城镇埋地燃气管道失效原因分析

文中对发生泄漏的某城镇燃气管道进行了失效原因分析,通过尺寸测量、宏观分析、电镜分析、化学成分及拉伸性能分析、金相分析等,得出了燃气管道断裂原因为管道环焊缝在外部载荷的应力作用下发生了断裂扩展,并确定了管道起源开裂的位置。     

钢管与法兰对接环焊缝开裂分析

采用化学成分分析、力学性能检测、宏观及扫描电镜分析等方法对输送管道站场发现的F52法兰与L360/X52 HFW钢管对接环焊缝开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:F52法兰含碳量偏高、焊接性差是导致法兰侧热影响区产生冷裂纹的主要内因,现场焊接工艺及实施过程控制不当是裂纹产生的主要诱因。采取以焊接性较差的一侧确定焊接工艺及焊前预热措施后,该类现象再未发生过。     

定标点失效对中心线坐标及应变数据的影响分析

为了研究定标点失效对管道中心线坐标及应变数据的影响，文中以管道环焊缝作为特征点对比2次中心线检测的环焊缝球面距离和管道应变数据，研究定标点失效情况下数据偏差情况。结果表明：对于1 km/点设置定标点时，环焊缝位置的偏差能保持在2 m范围内，对于1～2个定标点失效时环焊缝偏差会扩大到5 m,对于连续5点定标点失效时，环焊缝位置的偏差会超过14 m,该坐标数据已失效；对于极限情况连续5个定标点失效的情况下，通过环焊缝仍然可以将2次检测应变数据进行对齐，且检测数据能够良好复核，对于连续5个定标点失效情况下应变数据仍准确有效。     

非完整检测数据条件下的含缺陷在役压力管道失效分析

由于含缺陷在役压力管道的焊缝数量较大,而且对焊缝检测只进行抽检,本文在非完整检测数据基础上,建立适当概率模型。结合有限元软件ANSYS二次开发程序,对不完整检测数据的管道进行概率建模分析,充分考虑管道的我荷特点、几何特点以及缺陷的类型和特点,将管系中各缺陷安全状况,失效风险有机结合起来,计算得出存在单一缺陷和不完整检测数据压力管线的断裂失效概率。这对于制定具有针对性的检修计划,加强管线维护有重要的现实意义。     

蒸发塔挥发线腐蚀分析

某蒸发塔挥发线，运行期间多次发生腐蚀穿孔，采用碳纤维补强作为临时措施。在装置大修期间，开展设备的腐蚀调查，并截取有代表性的弯头、法兰短节开展腐蚀问题分析。采用现场腐蚀调查、宏观和微观腐蚀形貌观察、XRD成分分析、EDS能谱分析等方法开展分析测试，并针对焊缝进行了金相组织观察和硬度测试。分析结果表明，由于硫酸腐蚀与电偶腐蚀、缝隙腐蚀、冲刷腐蚀等的协同作用，在法兰面、焊缝、弯头等薄弱位置形成严重的局部腐蚀。建议加强内衬的质量控制，避免异金属连接，对弯头、焊缝等重点位置加强检测。     

X52焊缝失效评定曲线

失效评定曲线被广泛应用于管道的断裂评定,针对严重影响国内在役老管道安全运行的焊缝问题,建立焊缝失效评定曲线.以在役老管道常用管材X52为例,采用R6方法建立焊缝失效评定曲线(选择3曲线),并与R6选择1曲线和选择2曲线比较,表明选择3曲线的精确性对于在役管道焊缝失效精确评估的重要性.给出了3种焊缝材料特性的失效评定曲线...     

番禺气田珠海终端外涂层检测与失效分析

通过分析番禺气田珠海终端工艺管线涂层类型、涂层缺陷,根据涂层所处的腐蚀环境以及原始设计规范要求,结合影响涂层寿命的4个因素,对整个工艺管线按区域进行了涂层厚度检测与失效统计,评估了工艺管线外涂层的整体状况,分析了涂层腐蚀失效的原因.结果表明:终端管线外涂层存在缺陷,涂层厚度达不到设计要求,而焊缝及法兰出现的腐蚀主要由管线内外腐蚀环境、涂层质量及表面处理质量不好所致.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

基于有限元法分析双层海底管道断裂失效问题

针对南海某油田平台间某双层海底管道的外管发生一处断裂失效事故,根据管道实际运行工况,考虑土壤摩擦力对外管的作用,利用有限元接触分析方法进行双层海管的受力分析,结合DNV规范对管道进行强度校核。结果显示:利用有限元接触算法来分析管土相互作用时,采用刚性面来模拟土壤层是可行的;在未超过原设计压力和设计温度条件下,该海管的外管将不会发生断裂失效事故,管道满足结构强度要求;若海管产生较严重的局部腐蚀,最严重腐蚀点的缺陷凹坑深度超过壁厚的85%,将会发生断裂失效事故。     

天然气流速过快导致双作用节流截止阀失效分析及对策

文中以弥陀输气站21#双作用节流截止阀失效为基础,分析生产运行工况,模拟气体流向和流态,分析失效过程。结果表明:高速天然气流过阀门时,因流道发生改变,在下阀腔内形成涡流,对阀门底座法兰与阀体密封面形成冲刷,导致阀门失效和天然气泄漏。根据失效原理制定预防控制措施,防止失效事故发生。     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.