速以提高营运经济性。本方法具有计算简便、适应范围广、计算精度高等优点。     

船舶曳引系统冲击力稳定性分析与验证

船舶在隧洞中采用一种曳引技术通航,为了探究曳引系统在通航过程中受到外部冲击力对船舶稳定性的影响,文章通过仿真分析与模型试验相结合的技术路线,以受到不同冲击力作用下船模姿态为依据进行分析.结果 表明:曳引系统在不同牵引速度下,受到外部冲击载荷,均可保证船舶的稳定性,适当增加内部载荷能有效抵抗外部冲击力的影响.     

基于全参数化建模的高速客船型线优化设计

以某型高速客船为研究对象。采用CAESES FRIENDSHIP-Framework软件进行全参数化建模,对初始模型采用SHIPFLOW软件进行兴波阻力计算,将计算结果与船模试验结果进行对比,以验证计算的可靠性。采用Sobol算法进行特征参数的灵敏度计算,以有效降低设计空间维数,提高计算效率。建立多航速优化模型,完成船体艏部兴波阻力优化。结果表明,优化模型的兴波阻力在多航速下较初始模型均明显降低,研究结果具有一定的工程实用价值。     

A numerical investigation of the squat and resistance of ships advancing through a canal using CFD

As a ship approaches shallow water, a number of changes arise owing to the hydrodynamic interaction between the bottom of the ship’s hull and the seafloor. The flow velocity between the bottom of the hull and the seafloor increases, which leads to an increase in sinkage, trim and resistance. As the ship travels forward, squat of the ship may occur, stemming from this increase in sinkage and trim. Knowledge of a ship’s squat is necessary when navigating vessels through shallow water regions, such as rivers, channels and harbours. Accurate prediction of a ship’s squat is therefore essential, to minimize the risk of grounding for ships. Similarly, predicting a ship’s resistance in shallow water is equally important, to be able to calculate its power requirements. The key objective of this study was to perform fully nonlinear unsteady RANS simulations to predict the squat and resistance of a model-scale Duisburg Test Case container ship advancing in a canal. The analyses were carried out in different ship drafts at various speeds, utilizing a commercial CFD software package. The squat results obtained by CFD were then compared with available experimental data.     

基于DAWSON法小水线面双体船模型兴波阻力及浮态预报

针对小水线面双体船型,基于Dawson法,通过船体局部网格快速划分迭代求解船体模型在不同航速下的兴波阻力、纵倾、升沉以及不同航态下的湿表面面积变化,并给出预报结果与模型试验结果的对比。     

船体艏部水动力性能优化

提出一种以势流兴波阻力理论Rankine源方法为基础,结合SHIPFLOW软件为计算工具,利用CAD-CFD集成平台FRIENDSHIP-Framework软件进行变形优化,研究船舶的最小兴波阻力型线优化设计的方法,并考察了兴波优化得到的船型总阻力变化情况。在型线优化过程中,以兴波阻力系数为目标函数,排水量变化范围为约束条件,在Wigley船体前端增加一个利用Feature建模技术参数化生成的球艏并调整艏部型线使得船体表面光顺。选取球鼻艏形状的各项参数作为基本设计变量,利用DOE方法对船艏进行优化,获得了设计航速下兴波阻力较小的船型,验证了所提方法进行船艏型线优化的有效性。相应的考察变形及优化前后总阻力变化情况表明:在高傅汝德数情况下增加球艏所带来的粘性阻力的增加小于兴波阻力的减小量,总阻力得到了改善,优化后得到的球艏能在进一步减小兴波的同时减小总阻力。此外,还运用所提方法对3100TEU船型的船艏,利用Delta Shift方法进行变形,在设计航速下,将变形的参数作为设计变量,利用DOE方法进行优化设计。结果显示:在排水量限制范围内当球鼻艏向上向前伸展一定长度时可以降低兴波阻力。与此同时,由于优化前后船体湿表面积变化很小,粘性阻力的变化并不明显,兴波的减小则使得总阻力得到了改善。     

基于CFD的船舶阻力预报方法研究

根据船舶阻力成分及预报方法进行分析讨论,提出基于CFD的方法进行船舶阻力数值预报。分别基于势流和粘性流理论对船舶阻力进行预报,将阻力系数与试验值进行对比。基于粘性流体理论求解获得船体的粘性总阻力及摩擦阻力,基于势流理论直接求解欧拉方程获得船体兴波阻力。通过对某油船在各航速下的阻力理论计算结果与船模试验值的比较表明,该方法计算速度快,经济性好,且预报精确度高,完全满足工程需要,可以在实际工程使用。