波激振动和砰击颤振对大型油船疲劳强度影响研究

文章给出线性波激振动和砰击颤振引起的大型油船结构疲劳贡献度的计算方法。基于三维线性水弹性理论可计算得到包括刚体和2节点的振动模态下的垂向弯矩的传递函数,采用谱分析法对某30万吨油船进行结构疲劳强度计算,分析波激振动对船体结构疲劳损伤影响;基于二维非线性波浪载荷程序（含砰击颤振的波浪载荷）,采用时域方法对该油船进行船体梁弯矩计算,分析砰击颤振对船体梁弯矩及疲劳载荷的影响;结果表明对于该类大型油船波激振动和砰击颤振对船体的结构疲劳损伤的影响不可忽略。     

基于水弹性方法的船体非线性波浪载荷预报

文章介绍了三维水弹性方法的基本原理,引进了一种三维非线性水弹性方法的数值算法。该算法以三维水动力理论为基础,充分考虑各种非线性效应,包括静水恢复力的非线性、物面非线性以及砰击力的作用,结合水弹性方法建立船体运动方程,并对船舶在波浪中运动受到的载荷进行预报。计算工况根据设计波法来确定,预报结果与线性计算结果进行了对比,差异主要体现在弹振和砰击方面。     

基于黏性流体-柔性结构耦合的波浪中船舶非线性波激振动研究

波激弹振和砰击颤振是集装箱船运营中极易出现的两种现象,分析其对船舶运动和剖面载荷的影响,对船舶设计和强度评估具有重要意义。采用黏性流体-柔性结构双向耦合方法对集装箱船模型在不同波长工况下的运动和响应进行求解,其中计算流体力学用于模拟流场的冲击和上浪等非线性现象并得到船体外载荷,然后通过有限元法求解船体运动和变形,两者在流固交界面进行隐式信息交换。计算捕捉到船体的非线性波激振动和颤振,分析结果发现,波激振动和颤振对整体运动影响较小,但会显著增大船体中垂的弯矩幅值,艏、艉区域垂向加速度受颤振的影响较大,当遭遇波浪的倍频成分接近船体湿频率时也会激发船体一定程度的弹振。与文献结果的比较表明,该耦合方法有望成为处理船舶水弹性问题的一种有效手段。     

长艏楼船型艏艉砰击响应试验分析

针对长艏楼船型遭遇的艏砰击及艉砰击现象,采用一系列规则波下的分段模型试验测得典型剖面处的垂向弯矩响应,通过时域向频域的变换获取响应值的非线性砰击弯矩成分,综合分析艏艉砰击载荷下船体的垂向弯矩响应,以及浪向、波高、航速等参数对响应特性的影响。     

恶劣海况中大外飘型舰船的总载荷颤振响应分析

[目的]舰船遭遇恶劣海况时艏部砰击会激起船体梁颤振响应,威胁到总纵强度的安全。砰击颤振弯矩与船体刚度和外飘构型相关,但不同船型结构布置和型线差异大,有必要针对大外飘型舰船开展颤振响应分析。[方法]首先,采用COMPASS-WALCS-NE势流时域水弹性方法预报设计海况下的船体梁总载荷,并与分段自航模试验对比验证;然后,再提取艏部砰击合力、典型时刻的船体运动状态和船体梁总载荷响应的时历曲线,通过分析波浪载荷高低频分量的相位差异,研究船舯砰击弯矩与艏部砰击合力的关联性;最后,围绕船体主要设计参数进行敏感度分析。[结果]在设计海况艏部入水时,其砰击合力出现了2次峰值,分别对应于底板和外飘区域的大面积触水过程;颤振弯矩主要由艏部外飘砰击引起,受力面积大,合力距离船舯远,导致砰击弯矩达到了波浪弯矩的同等幅值;大外飘型舰船的砰击弯矩对波高变化最为敏感。[结论]对于大外飘型舰船的总纵强度评估应考虑砰击颤振的影响,对于中垂砰击弯矩需要直接与静水成分、低频的波浪成分叠加,而中拱砰击弯矩应考虑阻尼耗散,可先折减再叠加。     

舰船波浪中非线性运动响应与砰击研究

基于非线性切片理论建立波浪中船体垂荡和纵倾的耦合运动动力方程,给出不同浪向角下船舶的垂荡运动响应和纵倾运动响应.在此基础上,参考Ochi底部砰击试验所提出的经验公式,对某舰船各横剖面的砰击压力系数进行推导,同时对不同频率下砰击载荷的大小、位置等进行研究.结果表明,该船在低频的入射波中更易发生底部砰击,且砰击瞬时的影响不容忽视.     

VLCC在波浪中弹性响应的理论与模型试验研究

商船的大型化发展使得船长变得越来越长.这将导致大型船舶在大洋中航行时船体梁产生由于流固耦合作用引起的波激振动和砰击颤振.文章采用模型试验和理论预报方法研究了一艘VLCC在满载和压载条件下的低频和高频垂向波浪载荷响应特性.试验模型长度超过6m,采用两根非均匀截面梁来连接模型分段,并在分段处测量模型横剖面处的垂向弯矩.理论计算采用二维非线性切片理论和三维线性水弹性理论,预报结果和模型试验结果进行了比较.分析发现船体梁的波激振动易在小波高和低波浪周期下发生,尤其是船体梁的两节点垂向湿谐振频率为遭遇波浪频率整数倍的时候.波幅增大后,船体梁还将发生砰击颤振.波浪持续激励时波激振动和砰击颤振往往会耦合发生,由于船体梁小结构阻尼的影响,目前的技术手段难以从船体梁总振动中把它们分离开来.船舶的装载条件会对船体梁的振动特性尤其是波激振动产生较大的影响,研究发现压载条件下的波激振动响应要比满载条件下的严重,在已有文献中提到这种影响的机理在文中得到了模型试验和理论计算的再验证.     

首外飘砰击对主船体结构响应的预报

假设在波浪砰击的条件下,线性“切片理论”仍适用于预报舰船的纵向运动。于是,将不规则海浪上的船首外飘砰击载荷及其对主船体的响应,简化为首部船一波相对垂向运动响应谱峰值频率的某个规则波问题,即船体响应的概率与船一波相对垂向速度的平方相联系,从而获得在各种不同海况下,首外飘砰击船体响应的概率分布可以用w。儿Ull分布来近似,即“短期预报”。 计算中对各种非线性水动力载荷成分作了分析,认为首外飘砰击的船体响应应考虑非线性惯性力及非线性浮力这两项载荷。文中把某船实测结果与本方法的短期预报作了比较,最后评述了长期预报。     

扁平艉型砰击载荷试验研究及结构动态响应分析

针对扁平艉型船舶的艉砰击现象进行了分段模型试验。测量剖面上的垂向弯矩响应,通过频域变换获取砰击弯矩成分,并分析艉砰击对船体梁合成弯矩的影响。基于模型试验测得的砰击压力数据,结合数值仿真计算,获得的压力的时空分布和计算艉部结构在砰击载荷作用下的动态应力响应。研究方法对扁平艉型船舶艉砰击的安全评估具有借鉴意义。     

不同海况下艏部砰击及鞭状效应的试验与数值分析

为了更深入地研究船舶的鞭状效应,在拖曳水池中对某船进行了艏部砰击及鞭状效应分段模型试验研究。提出了一种可以考虑砰击力的非线性水弹性计算方法。并改进了传统的分段模型,采用变截面梁对船体刚度进行模拟以更好地接近实船。在规则波迎浪下观察到了严重的艏部砰击现象。试验数据表明,当波高从5.6m增大到21m时,由于鞭状效应原因,总弯矩相比低频波浪弯矩的增大值从24.64%增长到92.02%。最后,将不同海况下的测量结果与基于线性与非线性水弹性理论的计算结果进行了比较分析,初步验证了文中方法和程序在预报船体波浪载荷中的适用性。     

New insight into the wave-induced nonlinear vertical load effects of ultra-large container ships based on experiments

Accurate estimation of the wave-induced extreme hogging vertical bending moment (VBM) is of vital importance for the design of container ships because container ships are normally under hogging conditions in still water. According to the empirical formulas proposed by the classification society rules, the design hogging VBM can be approximately 20 % smaller than the design sagging VBM for vessels with small block coefficients. High-order harmonic components in the vertical load effects, which are induced by the nonlinearities in the hydrodynamic forces and ship hull geometry, contribute to the asymmetry. Previous studies have shown that the nonlinear hydrostatic and Froude–Krylov forces increase the sagging VBM significantly. Current numerical tools are able to reveal this asymmetry to a certain extent. There is, however, little focus on the nonlinear pressure under the bow bottom, which is a more likely contributor to the hogging VBM. Several unexpected phenomena have been observed for large container ships. The wave-frequency sagging and hogging VBMs followed each other closely, and hence did not reflect the significant nonlinear factors as expected. In this paper, the test data of two (8600-TEU and 13000-TEU) ultra-large containership models in both regular and irregular head waves are systematically studied. In regular waves, the influence of the second and third harmonics on the fundamental hogging peaks and sagging troughs is estimated by comparing both the amplitude and phase difference relative to the first harmonic peaks. In irregular waves, the focus is on the statistical characteristics of the wave-induced nonlinear vertical load effects. To achieve a balance between results in regular and irregular waves, the influence of the second harmonics is evaluated through bispectral analysis.     

Nonlinear effects from wave-induced maximum vertical bending moment on a flexible ultra-large containership model in severe head and oblique seas

Vertical bending moment (VBM) is of crucial importance in ensuring the survival of vessels in rough seas. With regard to conventional vessels, wave-induced maximum VBM is normally considered to be experienced in head seas. It is conservative to determine the extreme VBM based on either numerical simulations or model tests in long-crested head seas. Extensive model tests have been conducted in head seas with focus on the nonlinear vertical responses in severe seas, and the measured results were compared with numerical calculations for validation. Unexpected phenomena, however, were observed during the model tests of an ultra-large containership. The maximum sagging and hogging VBMs were encountered in oblique seas. Furthermore, the significant wave height used in oblique seas was even smaller than that used in head seas. The nonlinear vertical load effects in oblique seas require further investigations for this particular vessel. Limited experimental results in oblique seas have been reported, in which the lateral responses were always more concerned than the vertical responses. Up to now, rare systematic comparisons of the nonlinear vertical responses between head and oblique seas have been published, especially when the hydroelastic effects are also accounted for. A 13000-TEU ultra-large containership model, which was designed by Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI), has been tested in the towing tank and the ocean basin at the Marintek center in Trondheim. The experimental results in regular waves are first compared between head and oblique seas. The statistical characteristics of the VBM amidships under nineteen irregular wave conditions are then investigated. Next, the extreme hogging and sagging VBMs are compared under different wave conditions with focus on the extreme hogging VBMs. At the end of the paper, the uncertainties in the experiments are discussed.     

Investigation on the nonlinear effects of the vertical motions and vertical bending moment for a wave-piercing tumblehome vessel based on a hydro-elastic segmented model test

Although the nonlinear effects of the ship motions, wave-induced loads and structural responses of conventional vessels have been investigated experimentally and numerically in recent years, similar studies on the wave-piercing tumblehome (WPTH) vessels are rare, in spite of the urgent necessary due to their extensive applications. This paper experimentally investigated the nonlinear effects of the vertical motions and vertical bending moment (VBM) for a WPTH vessel based on a hydro-elastic segmented model test. The model test was carried out in head regular waves for three amplitudes, in the towing tank at Harbin Engineering University. Based on the band-pass filter technique, four kinds of decomposed harmonics are defined by mean offset, linear wave-frequency response, nonlinear wave-frequency response and nonlinear high-frequency vibration. Meanwhile, based on mean offset, three kinds of combined responses are defined by considering linear wave-frequency response, nonlinear wave-frequency response and nonlinear high-frequency vibrations step by step. The transfer functions of vertical motions and VBM are presented as function of the incident wave frequency, and the measured data and VBM were compared with numerical calculations for validation. With the method proposed above, the results of VBM are analyzed by focusing on the influences of decomposed harmonics on the amplitudes and asymmetry of combined responses. Strong nonlinear effects are observed in the VBM. The nonlinearity of VBM can be identified by the significant amplitudes of decomposed harmonics, variation of amplitude with the wave amplitude and remarkable asymmetry about the zero axis. The hogging VBM of WPTH vessel can be even larger than the sagging VBM, which is in contrast to the general experiences from conventional vessels. Combined the calculated relative motion with the decomposed and combined histories of VBM, the occurrence of the transient impact and its characteristics are discussed, and these are then used to analyze the unconventional asymmetry of VBM. Furthermore, the influences of the bow shape over the vertical motions and VBM are discussed. At the end of the paper, the uncertainties in the test are provided.     

超大型 VLCC 波激振动和砰击振动模型试验研究

船舶的波激振动和砰击振动对船舶结构的安全性有较大影响。文章以一艘超大型 VLCC 为研究对象,通过变截面梁分段模型试验方法对船舶在规则波和不规则波中波激振动和砰击振动响应进行了比较分析,介绍了船模波浪载荷试验中模型的设计原则,通过静水试验得到了船体梁垂向振动频率特性、振动阻尼和静水兴波弯矩等参数,通过规则波和不规则波试验分析了波高、波浪周期和装载状态等因素对波激振动和砰击振动的影响。该文的研究结果对大型船舶的结构设计具有一定的指导意义。     

CFRP修复的FPSO点蚀船体梁极限强度分析

采用非线性有限元法对中拱和中垂工况条件下碳纤维增强聚合物(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer, CFRP)修复的浮式生产储卸油装置(Floating Production Storage and Offloading, FPSO)点蚀船体梁极限强度进行仿真分析。对比FPSO的完整船体梁、点蚀船体梁和CFRP修复的点蚀船体梁的中拱极限弯矩和中垂极限弯矩，分析CFRP对FPSO点蚀船体梁的修复效果，并分析胶层失效规律。结果表明，CFRP可为船舶的高效修复提供一种新的方式。     

关于船舶规范中计算载荷的分析

本文利用非线性切片理论，以两条不同类型的船舶为例，具体分析了现行规范中关于波浪弯矩、砰击振动弯矩以及弯矩迭加计算时存在的一些问题；指出了在确定计算载荷时应当计及船舶在波浪中的失速，所谓的谐振波不一定就是最危险的规则子波，按动量冲击理论计算以底部砰击为主的船舶是不合适的，不应把波浪弯矩和砰击报动弯矩的最大值简单相加来确定合成弯矩。     

S-175集装箱船舶波浪载荷的船模试验与线性切片理论计算的比较

本文就日本S-175集装箱船舶的波浪载荷进行了船模试验与线性切片理论计算的比较,发现线性切片理论对于波浪载荷沿船长的纵向分布以及中拱与中垂的不同分量都与试验值存在着相当大的差异,仅纵向运动较为满意;揭示了对于在高浪级下快速舰船的波浪载荷,特别是砰击载荷应致力于开展非线性理论和试验研究。     

Numerical computation of motions and structural loads for large containership using 3D Rankine panel method

In this paper, we present the results of our numerical seakeeping analyses of a 6750-TEU containership, which were subjected to the benchmark test of the 2 nd ITTC–ISSC Joint Workshop held in 2014. We performed the seakeeping analyses using three different methods based on a 3D Rankine panel method, including 1) a rigid-body solver, 2) a flexible-body solver using a beam model, and 3) a flexible-body solver using the eigenvectors of a 3D Finite Element Model(FEM). The flexible-body solvers adopt a fully coupled approach between the fluid and structure. We consider the nonlinear Froude–Krylov and restoring forces using a weakly nonlinear approach. In addition, we calculate the slamming loads on the bow flare and stern using a 2D generalized Wagner model. We compare the numerical and experimental results in terms of the linear response, the time series of the nonlinear response, and the longitudinal distribution of the sagging and hogging moments. The flexible-body solvers show good agreement with the experimental model with respect to both the linear and nonlinear results, including the high-frequency oscillations due to springing and whipping vibrations. The rigid-body solver gives similar results except for the springing and whipping.     

Numerical and experimental investigations into the application of response conditioned waves for long-term nonlinear analyses

The coefficient of contribution method, in which the extreme response is determined by considering only the few most important sea states, is an efficient way to do nonlinear long-term load analyses. To furthermore efficiently find the nonlinear short-term probability distributions of the vessel responses in these sea states, response conditioned wave methods can be used. Several researchers have studied the accuracy of response conditioned wave methods for this purpose. However, further investigations are necessary before these can become established tools. In this paper we investigate the accuracy by comparing the short-term probability distributions obtained from random irregular waves with those from response conditioned waves. We furthermore show how response conditioned wave methods can be fitted into a long-term response analysis. The numerical and experimental investigations were performed using a container vessel with a length between perpendiculars of 281 m. Numerical simulations were done with a nonlinear hydroelastic time domain code. Experiments were carried out with a flexible model of the vessel in the towing tank at the Marine Technology Centre in Trondheim. The focus was on the probability distributions of the midship vertical hogging bending moments in the sea states contributing most to the hogging moments with a mean return period of 20 years and 10 000 years. We found that the response conditioned wave methods can very efficiently be used to accurately determine the nonlinear short-term probability distributions for rigid hulls, but either accuracy or efficiency is to a large effect lost for flexible hulls, when slamming induced whipping responses are accounted for.