横风下π型断面大跨桥上汽车气动特性风洞试验（双语出版）

准确获得车-桥系统气动力是评估强风作用下桥上车辆运行安全性和舒适性的基本前提，为此必须考虑车辆与桥梁间存在的显著气动相互干扰。以山区大跨桥梁常见的π型断面主梁和集装箱货车为研究对象，设计并制作了1：32几何缩尺比的桥梁和车辆刚性测压模型，通过风洞试验测试了典型车-桥组合工况下车辆表面的风压分布，分析了前、后车辆干扰作用、车辆横向距离和车道组合方式等对桥上汽车气动特性的影响，并进一步分析汽车表面的风压值分布，以探究汽车气动力系数变化的机理。研究结果表明：前、后车辆间的干扰、车辆横向距离的改变对汽车的侧向力系数、阻力系数和升力系数均有较大影响，但对汽车的力矩系数影响较小，且汽车的力矩系数具有一定的离散性；车道组合方式中测试车辆位置的改变对汽车气动特性的影响大于干扰车辆位置的改变对汽车气动特性的影响，且车辆组合方式的改变对汽车的力矩系数基本没有影响；受桥梁π型主梁断面的影响，汽车侧向力系数的变化趋势与Coleman规律下的变化趋势不同。     

Aerodynamic design optimization of rear body shapes of a sedan for drag reduction

This study proposes an aerodynamically optimized outer shape of a sedan by using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which focused on modifying the rear body shapes of the sedan. To determine the optimization variables, the unsteady flow field around the sedan driving at very fast speeds was analyzed by CFD simulation, and fluctuations of the drag coefficient (C _D ) and pressure around the car were calculated. After consideration of the baseline result of CFD, 6 local parts from the end of the sedan were chosen as the design variables for optimization. Moreover, an ANN approximation model was established with 64 experimental points generated by the D-optimal methodology. As a result, an aerodynamically optimized shape for the rear end of the sedan in which the aerodynamic performance is improved by about 5.64% when compared to the baseline vehicle is proposed. Finally, it is expected that within the accepted range of shape modifications for a rear body, the aerodynamic performance of a sedan can be enhanced so that the fuel efficiency of the sedan can be improved. The YF SONATA, a sedan manufactured by Hyundai Motors Corporate, played a major role in this research as the baseline vehicle.     

紊流影响下车-桥系统气动力特性风洞试验

为了研究横风作用下紊流参数对车-桥系统气动力特性的影响，以典型32 m简支梁桥和CRH2列车头车为背景，首先根据阻塞比要求设计几何缩尺比为1：25的桥梁和列车测压试验模型；然后通过在风洞试验段入口处采用"格栅条"被动紊流发生装置，模拟一系列紊流风场；最后开展不同工况下车-桥组合风洞动态测压试验，测试列车和桥梁表面风压，并积分获得列车和桥梁气动力。基于此，分析了双线轨道不同位置下，顺风向紊流度、紊流积分尺度对列车表面风压和车-桥气动力分布的影响规律，并讨论了风攻角对车-桥气动力系数的影响。结果表明：列车表面平均风压系数随紊流度的增加而减小，紊流风场中列车和桥梁气动侧力（阻力）系数均小于均匀流场；紊流度对迎风侧轨道列车的影响更为显著，而对车头气动力特性影响较小，车身侧力（阻力）系数随紊流度增加而显著降低，升力系数和力矩系数随紊流度的变化规律并不显著；桥梁气动力系数对紊流度变化的敏感程度小于列车，其侧力（阻力）系数并非随紊流度的增大而单调减小，升力系数随紊流度增加而增大，力矩系数随紊流度的变化规律并不明显；车-桥气动力系数受紊流积分尺度的影响小于紊流度，桥梁侧力（阻力）系数受影响程度大于升力系数和力矩系数；列车位于背风侧轨道时，车-桥气动力系数随紊流积分尺度变化的敏感程度小于列车位于迎风侧轨道；风攻角和紊流参数对车-桥气动力特性的影响是相互独立的，且受列车路线布置方式影响不大。研究结果为紊流风场下的行车安全性提供了数据和资料。     

考虑来流偏角的汽车道路行驶阻力研究

汽车日益严苛的排放、油耗法规对准确测量和降低道路行驶阻力提出了更高的要求,气动阻力是汽车道路行驶过程中主要的阻力来源,真实道路自然风来流偏角是影响汽车气动阻力的重要因素。提出了一种基于真实道路来流偏角分布的风平均阻力系数计算方法——偏航角密度法,并和其他风平均阻力系数计算方法进行了比较,利用风洞法测量道路行驶阻力,研究了来流偏角对汽车道路行驶阻力、循环能耗的影响。研究表明,来流偏角概率密度呈现明显的区域分布特征,来流偏角显著影响汽车实际道路气动阻力、循环能耗,根据偏航角密度法,考虑真实道路来流偏角时,气动阻力、循环能耗分别最大可增加3.0%、1.6%。     

Vehicle Energy Dissipation Due to Road Roughness

SUMMARY

Road roughness and surface texture are known to affect tire rolling resistance; however, little emphasis has been placed on the consequent changes in total vehicle energy dissipation due to road roughness. Thus, tire rolling resistance, in isolation from vehicle contributed losses such as dissipation in the suspension, appears to be a weakness in present evaluation procedures as they relate to fuel economy and pollution level testing: Recent work by Funfsinn and Korst has shown that substantial and measurable increases in energy losses occur for vehicles traveling on rough roads. The present investigation uses vehicle axle accelerations as a means of examining various road surfaces. Correlation with computer simulations has allowed the development of a deterministic road roughness model which permits the prediction of energy dissipation in both the tire and suspension as functions of road roughness, tire pressure, and vehicle speed. Comparison to the experiments of Korst and Funfsinn results in good agreement and shows that total rolling loss increases of up to 20 percent compared to ideal smooth roads are possible. The aerodynamic drag coefficient is also found to increase while driving on rough roads.     

Vehicle Energy Dissipation Due to Road Roughness

Road roughness and surface texture are known to affect tire rolling resistance; however, little emphasis has been placed on the consequent changes in total vehicle energy dissipation due to road roughness. Thus, tire rolling resistance, in isolation from vehicle contributed losses such as dissipation in the suspension, appears to be a weakness in present evaluation procedures as they relate to fuel economy and pollution level testing: Recent work by Funfsinn and Korst has shown that substantial and measurable increases in energy losses occur for vehicles traveling on rough roads. The present investigation uses vehicle axle accelerations as a means of examining various road surfaces. Correlation with computer simulations has allowed the development of a deterministic road roughness model which permits the prediction of energy dissipation in both the tire and suspension as functions of road roughness, tire pressure, and vehicle speed. Comparison to the experiments of Korst and Funfsinn results in good agreement and shows that total rolling loss increases of up to 20 percent compared to ideal smooth roads are possible. The aerodynamic drag coefficient is also found to increase while driving on rough roads.     

斜独塔混合梁斜拉桥风-汽车-桥梁系统耦合振动研究

针对公路汽车三维绕流特性显著的特点,按照准定常理论推导了适用于公路汽车的脉动风荷载表达式。将自然风、公路汽车、桥梁作为一个统一的相互作用系统,采用风-汽车-桥梁系统耦合振动分析模型,以某斜独塔混合梁斜拉桥为工程背景,研究侧风作用下汽车-桥梁耦合振动特性,并讨论了汽车-桥梁振动的影响因素。研究结果表明：由于桥梁和汽车的气动特性差异,桥梁的竖向抖振现象较横向抖振现象突出,而汽车的横向振动现象较竖向振动更明显。     

汽车底部复杂流场数值模拟

针对汽车底部流场研究的困难，提炼物理数学模型，发展相应数值计算方法；对长安微型汽车外部复杂三维流场进行求解，计算风阻值与道路试验结果符合较好。在此数值计算结果基础上，对汽车底部复杂流场结构进行分析和研究。     

考虑气动阻力和横风稳定的汽车车身多目标优化设计

综合考虑了气动阻力特性和横风稳定性,对车身外形参数进行了多目标自动优化设计。综合利用参数化建模技术、计算流体力学(CFD)仿真、试验设计方法、响应面模型和智能优化算法,集成Pro/Engineer参数化建模和ICEM网格划分工具以及Fluent仿真软件,在多学科优化平台modeFRONTIER上,搭建了一种自动优化设计流程。利用该流程,基于遗传算法(GA)对MIRA快背式模型车身几何外形进行了改型设计,得到了考虑车身气动阻力特性和横风稳定性的最优权衡设计解集。该结果使得气动阻力因数降低了5.2%,侧向力因数降低了5.8%。因而,实现了车身气动阻力和横风稳定性的多目标优化。     

一种新型车用导流器的研究及其气动性能优化

针对传统导流器仅能单一地减小阻力或升力的问题,基于某直背车型设计一款能同时减小阻力和升力的新型导流器。首先,基于其需满足的流场条件确定导流器横截面初始的上下型线,并使用准均匀B样条进行拟合,再沿y方向拉伸出导流器的型面。接着,通过改变截面型线控制点,得到一系列不同的型面,运用遗传算法寻优找到导流器最优型面。最后,为进一步减小阻力和升力,基于导流器最优截面,改变导流器的宽度和安装位置与角度,并采用实验设计、近似模型和NSGA-II遗传算法进一步优化。模型风洞实验验证的结果表明:整车阻力减小3.8%,升力减小7.9%。     

Design and hardware-in-loop implementation of collision avoidance algorithms for heavy commercial road vehicles

An important aspect from the perspective of operational safety of heavy road vehicles is the detection and avoidance of collisions, particularly at high speeds. The development of a collision avoidance system is the overall focus of the research presented in this paper. The collision avoidance algorithm was developed using a sliding mode controller (SMC) and compared to one developed using linear full state feedback in terms of performance and controller effort. Important dynamic characteristics such as load transfer during braking, tyre-road interaction, dynamic brake force distribution and pneumatic brake system response were considered. The effect of aerodynamic drag on the controller performance was also studied. The developed control algorithms have been implemented on a Hardware-in-Loop experimental set-up equipped with the vehicle dynamic simulation software, IPG/TruckMaker®. The evaluation has been performed for realistic traffic scenarios with different loading and road conditions. The Hardware-in-Loop experimental results showed that the SMC and full state feedback controller were able to prevent the collision. However, when the discrepancies in the form of parametric variations were included, the SMC provided better results in terms of reduced stopping distance and lower controller effort compared to the full state feedback controller.     

轻卡外流场数值模拟及货箱优化设计

对某轻卡进行外流场的数值模拟,通过对模型的流场特性的分析,研究气动阻力产生的主要原因。将车厢高度和车厢与驾驶舱距离作为两个影响因子,采用拉丁超立方设计方法和最小二乘法创建二阶响应面模型,利用混合整型优化法进行参数优化,优化后与原型设计相比,整车气动阻力明显减小,表明该方法能有效地提高整车空气动力学性能和CFD优化效率。     

bZ3纯电动轿车的空气动力性能开发

作为比亚迪丰田电动车科技有限公司第1款纯电动轿车,bZ3的能耗要求极高,也给空气动力学性能开发带来了很大的挑战。为实现这一目标,通过采用计算流体力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD）仿真和风洞试验相结合的方法,对车身造型、车底、前舱进气管理、车轮、密封等部位进行了持续的优化验证。最终bZ3在风洞中进行实车试验验收,空气阻力系数达到0.218,在同级别车型中处于领先水平。通过两种不同仿真方法对比研究发现格子玻尔兹曼（Lattice Boltzmann Method,LBM）方法整体精度较高,但对于底部气流的模拟精度还有待提升。     

Automobile aerodynamics influenced by airfoil-shaped rear wing

Computational model is developed to analyze aerodynamic loads and flow characteristics for an automobile, when the rear wing is placed above the trunk of the vehicle. The focus is on effects of the rear wing height that is investigated in four different positions. The relative wind incidence angle of the rear wing is equal in all configurations. Hence, the discrepancies in the results are only due to an influence of the rear wing position. Computations are performed by using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations along with the standard k-ε turbulence model and standard wall functions assuming the steady viscous fluid flow. While the lift force is positive (upforce) for the automobile without the rear wing, negative lift force (downforce) is obtained for all configurations with the rear wing in place. At the same time, the rear wing increases the automobile drag that is not favorable with respect to the automobile fuel consumption. However, this drawback is not that significant, as the rear wing considerably benefits the automobile traction and stability. An optimal automobile downforce-to-drag ratio is obtained for the rear wing placed at 39 % of the height between the upper surface of the automobile trunk and the automobile roof. Two characteristic large vortices develop in the automobile wake in configuration without the rear wing. They vanish with the rear wing placed close to the trunk, while they gradually restore with an increase in the wing mounting height.     

圆柱结构涡激共振耦合效应及其抗风设计参数

为了解决亚临界区圆形断面细长结构涡激共振抗风设计参数取值不明确的问题,针对土木工程领域小直径圆形细长结构在亚临界区的涡激共振现象,对其涡激共振耦合效应进行了研究,获得其抗风设计的主要气动力参数。采用弹性悬挂节断模型风洞试验,模型两侧采用斜置上下不等刚度的弹簧提供三自由度的振动模型,试验风速对应的雷诺数区位于亚临界雷诺数区,分别测试风速增大和减小2种状态下模型的涡激共振,试验采用激光位移计和压力扫描阀同步测试模型振动位移和表面风压,通过分析位移和风压之间的关系,揭示涡激共振发生的耦合状态,并基于涡激共振抗风设计的要求,给出涡激共振锁定区间、气动力系数等抗风设计参数。结果表明：风速增大和减小2种状态下,涡激共振的耦合状态不同,风速增大过程中锁定区间更长;在锁定区间内存在强耦合和弱耦合2种机理的耦合状态,强耦合状态下的升力系数标准差和平均阻力系数值更大,旋涡脱落频率更强,气动力和流场的波动也更强;基于此,建议在对亚临界区的圆形断面结构进行涡激共振设计时,锁定区间为1.0~1.3倍起振风速,其中1.0~1.1倍起振风速范围内按照强耦合状态设计并考虑由耦合效应引起的气动力增强,1.1~1.3倍起振风速范围内按照弱耦合状态设计。     

Enhancement of aerodynamic performance through high pressure relief in the engine room for passenger car using cfd technique

High pressure acting on the vehicle’s body plays an important role in deciding the aerodynamic drag. An idea has been suggested to enhance the aerodynamic performance for small passenger car by relieving the high pressure in the engine room. The high pressure inside the engine room can be released to the outside of the vehicle through a hole perforated on the wheel house liner. About 1 % of the drag coefficient can be improved with the 1.88 % of the radiator air mass flow rate increment by installing the top hole with slots on the wheel house liner. Flow simulations are performed at the driving velocity of 110 km/h with the moving wall condition of the same velocity. The tire is rotating to catch more precise flow physics around a tire and wheelhouse liner.     

不同进出风口方式下汽车流场模拟研究

汽车进出风口对汽车空气动力学特性有重要的影响。利用CATIA建立了三种不同进出风口的汽车模型,利用CFD方法研究不同进出风口对汽车流场的影响。采用三维不可压缩雷诺平均方程N～S方程采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,利用二阶迎风差分格式获得控制体积界面上的物理量,应用SIMPLEC算法进行迭代计算,对汽车流场进行模拟仿真,并将结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明：汽车前端只有一个进风口的情况下,发动机迎风面的高压区偏上,并且高压区的压力明显低于增加辅助进风口的情况。将三种情况下仿真得出的发动机舱内散热所需的冷却空气量与实际所需要的空气量对比,结果显示,汽车前端只有一个进风口的情况不能满足发动机舱内的散热需求,而其余两种情况能够满足散热需求。     

Off-Road Vehicle Dynamics

SUMMARY

Recent developments in off-road vehicle dynamics are reviewed. Progress on this topic and the application of new techniques to the particular problemsassociated with off-road operation tend to lag behind practices established for road vehicles.

The factor which limits further progress is the lack ofappropriate off-road tyre data, in particular, on vibrational and lateral force generation characteristics. Also, a long term study should be aimed at understanding the dynamic behaviour of tyres on yielding surfaces.     

Modeling and control of an anti-lock brake and steering system for cooperative control on split-mu surfaces

The brake and steering systems in vehicles are the most effective actuators that directly affect the vehicle dynamics. In general, the brake system affects the longitudinal dynamics and the steering system affects the lateral dynamics; however, their effects are coupled when the vehicle is braking on a non-homogenous surface, such as a split-mu road. The yaw moment compensation of the steering control on a split-mu road is one of the basic functions of integrated or coordinated chassis control systems and has been demonstrated by several chassis suppliers. However, the disturbance yaw moment is generally compensated for using the yaw rate feedback or using wheel brake pressure measurement. Access to the wheel brake pressure through physical sensors is not cost effective; therefore, we modeled the hydraulic brake system to avoid using physical sensors and to estimate the brake pressure. The steering angle controller was designed to mitigate the non-symmetric braking force effect and to stabilize the yaw rate dynamics of the vehicle. An H-infinity design synthesis was used to take the system model and the estimation errors into account, and the designed controller was evaluated using vehicle tests.     

Global force potential of over-actuated vehicles

This paper formulates force constraints of over-actuated road vehicles. In particular, focus is put on different vehicle configurations provided with electrical drivelines. It is demonstrated that a number of vehicles possesses non-convex tyre and actuator constraints, which have an impact on the way in which the actuators are to be used. By mapping the actuator forces to a space on a global level, the potential of the vehicle motion is investigated for the vehicles studied. It is concluded that vehicles with individual drive, compared with individual brakes only, have a great potential to yaw motion even under strong lateral acceleration.