纯电动汽车制动能量回收控制策略研究

文中通过对再生制动系统基本结构和储能装置性能要求的分析,以及在分析目前常用的几种储能装置性能的基础上,提出了再生制动能量的再生制动系统结构方案。从理论上分析了再生制动系统不同工作状态下的电路模型,建立了再生制动系统的升压和降压数学模型,利用Matlab编程工具建立了再生制动系统的仿真模型。通过对实用再生制动系统约束条件的分析,并充分考虑再生制动系统的工作特点,对比分析了现行的控制策略,提出了以驾驶员驾驶感觉和制动稳定性为首要目的的恒定再生制动力矩控制策略,仿真分析表明效果良好。     

电动汽车的再生制动研究

随着能源和环保问题的日益突出,电动汽车成为汽车发展的新热点,但续驶里程短又成为制约电动汽车发展的一个关键因素。本文研究了电动汽车再生制动的应用原理以及再生制动对于提高电动汽车续驶里程的意义,分析了再生制动功率和能量及再生制动能量利用率,介绍了几种再生制动控制策略。     

直流无刷电机再生制动系统试验台的设计与验证

基于再生制动理论,以电动汽车用轮毂电机为主体,搭建了直流无刷电机再生制动试验台。以回收能量最大化为目标,提出了相应的再生制动控制策略。结合电机的输出特性和工作原理,利用SIMULINK软件建立了再生制动系统模型。通过模型仿真和试验台试验结果的对比分析,验证了再生制动试验台设计方案的可行性和控制策略的合理性。     

再生制动技术在汽车中的应用

再生制动技术是一种有效的节能方式。传统的汽车制动,是将车辆的动能变为摩擦片的热能浪费了,而再生制动技术的目的就是使这部分能量储存起来再利用,此种技术节约了能源,并降低了废气排量。文章对再生制动技术进行了理论研究,分析了再生制动技术的节能原理;从传动方式和能量存储方式上对再生制动技术汽车的名称作出定义,同时对再生制动汽车的功率流进行了分析。指出再生制动汽车在达到回收制动能量目的的同时,具有很多优点,是当前汽车发展的方向。     

汽车节能新技术——再生制动技术

再生制动技术是一种有效的节能方式，对再生制动技术进行了理论研究，分析了再生制动技术的节能原理，从传动方式和能量存储方式上研究汽车的再生制动技术。并对再生制动汽车的功率流进行了分析。     

电动汽车再生制动系统的结构与控制策略研究

文中对电动汽车典型的再生制动系统结构进行了分析,介绍了电动汽车再生制动控制策略,并对国产EQ6110HEV混合动力城市客车的再生制动效果作了简要分析。     

基于ADVISOR的电动汽车再生制动控制的建模与仿真

分析了再生制动系统中保留摩擦制动的必要性,介绍了ADVISOR中的再生制动控制策略。基于制动安全性和高效制动能量回收,提出了新的再生制动控制策略。按照新策略,利用ADVISOR软件建立了制动控制模型并进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,新策略回收制动能量的效果优于ADVISOR中原有的再生制动控制策略。     

基于AMESim的半挂汽车列车再生制动研究

为研究半挂汽车列车的再生制动方法,分析了制动过程中的载荷转移和牵引座纵向力,运用AMESim软件搭建了半挂汽车列车再生制动仿真模型。在理想制动力分配的基础上,制订了适合半挂汽车列车的再生制动控制策略,在不同工况下对半挂汽车列车再生制动进行仿真。结果表明,再生制动能量回收率可达27.7%,实际制动力分配曲线与理想制动力分配曲线吻合,说明所建立的模型能准确模拟半挂汽车列车的再生制动过程,本研究为重型车研发与优化提供了参考。     

EQ6110混合动力电动汽车再生制动控制策略研究

分析了电机再生制动对车辆制动性能的影响以及典型城市公交客车运行工况特点，提出了适于EQ6110HEV的再生制动控制策略——低制动强度时优先采用再生制动，高强度时按比例复合再生制动与摩擦制动。仿真计算表明：在各种循环工况下，EQ6110HEV采用这种再生制动控制策略均有较好的节能效果，可降低能耗10％～25％。     

基于最大化能量回收策略的再生制动系统分析

阐述再生制动的基本原理;通过典型的再生制动系统结构,说明再生制动与液压制动解耦原理,以及实现最大化能量回收的控制策略。     

基于多种循环工况的混合动力客车制动能量回收对燃油经济贡献率的研究

建立再生制动能量回收的数学模型和试验评价方法,并针对某一并联混合动力城市客车,选择四种典型城市循环工况进行试验分析,得到不同行驶工况下混合动力客车的制动能量回收对整车燃油经济性的贡献率,对混合动力汽车的前期开发具有参考作用.     

Improvement of drivability and fuel economy with a hybrid antiskid braking system in hybrid electric vehicles

When braking on wet roads, Antilock Braking System (ABS) control can be triggered because the available brake torque is not sufficient. When the ABS system is active, for a hybrid electric vehicle, the regenerative brake is switched off to safeguard the normal ABS function. When the ABS control is terminated, it would be favorable to reactivate the regenerative brake. However, recurring cycles from ABS to motor regenerative braking could occur. This condition is felt to be unpleasant by the driver and has adverse effects on driving stability. In this paper, a novel hybrid antiskid braking system using fuzzy logic is proposed for a hybrid electric vehicle that has a regenerative braking system operatively connected to an electric traction motor and a separate hydraulic braking system. This control strategy and the method for coordination between regenerative and hydraulic braking are developed. The motor regenerative braking controller is designed. Control of regenerative and hydraulic braking force distribution is investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that vehicle braking performance and fuel economy can be improved and the proposed control strategy and method are effective and robust.     

Experimental investigations on continuous regenerative anti-lock braking system of full electric vehicle

Functions of anti-lock braking for full electric vehicles (EV) with individually controlled wheel drive can be realized through conventional brake system actuating friction brakes and regenerative brake system actuating electric motors. To analyze advantages and limitations of both variants of anti-lock braking systems (ABS), the presented study introduces results of experimental investigations obtained from proving ground tests of all-wheel drive EV. The brake performance is assessed for three different configurations: hydraulic ABS; regenerative ABS only on the front axle; blended hydraulic and regenerative ABS on the front axle and hydraulic ABS on the rear axle. The hydraulic ABS is based on a rule-based controller, and the continuous regenerative ABS uses the gain-scheduled proportional-integral direct slip control with feedforward and feedback control parts. The results of tests on low-friction road surface demonstrated that all the ABS configurations guarantee considerable reduction of the brake distance compared to the vehicle without ABS. In addition, braking manoeuvres with the regenerative ABS are characterized by accurate tracking of the reference wheel slip that results in less oscillatory time profile of the vehicle deceleration and, as consequence, in better driving comfort. The results of the presented experimental investigations can be used in the process of selection of ABS architecture for upcoming generations of full electric vehicles with individual wheel drive.     

基于理想制动力分配曲线的复合制动设计

以理想制动力分配曲线为目标,在车辆液压制动力分配系数保持不变的情况下,研究了前后液压制动力和再生制动力分配的比例关系,确定了制动力分配控制策略;在确保液压制动力分配系数满足法规要求的情况下,以最优制动力分配为目标优化了整车结构参数。     

Cooperative regenerative braking control for front-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle based on adaptive regenerative brake torque optimization using under-steer index

In this study, cooperative regenerative braking control of front-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle is proposed to recover optimal braking energy while guaranteeing the vehicle lateral stability. In front-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle, excessive regenerative braking for recuperation of the maximum braking energy can cause under-steer problem. This is due to the fact that the resultant lateral force on front tire saturates and starts to decrease. Therefore, cost function with constraints is newly defined to determine optimum distribution of brake torques including the regenerative brake torque for improving the braking energy recovery as well as the vehicle lateral stability. This cost function includes trade-off relation of two objectives. The physical meaning of first objective of cost function is to maximize the regenerative brake torque for improving the fuel economy and that of second objective is to increase the mechanical-friction brake torques at rear wheels rather than regenerative brake torque at front wheels for preventing front tire saturation. And weighting factor in cost function is also proposed as a function of under-steer index representing current state of the vehicle lateral motion in order to generalize the constrained optimization problem including both normal and severe cornering situation. For example, as the vehicle approaches its handling limits, adaptation of weighting factor is possible to prioritize front tire saturation over increasing the recuperation of braking energy for driver safety and vehicle lateral stability. Finally, computer simulation of closed loop driver-vehicle system based on Carsim? performed to verify the effectiveness of adaptation method in proposed controller and the vehicle performance of the proposed controller in comparison with the conventional controller for only considering the vehicle lateral stability. Simulation results indicate that the proposed controller improved the performance of braking energy recovery as well as guaranteed the vehicle lateral stability similar to the conventional controller.     

Co-operative control for regenerative braking and friction braking to increase energy recovery without wheel lock

This paper presents a regenerative braking co-operative control algorithm to increase energy recovery without wheel lock. Considering the magnitude of the braking force available between the tire and road surface, the control algorithm was designed for the regenerative braking force at the front wheel and friction braking force at the rear wheel to be increased following the friction coefficient line. The performance of the proposed regenerative braking co-operative control algorithm was evaluated by the hardware in the loop simulation (HILS) with an electronic wedge brake on its front wheels and an electronic mechanical brake on its rear wheels. The HILS results showed that a proper braking force on the front and rear wheels on a low μ road prevented the lock of the front wheels that was connected to the motor, and maintained the regenerative braking and increased energy recovery.     

分布式驱动电动汽车回馈制动失效的液压补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车各驱动轮转速和转矩可以单独精确控制，便于实现整车动力学控制和制动能量回馈，从而提升车辆的主动安全性和行驶经济性。但车辆在回馈制动过程中，一旦1台电机突发故障，其他电机产生的制动力矩将对整车形成附加横摆力矩，从而造成车辆失稳，此时虽可通过截断异侧对应电机制动力矩输出来保证行驶方向，但会使车辆制动力大幅衰减或丧失，同样不利于行车安全。为了解决此问题，提出并验证一种基于电动助力液压制动系统的制动压力补偿控制方法，力图有效保证整车制动安全性。以轮毂电机驱动汽车为例，首先建立了整车动力学模型以及轮毂电机模型，通过仿真验证了回馈制动失效的整车失稳特性以及电机转矩截断控制的不足；然后，建立了电动助力液压制动系统模型，并通过原理样机的台架试验验证了模型的准确性；接着，基于滑模控制算法设计了制动压力补偿控制器，并在单侧电机再生制动失效后的转矩截断控制基础上完成了液压制动补偿控制效果仿真验证；最后，通过实车试验证明了所提控制方法的有效性和实用性。研究结果表明：在分布式驱动电动汽车单侧电机再生制动失效工况下，通过异侧电机转矩截断控制和制动系统的液压主动补偿，能够使车辆快速恢复稳定行驶并满足制动强度需求。     

ISG hybrid powertrain: a rule-based driver model incorporating look-ahead information

According to European regulations, if the amount of regenerative braking is determined by the travel of the brake pedal, more stringent standards must be applied, otherwise it may adversely affect the existing vehicle safety system. The use of engine or vehicle speed to derive regenerative braking is one way to avoid strict design standards, but this introduces discontinuity in powertrain torque when the driver releases the acceleration pedal or applies the brake pedal. This is shown to cause oscillations in the pedal input and powertrain torque when a conventional driver model is adopted. Look-ahead information, together with other predicted vehicle states, are adopted to control the vehicle speed, in particular, during deceleration, and to improve the driver model so that oscillations can be avoided. The improved driver model makes analysis and validation of the control strategy for an integrated starter generator (ISG) hybrid powertrain possible.     

Extended-Kalman-filter-based regenerative and friction blended braking control for electric vehicle equipped with axle motor considering damping and elastic properties of electric powertrain

Because of the damping and elastic properties of an electrified powertrain, the regenerative brake of an electric vehicle (EV) is very different from a conventional friction brake with respect to the system dynamics. The flexibility of an electric drivetrain would have a negative effect on the blended brake control performance. In this study, models of the powertrain system of an electric car equipped with an axle motor are developed. Based on these models, the transfer characteristics of the motor torque in the driveline and its effect on blended braking control performance are analysed. To further enhance a vehicle's brake performance and energy efficiency, blended braking control algorithms with compensation for the powertrain flexibility are proposed using an extended Kalman filter. These algorithms are simulated under normal deceleration braking. The results show that the brake performance and blended braking control accuracy of the vehicle are significantly enhanced by the newly proposed algorithms.     

电动汽车再生制动控制算法研究

以"在满足车辆制动性能要求、保证车辆制动稳定性的前提下,最大限度地回收再生制动能量"为原则,对电动汽车再生制动力与制动器制动力的分配算法进行研究,得到车辆制动时制动力的控制算法,最后以某电动车辆为例进行仿真分析。制动力分配算法对车辆再生制动和机械制动的分配规律的制定具有较好的参考作用。