浅谈半敞开式地铁通风设计

上海市轨道交通6号线部分区段在国内率先采用半敞开式地下车站的形式,简要阐述该种形式地铁区间通风设计、设备配置、车站布置、正常工况和事故工况模拟计算等,供设计技术人员参考。     

轨道交通车站客流与土地利用类型的关联性研究

车站是城市轨道为城市居民提供服务的窗口，城市是轨道客流的发生吸引源，客流特征与车站周边的城市开发强度、用地类型等息息相关。本文以深圳地铁为例，根据土地利用类型合理划分车站类型，选取典型车站进行交通调查，探究主要用地类型车站的接驳客流特征与规律；基于轨道车站运营数据，从客流时间分布角度解析土地利用类型对轨道客流的影响规律。研究发现轨道车站客流特征与车站所处城市区位、周边土地利用类型密切相关，把握其中的关联性，可为轨道规划设计和运营管理提供有价值的指导。     

调查·分析·建议——上海地铁车站调研有感

本文通过对上海地铁车站的调研、分析,提出了优化车站建筑布置的建议。     

轨道交通地下车站风井布置对隧道温度影响的分析

轨道交通地下车站在采用屏蔽门系统时,需要依靠自然通风使隧道降温。地下车站采用不同的风井布置将对隧道产生不同的降温效果。通过采用地铁环境模拟SES程序,分析了不同风井布置方案对隧道降温的影响。     

新建地铁隧道“零距离”下穿既有车站施工技术分析

新建地铁隧道"零距离"下穿既有运营地铁车站结构的施工将引起既有车站结构的变形,影响既有地铁正常运营。文章以北京地铁7号线下穿既有10号线双井站为工程背景,针对地铁区间隧道"零距离"穿越既有车站全断面开挖、台阶法开挖及CRD法开挖引起的既有车站主体结构、既有10号线轨道及区间隧道支护结构等的变形和受力状态进行了数值模拟,对比分析了不同开挖方案引起的既有车站结构及轨道的变形特性;以既有线轨道的变形量为控制标准,结合施工引起既有车站结构的受力变化,确定了区间隧道"零距离"下穿既有车站的施工开挖方案;同时对采用CRD法施工时的不同加固措施对既有车站及轨道变形的控制效果进行了数值模拟分析,确定了施工中地层加固范围及加固长度等注浆加固参数。现场监测分析结果表明,基于数值模拟分析优化并实施的区间隧道交叉中隔壁法(CRD)开挖方案以及在左右线隧道间的夹土层、隧道掌子面地层及隧道左右外轮廓3 m内地层进行加固的施工技术方案保证了既有线轨道变形速率不大于0.04 mm/d和既有车站主体结构累计变形量小于10 mm的要求。     

上海轨道交通5号线车站建筑设计特色

针对上海轨道交通5号线沿线环境以及轻轨车站的特点,介绍了该工程车站建筑的设计特色,并对设计布置做了多方面的探讨,包括车站功能完善、规模控制、设计方法、建筑造型、结合环境以及投资控制等。     

基于轨交运营需求的车站集成标准化应用研究

针对上海轨交车站运营管理需求,提出了车站集成操作平台（SIOP）的设计理念。通过车站集成关键技术、系统设计、工艺布置与操作流程等技术研究,形成一系列车站集成标准化的创新设计,达到车站工程集成实施显著加快、运营维护管理效率显著提高、安全可靠与环境质量显著改善的目标。     

为“零换乘”而穿越上海市轨道交通1、4号线上海体育馆站设计、施工回顾

在已营运多年,原来未考虑换乘和结构预留的1号线上体馆站新建4号线车站并与之形成“零换乘”。地面交通、地下管线、周边高楼对新车站的布置形成了层层制约;软土地基、沉降控制和确保1号线的运营安全都给4号线车站的穿越施工带来了重重困难。对此,通过理性分析,分散风险,探索创新和精心设计、施工,成功地解决了4号线车站布置、周边大楼侵界处理、结构托换、原车站底板大梁加固、穿越施工等难题,最终实现了“零换乘”。五年的历程,充满了挑战和创新。     

上海轨道交通4号线南浦大桥站建筑设计探讨

对国内第一个单边侧式车站———4号线南浦大桥站线路选线方案、总体布置、单体设计及车站设计的难点、创新技术作了较详尽的分析,在此基础上,从建筑设计等方面对单边侧式车站的新发展作了初探。     

单柱地铁车站典型布局特点及结构方案分析

目前城市轨道交通地下车站普遍采用单柱双跨箱形框架结构体系,但在结构设计中常遇到车站内部设备或外部地下构筑物与车站结构纵向主梁冲突的情况,造成纵梁局部被中断,并对该部位的结构受力带来较大的不利影响。文章针对上述问题提出了相应的解决方案,并以国内某地铁车站工程设计为背景,对单柱车站结构布置、特殊部位结构设计处理以及分析方法进行了探讨,可供轨道交通设计人员借鉴参考。     

Access to railway stations and its potential in increasing rail use

The propensity to travel by rail, and not, for example by car, can be considered to be a factor of the rail service offered, the access to it and the characteristics of the population served. Efforts to increase rail use usually focus on the rail service itself while the accessibility of the rail network receives less attention. In this context, the paper has two broad aims. First, to evaluate how important the ‘access-to-the-station’ part of a rail journey is to passengers in their overall satisfaction with the rail journey and second, to investigate the balance between characteristics of the service, the access to it and the population served in determining rail use in different parts of the rail network. The analysis is carried out for the Netherlands. To achieve the first aim, we use the Dutch Railways customer satisfaction survey and apply principal component analysis and derived importance techniques to assess the relative importance of accessibility in determining the overall satisfaction with the rail journey. For the second aim, we use regression analysis to explain, at the Dutch postcode level, the propensity to use rail. We find that satisfaction with the level and quality of the access to the station is an important dimension of the rail journey which influences the overall satisfaction from that journey and that the quality and level of accessibility is an important element in explaining rail use. The conclusion reached is that in many parts of the rail network improving and expanding access services to the railway station can substitute for improving and expanding the services provided on the rail network and that it is probably more cost efficient when the aim is to increase rail use. These parts of the network are mainly in the periphery where the current level of rail service is relatively low.     

An Evaluation of the Accessibility Benefits of Commuter Rail in Eastern Massachusetts using Spatial Hedonic Price Functions

We estimate spatial hedonic price functions to examine local and regional accessibility benefits of commuter rail service in Eastern Massachusetts, while controlling for proximity-related negative externalities and other confounding influences. The data include 1,860 single-family residential properties from four municipalities with commuter rail service, and three municipalities without commuter rail service. We find some evidence of the capitalization of accessibility to commuter rail stations. Two model specifications suggest that properties located in municipalities with commuter rail stations exhibit values that are between 9.6% and 10.1% higher than properties in municipalities without a commuter rail station. With a third model we detect weak evidence of the capitalization of auto access time or walking time to the stations, suggesting that properties located within a one-half mile buffer of a station have values that are 10.1% higher than properties located outside of this buffer area and that an additional minute of drive time from the station is related to a decrease of 1.6% in property values. Our results also indicate that proximity to commuter rail right-of-way has a significant negative effect on property values, which suggests that for every 1,000 ft. in distance from the commuter rail right-of-way, property values are between $732 and $2,897 higher, all else held equal. At the mean sample values, this result translates into an elasticity of between 0.03 and 0.13, depending on the functional form of the hedonic price equation.     

What determines rail transit passenger volume? Implications for transit oriented development planning

Transit oriented development (TOD) has been an important topic for urban transportation planning research and practice. This paper is aimed at empirically examining the effect of rail transit station-based TOD on daily station passenger volume. Using integrated circuit (IC) card data on metro passenger volumes and cellular signaling data on the spatial distribution of human activities in Shanghai, the research identifies variations in ridership among rail transit stations. Then, regression analysis is performed using passenger volume in each station as the dependent variable. Explanatory variables include station area employment and population, residents’ commuting distances, metro network accessibility, status as interchange station, and coupling with commercial activity centers. The main findings are: (1) Passenger volume is positively associated with employment density and residents’ commuting distance around station; (2) stations with earlier opening dates and serving as transfer nodes tend to have positive association with passenger volumes; (3) metro stations better integrated with nearby commercial development tend to have larger passenger volumes. Several implications are drawn for TOD planning: (1) TOD planning should be integrated with rail transit network planning; (2) location of metro stations should be coupled with commercial development; (3) high employment densities should be especially encouraged as a key TOD feature; and (4) interchange stations should be more strategically positioned in the planning for rail transit network.     

轨道交通车站节能检测判定坐标系研究与应用

从轨道交通车站项目设计、技术要求、检测参数、检测方法及结果判定的角度,文章阐述了轨道交通车站系统节能检测的主要内容和检测方法。为了快速方便地判定检测结果,提出了检测结果坐标系的二维可视化评判方法,并给出了合格判定的点集数学表达式。以某车站系统节能性能检测项目为案例,运用检测结果判定坐标系法对主要参数包括室内温度、风系统总风量与风口风量、水系统水流量、平均照度与照明功率密度等进行了检测结果分析,实现了节能检测结果的快速和二维可视化判定。     

轨道交通换乘车站供电资源共享设计探讨

结合上海轨道交通耀华路站工程设计实践,在资源共享的前提下,确定了换乘车站共享供电资源的配置;结合低压供配电系统设置的基本原则,对换乘车站动力照明配电区域进行分区管理和资源共享;分析了换乘车站资源共享的基本原则,为轨道交通换乘车站的资源共享设计提供参考。     

Mass transit designed by the user

This paper describes the commuter ride sharing concept as it relates to growing commuter acceptance and the energy intensiveness of various modes. The 10 to 40% reduction in automobile vehicle miles of travel achieved by commuter ride sharing programs is attributed to the satisfaction of the commuter's desire for fast, convenient door-to-door service at a reasonable cost. This excellent level of service, similiar to the privately driven automobile requires the commuter's direct involvement in the development and coordination of such car, van and bus pool programs. Comparing the energy intensiveness of the various commuter modes, the vanpool is the best, consuming about one-half of the BTU's per passenger mile as other modes. When considering the energy required to reach the rail station or bus fringe parking area, the gap widens. Overall, the commuter ride sharing programs have the potential to save 500,000 barrels of oil per day in the U.S. while virtually eliminating traffic congestion and reducing air pollution.     

Analysis of Metro ridership at station level and station-to-station level in Nanjing: an approach based on direct demand models

A growing base of research adopts direct demand models to reveal associations between transit ridership and influence factors in recent years. This study is designed to investigate the factors affecting rail transit ridership at both station level and station-to-station level by adopting multiple regression model and multiplicative model respectively, specifically using an implemented Metro system in Nanjing, China, where Metro implementation is on the rise. Independent variables include factors measuring land-use mix, intermodal connection, station context, and travel impedance. Multiple regression model proves 11 variables are significantly associated with Metro ridership at station level: population, employment, business/office floor area, CBD dummy variable, number of major educational sites, entertainment venues and shopping centers, road length, feeder bus lines, bicycle park-and-ride (P&R) spaces, and transfer dummy variable. Results from multiplicative model indicate that factors influencing Metro station ridership may also influence Metro station-to-station ridership, varied by both trip ends (origin/destination) and time of day. In comparison with previous case studies, CBD dummy variable and bicycle P&R are statistically significant to explain Metro ridership in Nanjing. In addition, Metro travel impedance variables have significant influence on station-to-station ridership, representing the basic time-decay relationship in travel distribution. Potential implications of the model results include estimating Metro ridership at station level and station-to-station level by considering the significant variables, recognizing the necessity to establish a cooperative multi-modal transit system, and identifying opportunities for transit-oriented development.     

The impact of transit station areas on the travel behaviors of workers in Denver,Colorado

Transit development is one planning strategy that seeks to partially overcome limitations of low-density single use car oriented development styles. While many studies focus on how residential proximity to transit influences the travel behaviors of individuals, the effect of workplace proximity to transit is less understood. This paper asks, does working near a light rail transit station influence the travel behaviors of workers differently than workers living near a station? We begin by examining workers’ commute mode based on their residential and workplace proximity to transit station areas. Next, we analyze the ways in which personal travel behaviors differ between those who drive to work and those who do not. The data came from a 2009 travel behavior survey in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area, which contains 8000 households, 16,000 individuals, and nearly 80,000 trips. We measure sustainable travel behaviors as reduced mileage, reduced number of trips, and increased use of non-car transportation. The results of this study indicate that living near a transit station area by itself does not increase the likelihood of using non-car modes for work commutes. But if the destination (work) is near a transit station area, persons are less likely to drive a car to work. People who both live and work in a transit station area are less likely to use a car and more likely to take non-car modes for both work and non-work (personal) trips. Especially for persons who work near a transit station area, the measures of personal trips and distances show a higher level of mobility for non-car commuters than car commuters – that is, more trips and more distant trips. The use of non-car modes for personal trips is most likely to occur by non-car commuters, regardless of their transit station area relationship.     

Transit oriented development and retail: Is variation in success explained by a gap between theory and practice?

Central to the concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a retail core situated around stations. However, successful retail near light rail transit stations has been elusive. Despite significant implications for land use, transportation, and economic development planning, little research exists to explain the gap between TOD concept and reality. We hypothesize that the density, diversity, and design characteristics central to the theory of TODs drive retail success. We implement a TOD Index proposed in the literature to score 474 light rail station areas in 11 metropolitan areas according to the presence and magnitude of those density, diversity, and design characteristics. A series of robustly-developed multilevel models support our hypothesis: TOD Index scores significantly predict station area retail employment, ceteris paribus. An evaluation of its subcomponents individually (block size, which relates to walkability; land use mix; and activity density) suggests activity density may be the driving force in this relationship. Our research works to move the conversation away from an assumption that transit stations and retail naturally co-exist and toward more intentional station area design choices demonstrated to drive retail employment.