船舶数字碎冰场构建与冰阻力计算方法研究

为验证数值方法计算精度,预报极地碎冰区船舶所受冰阻力,本文依据冰池试验中生成的碎冰航道以粒子喷射的方式构建相应的数字碎冰场,采用球形粒子填充的方式创建碎冰的离散元模型并与CFD方法相结合计算船舶在碎冰域所受冰阻力.依据HSVA冰池对某冰区油船开展的基于模型冰厚分别为37.1 mm、39.8 mm、46.3 mm及49.4 mm四种条件下的冰池试验,数值模拟了在同等试验条件下船舶所受冰的阻力.对比冰池试验,数值模拟过程中碎冰的运动状态、船冰间相互作用模式与冰池试验现象完全吻合,船体所受冰阻力计算误差在合理范围内,最大误差为29.45％.     

中国新型极地考察船冰载荷预估研究

本文针对中国新型极地考察船所受冰载荷进行了研究,其中包含了平整冰阻力和浮冰碰撞力.对于船舶设计者和建造者来说,船舶冰载荷的预估非常重要.本文采用经验公式方法计算了该船在平整冰中航行的冰阻力,并且与模型试验结果进行了对比.结果显示,计算和试验结果中的冰阻力都随船舶航行速度的增大而增大,经验公式方法可以预测出合理的平整冰阻力.通过计算得到了该船的性能曲线,即该船在不同厚度平整冰中航行所能达到的速度.此外,本文还考虑了该船与圆形浮冰之间的三维斜向碰撞问题,采用解析方法评估了浮冰对船舶的撞击力,研究了撞击位置、法向框架角度以及浮冰尺寸对碰撞力的影响.基于计算结果,本文就冰载荷的预测进行了讨论并提出了一些建议.     

冰-水耦合作用下船舶与浮冰碰撞动响应数值仿真研究

船舶在碎冰区航行时会受到浮冰的碰撞,为了准确模拟浮冰碰撞载荷作用下的船体局部结构承载特征,应当考虑碰撞过程冰-水耦合作用的影响。本文采用瞬态动力学分析程序MSC.Dytran对某水面舰船在碎冰区航行时受浮冰碰撞的动态过程进行数值仿真,得到了受浮冰碰撞下的船体结构响应、碰撞载荷及碰撞过程中的能量转化特征,对浮冰尺度、碰撞位置、舰船航速对船体结构响应及碰撞载荷的影响进行了分析并给出了相应的结论。本文研究工作对于碎冰区航行舰船的载荷确定及结构设计具有重要的参考价值。     

中国新型极地考察船冰载荷预估研究（英文）

本文针对中国新型极地考察船所受冰载荷进行了研究,其中包含了平整冰阻力和浮冰碰撞力。对于船舶设计者和建造者来说,船舶冰载荷的预估非常重要。本文采用经验公式方法计算了该船在平整冰中航行的冰阻力,并且与模型试验结果进行了对比。结果显示,计算和试验结果中的冰阻力都随船舶航行速度的增大而增大,经验公式方法可以预测出合理的平整冰阻力。通过计算得到了该船的性能曲线,即该船在不同厚度平整冰中航行所能达到的速度。此外,本文还考虑了该船与圆形浮冰之间的三维斜向碰撞问题,采用解析方法评估了浮冰对船舶的撞击力,研究了撞击位置、法向框架角度以及浮冰尺寸对碰撞力的影响。基于计算结果,本文就冰载荷的预测进行了讨论并提出了一些建议。     

碎冰条件下冰区船冰水动力数值模拟研究

本文针对典型冰区航行船建立了CFD和DEM相结合的数值模拟方法。采用CFD方法计算船体流体力,DEM方法计算船体所受碎冰力,流体和碎冰间采用浮力和拖曳力模型。基于上述方法模拟的船冰作用现象与试验现象相吻合,在此基础上,研究了航速和碎冰厚度对船体冰力的影响规律。结果表明:随着航速的增加,船体冰力呈上升趋势,流体阻力的增加速度高于碎冰阻力的增加速度;随着碎冰厚度的增加,船体冰力增大。     

冰区加强型散货船碎冰航道航行阻力数值计算研究

应用CFD-DEM方法对某型冰区加强型巴拿马散货船在碎冰航道航行的船舶阻力进行了计算研究。船-水相互作用建立在欧拉框架下,船-冰相互作用应用拉格朗日框架下的DEM方法实现。参照汉堡水池试验影像和试验参数建立DEM冰粒子和碎冰航道的计算模型。结果表明,CFD-DEM耦合计算方法充分考虑了船-水相互作用和流体与粒子间的相互影响,能较好地模拟了船-冰相互作用和发生的现象。船-冰接触力和总阻力随着船舶进入碎冰航道呈现逐渐增大,然后逐渐趋于平稳。数值计算的船舶总阻力值与试验结果对比,平均误差为5.03%,这项研究可为船舶在碎冰航道航行的数值预报提供参考。     

航行于碎冰区船舶冰阻力与冰响应探析

[目的]为了分析冰区航行船舶与碎冰之间的相互作用,[方法]运用离散元模型结合欧拉多相流,对船舶在碎冰区域航行时船体与碎冰之间的相互作用关系进行探索。计算不同航速、不同碎冰密集度下船体的受力情况,并对冰船接触冰时的运动响应进行分析,从直观上解释碎冰阻力的变化原因,以及桨前来冰的运动情况。[结果]得出船体所受冰阻力主要是由碎冰与船体表面的摩擦和碰撞产生,并随航速的增大而增大,但当航速增大到一定值后,碎冰阻力不再增加,甚至还有减小的趋势。[结论]研究的工作可为冰区船型优化及其螺旋桨设计提供理论支撑。     

航道碎冰条件下极地船舶冰压力分布特性

[目的]为研究船舶与碎冰作用过程中船体冰压力的分布情况,对航道碎冰条件下的极地船舶进行数值模拟分析。[方法]采用离散元法（DEM）对船舶与碎冰进行建模,假设碎冰是由理想的二维圆盘构成,并考虑海流对碎冰单元的浮力、拖曳力及附加质量的影响;利用MT Uikku号冰水池模型试验结果对数值模型进行验证,对比分析不同航速和冰况对船体区域冰压力的影响。[结果]结果显示,当船舶在航道碎冰中运动时,冰载荷主要集中在船首;船首区域的冰压力随冰厚、航速和碎冰密集度的增加而增大,其中冰厚是影响冰压力幅值最大的因素;碎冰区航行船舶的首部区域冰压力影响最大,船首过渡区冰压力影响显著。[结论]所提数值分析方法可为极地船舶安全航行和结构设计提供一定的参考。     

基于SPH-FEM算法的浮冰-水-船耦合作用数值模拟方法

针对计算机模拟极地船舶在冰区航行过程中同时受浮冰与海水影响的非线性与随机性等特点,本文将光滑粒子流体动力学与有限单元法耦合算法应用于某LNG船在冰水池试验航行时与浮冰碰撞的动态过程仿真中。阐述其耦合算法的基本理论与实现方法,模拟船舶航行过程中遇到不同密集度的浮冰工况,分别监测船体所受冰阻力的数值,观察浮冰运动情况,分析LNG舶与各密集度浮冰碰撞时阻力随时间变化规律,与经验公式比较。结果表明,该耦合算法模拟的LNG船航行于各浮冰工况符合真实情况,结果具有较高精度,为后续极地船舶的冰载荷研究提供了有力依据。     

基于离散元模型的冰阻力数值研究

为了研究船舶冰阻力的预报方法,采用离散元模型对冰区航行船舶在平整冰中航行的冰阻力进行数值计算。船体结构由三角形网格离散,同时利用具有粘结-破碎特性的球体单元、三维拓展圆盘和拓展多面体单元构造海冰的离散元模型,并考虑拖曳力和浮力对海冰的影响。本文基于离散元方法,计算船模受到的总的冰阻力,研究海冰厚度、弯曲强度和航行速度对冰阻力的影响,并与Lindqvist经验模型计算的冰阻力进行了分析比较。研究结果可为冰区航行船舶冰阻力预报以及初步设计优化提供参考。     

Experiments on the resistance of a large transport vessel navigating in the Arctic region in pack ice conditions

In this study, we carried out model tests to investigate the ice failure process and the resistance experienced by a transport vessel navigating in the Arctic region in pack ice conditions. We tested different navigation velocities, ice plate sizes, and ice concentrations. During the tests, we closely observed several phenomena, including the modes of interaction of the ice ship and the moving and failure modes of ice. We also measured the vessel resistances under different conditions. The test results indicate that the navigation velocity is a significant determinant of the moving and failure modes of ice. Moreover, vessel resistance is remarkably dependent on the ice concentration and navigation velocity. The variances of the mean and maximum resistance are also compared and discussed in detail.     

大型运输船浮冰区航行阻力试验研究（英文）

In this study, we carried out model tests to investigate the ice failure process and the resistance experienced by a transport vessel navigating in the Arctic region in pack ice conditions. We tested different navigation velocities, ice plate sizes, and ice concentrations. During the tests, we closely observed several phenomena, including the modes of interaction of the ice ship and the moving and failure modes of ice. We also measured the vessel resistances under different conditions. The test results indicate that the navigation velocity is a significant determinant of the moving and failure modes of ice. Moreover, vessel resistance is remarkably dependent on the ice concentration and navigation velocity. The variances of the mean and maximum resistance are also compared and discussed in detail.     

极地平整冰区运输船航行阻力的模型试验研究（英文）

This study investigates the resistance of a transport ship navigating in level ice by conducting a series of model tests in an ice tank at Tianjin University. The laboratory-scale model ship was mounted on a rigid carriage using a one-directional load cell and then towed through an ice sheet at different speeds. We observed the ice-breaking process at different parts of the ship and motion of the ice floes and measured the resistances under different speeds to determine the relationship between the ice-breaking process and ice resistance. The bending failure at the shoulder area was found to cause maximum resistance. Furthermore, we introduced the analytical method of Lindqvist(1989) for estimating ice resistance and then compared these calculated results with those from our model tests. The results indicate that the calculated total resistances are higher than those we determined in the model tests.     

Experimental study on the resistance of a transport ship navigating in level ice

This study investigates the resistance of a transport ship navigating in Arctic waters by conducting a series of model tests in an ice tank at Tianjin University. The laboratory-scale model ship was mounted on a rigid carriage using a one-directional load cell and then towed through an ice sheet at different speeds. We observed the ice-breaking process at different parts of the ship and motion of the ice floes and measured the resistances under different speeds to determine the relationship between the ice-breaking process and the ice resistance. The bending failure at the shoulder area was found to cause maximum resistance. Furthermore, we introduced the analytical method of Lindqvist (1989) for estimating ice resistance and then compared these calculated results with those from our model tests. The results indicate that the calculated total resistances are higher than those we determined in the model tests.     

冰区航行船舶冰阻力研究方法综述

船舶在冰区航行时的冰阻力性能一直是国内外关注和研究的重点。冰阻力的研究主要集中在经验方法、数值模拟和实验研究三个方面。同时,由于冰区船舶在航行过程中频繁地与冰层或浮冰产生碰撞,海冰的材料结构和力学性质对冰阻力的研究有重要影响。文章从冰的物理力学特性出发,简要回顾几种重要的冰本构关系模型及其适用性;并从经验方法及试验与数值模拟相结合两个角度,回顾和讨论浮冰区和平整冰区中船舶的冰阻力性能研究进展;最后,基于研究现状提出尚需进一步解决的问题。文章旨在介绍冰区船舶冰阻力性能的研究进展,望能为后续冰阻力研究提供参考。     

冰区航行船层冰作用下的结构响应

船冰碰撞是一个复杂的动力学过程,如何得到碰撞中的冰载荷一直是船舶碰撞研究领域的热点之一.本文分别建立300000 t冰区航行船和层冰的有限元模型,基于弹塑性理论及非线性有限元理论,利用MSC.Dytran对其碰撞进行数值仿真,模拟了船首及层冰的接触碰撞过程,最终得到船冰碰撞过程中的碰撞力、船首结构响应、船航速变化及能量耗散等参数.分析船冰碰撞过程中的碰撞机理及特性,并对冰区航行船特别是其船壳提出结构加强的建议,为设计冰区航行船提供一定的参考.     

Dilated-polyhedron-based DEM analysis of the ice resistance on ship hulls in escort operations in level ice

The ice resistance on ships in escort operations in level ice are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). A dilated polyhedron—generated by the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a polyhedron—is employed in the DEM; this dilated polyhedron-based DEM (DPDEM) is adopted to simulate the ship–ice interaction, wherein the contact force and bond-failure criterion are considered for the collision and fracture of sea ice, respectively. A three-point bending test was simulated with DPDEM, and a field test was conducted in the Bohai Sea to validate the DEM results. Further, a parametric analysis of flexural strength was conducted to identify the parameters involved in the bond-failure criterion. The ice resistance on icebreakers and cargo ships in level ice are simulated using DPDEM. The simulated ice resistances are compared with the Lindqvist and Riska formulas and the model test, which proves the validity of the DEM simulation. The interaction between ships and level ice is simulated parametrically to investigate the ice resistance on cargo ships with and without the icebreaker escort. Influencing factors such as ship speed, ice thickness, and ship breadth were examined to investigate the ice resistance on the escorted cargo ship. Analysis and change rules of the ice resistance on cargos affected by those factors were given.     

Numerical estimation of ship resistance in broken ice and investigation on the effect of floe geometry

In this paper, a numerical model based on the non-smooth discrete element method is presented to investigate the effect of ice floe shape on ship resistance under low-concentration broken ice condition where ice fields consist of relatively small and unbreakable floes. The accuracy of the numerical model is validated by the comparison with a series of experiments conducted by the authors with artificial ice floes made from polypropylene (PP) material. The mean ice resistance estimated by the numerical model is in fairly good agreement with both the experimental results and those from the existing semi-empirical formulas. Additionally, the floe shape effect captured in the experiment, i.e. “rectangle-like” floes results in higher resistance than “elliptic-like” floes, is also predicted by the numerical model. Then, the validated numerical model is used to further investigate the effect of floe shape on ship resistance. It has been found that the rectangle floe results in higher ice resistance than other studied floe shapes. The ratio between the maximum and minimum caliper diameters of floe shows little influence on the ice resistance of ship. Finally, the effect of ice thickness on the ice resistance is also discussed.