缸内直喷汽油机多孔喷油器喷雾特性试验研究

为了研究缸内直喷汽油机多孔喷油器的喷雾特性,建立了定容喷雾试验装置,对不同环境压力和不同喷油压力条件下的自由喷雾和碰壁喷雾过程进行了拍摄,分析了壁面距离和壁面倾角对喷雾特性的影响。研究发现:多孔喷油器与传统的旋流式喷油器的喷雾特性存在较大差异。多孔喷油器的喷雾锥角受环境压力影响较小;随着环境背压的增大,贯穿距离和喷雾锥角呈现先增大后减小的特点;喷雾锥角随着喷射压力的提高略有增加。在碰壁喷雾发展过程中,不同环境压力下喷雾油束与壁面接触面积接近;随着壁面距离的增加,碰壁喷雾高度递减,碰壁后的喷雾高度存在波动;随着壁面倾角的增大,碰壁喷雾高度和增大。在壁面倾角的增大过程中,影响碰壁喷雾半径的因素较多,呈现出较复杂的变化规律。以上研究为多孔喷油器的设计及其与燃烧室的匹配提供了理论依据。     

汽油喷雾碰壁和油膜形成的可视化试验与数值模拟

进气道喷射汽油机混合气形成对燃烧和排放起着重要的作用。为了研究汽油喷雾碰壁过程,利用定容燃烧弹进行了汽油喷雾碰壁直接高速摄影,研究了不同倾斜角度壁面、不同壁面粗糙度和碰壁距离等对喷雾碰壁和油膜形成的影响。在此基础上,利用CFD软件建立了定容燃烧弹内汽油喷雾碰壁和油膜形成过程的三维数值模型。测量了定容燃烧弹内的压力,并与理论值进行了对比分析。研究结果为汽油机进气道喷射系统的设计提供了参考。     

多点电喷天然气发动机燃料喷射过程研究

数值模拟了从电喷天然气发动机喷射阀喷出的非稳态喷流的发展过程，并由纹影实验验证了解析方法的可行性。采用数值模拟的方法考察了天然气喷流贯穿距离与喷射压力和喷孔数的关系；以及喷射阀质量流量与喷射压力和环境压力的关系；为精确地控制天然气燃料喷射量提供了理论依据。最后数值模拟了进气歧管内天然气喷流的发展过程，探明了天然气喷射对发动机工作过程可能造成的影响。     

外开式直喷氢气喷嘴射流特性研究

基于纹影法在定容喷射装置上进行了不同喷射压力、环境压力下的氢气射流特性试验,研究外开式喷嘴的氢气射流特性及喷射参数的变化规律。结果表明:氢气射流近场呈现锥形结构,且形成了喷射轨迹线,而射流远场逐渐发展成大尺度球形涡流结构。喷射压力增大,轴向和径向贯穿距离增大而卷吸率减小;背景压力增大,轴向和径向贯穿距离减小而卷吸率增大;射流锥角的变化与喷射压力或背景压力关系不大,但随喷射时间逐渐从80°变小并趋于22°。另外通过归一化分析发现,贯穿距离在不同边界条件下均具有较好的自相似性,自相似系数(x/y)逐渐趋于0.59左右,径向扩散性优于单孔喷嘴氢气射流。合理利用氢气射流特性可以优化直喷氢内燃机的混合气形成,为外开式喷嘴的喷射策略优化提供依据。     

不同喷射工况下的GDI喷雾模拟标定研究

准确模拟喷雾是提高缸内模拟准确性的关键,为了使模拟喷雾与试验喷雾更加一致,需要根据试验喷雾贯穿距及粒径对模拟喷雾进行标定。使用AVL FIRE软件建立定容弹及喷雾数值模型,对处于不同喷射工况(喷射压力、环境压力、油温)下的喷雾进行数值模拟,根据试验喷雾的贯穿距及喷嘴下方30 mm平面处SMD对模拟喷雾进行标定,并对不同喷射工况的标定参数选择进行探讨。结果表明:为了同时满足贯穿距和粒径的标定要求,需要根据工况参数对标定参数进行调整;对于本研究中的GDI喷油器,喷射压力10 MPa时使用KH-RT模型的模拟结果与试验值匹配较好,5 MPa时使用Huh-Gosman模型匹配更好;在喷射压力、环境压力和环境温度相同的条件下,高油温和低油温工况可以用同一套参数满足标定要求。     

EGR和喷射参数对CRDI生物柴油发动机燃烧特性的影响

研究试图对喷油压力、喷射时间和废气再循环(EGR)比对燃烧特性、粒度分布和排气的影响进行比较研究。在共轨直接喷射(CRDI)柴油发动机中使用的废弃食用油(WCO)产生的生物柴油排放量。结果表明,喷射时间对缸内压力和放热率有明显的影响,这俩随着喷射时间的延迟而降低,但在不同的喷射时间下喷射压力对不同的参数则影响不大。在不同工况下,气缸内压力峰值和放热率与EGR率的变化趋势基本相似,20%EGR率时得到最高值。     

空气辅助和无空气辅助SCR系统尿素喷雾特性的对比试验研究

利用高速摄影技术,对空气辅助和无空气辅助两种典型的柴油机氮氧化物(NOx)选择催化还原(SCR)尿素喷射系统,在常温常压下的尿素喷雾特性和在定容燃烧弹内对空气辅助喷射系统在不同温度下的尿素喷雾特性进行了可视化试验研究.结果表明,随着尿素溶液喷射速率的提高,空气辅助喷射系统的喷雾贯穿距增大,喷雾锥角变小,且随着环境温度的上升贯穿距明显减小,发生碰壁现象的可能性减小;而无空气辅助喷射系统的喷雾形态则基本不受喷射速率的影响.应用粒子动态分析仪(PDA)对两种喷射系统的喷雾粒径分布进行的测试结果表明,空气辅助喷射系统的喷雾液滴粒径明显小于无空气辅助喷射系统,因而具有良好的喷雾特性.     

车用LDPE件工艺的优化改进

通过正交试验对LDPE塑料件的注塑成型工艺参数进行了优化。当注塑压力取25MPa,注塑速度取30%,保压压力取15MPa,保压速度取30%,保压时间取10S,冷却时间取15S时,为最佳工艺参数组合。按此工艺参数所得的注塑样件能获得优异的性能。实验结果表明:影响LDPE塑件断裂伸长率最显著的因素是注塑压力、保压速度和保压时间,其次是注塑速度和保压压力,冷却时间影响最小。影响LDPE塑件拉伸强度最显著的因素是注塑压力,其次是保压压力和保压速度,注塑速度、冷却时间和保压时间影响最小。影响LDPE塑件重量最显著的因素是保压压力和注塑压力,其次是保压速度和保压时间,冷却时间和注塑速度影响最小。     

高压旋流喷雾特性的三维数值模拟

基于高压旋流喷嘴内部流动对喷雾过程进行数值模拟,并定性研究了喷油压力和环境压力对喷雾特性的影响。研究结果表明：在高的喷油压力下,喷雾贯穿距离增大,液滴索特平均直径减小,但喷雾锥角基本不受影响;在高的环境压力下,喷雾呈现出实心圆锥状,喷雾锥角和贯穿距离都减小,液滴索特平均直径增大。     

高压喷射GDI喷孔几何结构对喷孔内流及喷雾特性的影响

采用大涡湍流模拟结合多相流耦合喷雾的方法对GDI喷孔内流和喷雾特性进行了数值研究,着重分析了喷射压力及喷孔结构形状对喷孔出流特性和液滴粒径的影响。结果表明:提高喷射压力有利于增加喷孔出口流速及湍动能,增强燃油破碎;当喷射压力提高到30 MPa之后,进一步提高喷射压力时索特平均直径(SMD)变化不明显,但小粒径占比显著增加;对于变截面喷孔,变截面双曲线喷孔出口处速度和湍动能最大,其SMD最小,小粒径占比最多,有利于喷雾质量提高;与渐缩形喷孔相比,渐扩形喷孔出口处湍动能较大,有利于喷雾初次破碎,然而较多的空泡堵塞喷孔,喷孔出口处流速较低,不利于燃油二次破碎。     

Numerical modeling of hollow-cone fuel atomization,vaporization and wall impingement processes under high ambient temperatures

In the following paper, a numerical study of the atomization, vaporization and wall impingement processes of hollow-cone fuel spray from high-pressure swirl injectors under various ambient temperature conditions was carried out. Also, the availability of applied models and the effect of ambient temperature on spray characteristics is discussed. The Linearized Instability Sheet Atomization (LISA) model combined with the Aerodynamically Progressed Taylor Analogy Breakup (APTAB) model, the improved Abramzon model and the Gosman model are used to calculate the atomization, vaporization and wall impingement processes of hollow-cone fuel spray, respectively. Spray models are implemented with the modified KIVA code. The calculation results of the spray characteristics under two ambient temperatures, including spray tip penetration, spray structure and radial distance after spray-wall impingement are compared to the experimental results obtained by the Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence (LIEF) technique. The droplet size distribution, ambient gas velocity field, vapor phase distribution and fuel film mass generated by spray-wall impingement, measurements which are generally difficult to obtain by experimental methods, are also calculated and discussed. Quantitative discussions on the effect of the ambient temperature on the spray development process are conducted. It is shown that the applied models are applicable even in the high ambient temperature condition.     

Experimental study on macroscopic spray characteristics after impingement in a slit-type GDI injector

In this paper, an experimental study on the wall-impinging spray of the slit-type GDI injector is presented. To examine the effects of various factors on the development of a spray impinging on the wall, experiments were conducted at various injection pressures, ambient pressures, wall distances from the injector tip, wall temperatures, and wall inclination angles. Behavior of the impinging spray was visualized using a planar laser scattering method. It is shown that the spray path penetration of the wall-impinging spray increases with increases in injection pressure, wall distance, wall temperature, or wall angle. On the other hand, the spray path penetration of the wall-impinging spray decreases with increases in ambient pressure. The predicted spray path penetration calculated by the empirical equation estimates the spray path penetration in all cases, and the empirical equation is optimized for the total injection pressure.     

Effects of intake flow on the spray structure of a multi-hole injector in a DISI engine

The spray characteristics of a 6-hole injector were examined in a single cylinder optical direct injection spark ignition engine. The effects of injection timing, in-cylinder charge motion, fuel injection pressure, and coolant temperature were investigated using the 2-dimensional Mie scattering technique. It was confirmed that the in-cylinder charge motion played a major role in the fuel spray distribution during the induction stroke while injection timing had to be carefully considered at high injection pressures during the compression stroke to prevent spray impingement on the piston.     

Low temperature premixed combustion within a small bore high speed direct injection (HSDI) optically accessible diesel engine using a retarded single injection

An optically accessible single-cylinder high speed direct-injection (HSDI) Diesel engine equipped with a Bosch common rail injection system was used to study low temperature Modulated Kinetics (MK) combustion with a retarded single main injection. High-speed liquid fuel Mie-scattering was employed to investigate the liquid distribution and evolution. By carefully setting up the optics, three-dimensional images of fuel spray were obtained from both the bottom of the piston and the side window. The NOx emissions were measured in the exhaust pipe. The influence of injection pressure and injection timing on liquid fuel evolution and combustion characteristics was studied under similar fuel quantities. Interesting spray development was seen from the side window images. Liquid impingement was found for all of the cases due to the small diameter of the piston bowl. The liquid fuel tip hits the bowl wall obliquely and spreads as a wall jet in the radial direction of the spray. Due to the bowl geometry, the fuel film moves back into the central part of the bowl, which enhances the air-fuel mixing process and prepares a more homogeneous air-fuel mixture. Stronger impingement was seen for high injection pressures. Injection timing had little effect on fuel impingement. No liquid fuel was seen before ignition, indicating premixed combustion for all the cases. High-speed combustion video was taken using the same frame rate. Ignition was seen to occur on or near the bowl wall in the vicinity of the spray tip, with the ignition delay being noticeably longer for lower injection pressure and later injection timing. The majority of the flame was confined to the bowl region throughout the combustion event. A more homogeneous and weaker flame was observed for higher injection pressures and later injection timing. The combustion structure also proves the mixing enhancement effect of the liquid fuel impingement. The results show that ultra-low sooting combustion is feasible in an HSDI diesel engine with a higher injection pressure, a higher EGR rate, or later injection timing, with little penalty on power output. It was also found that injection timing has more influence on HCCI-like combustion using a single main injection than the other two factors studied. Compared with the base cases, simultaneous reductions of soot and NOx were obtained by increasing EGR rate and retarding injection timing. By increasing injection pressure, NOx emissions were increased due to leaner and faster combustion with better air-fuel mixing. However, smoke emissions were significantly reduced with increased injection pressure.     

Effects of injection parameters on the spray characteristics of swirl and slit injectors using the Mie-scattering method

We investigated the effects of injection parameters such as injection pressure, ambient pressure, and ambient temperature on spray characteristics. We calculated the turbulence occurring point (t _c ), defined as the time required to generate a vortex, and the deceleration point (t _b ), defined as the time when spray penetration begins to decelerate, to elucidate the breakup mechanism of the test injectors. The spray velocity coefficient (C_v) was obtained to evaluate the spray characteristics. As the ambient pressure increases in the case of a slit injector, C_v decreases. We investigated the effects of nozzle tip shape according to injection pressure, ambient pressure, and fuel properties on spray characteristics and provide a C_v value of 0.38 for the swirl injector with a spray angle of 60° and the slit injector under atmospheric conditions. The value of C_v in the case of a slit injector was reduced by increasing the ambient pressure. Our results suggest that C_v of a swirl injector is constant regardless of changes in ambient pressure, injection pressure, and fuel properties. On the other hand, C_v of a slit injector is altered by changes in ambient pressure.     

直喷汽油机中乙醇汽油宏观喷雾特性的试验研究

采用高速摄像技术在定容弹内对直喷汽油机多孔喷油器的喷雾特性进行了试验研究,以揭示喷油压力、环境压力对乙醇-汽油不同掺混比燃料的喷雾锥角、前锋面速度和喷雾投影面积的影响。结果表明,随着喷油压力的增大,喷雾锥角、前锋面速度和喷雾投影面积均增大;随着环境压力的增大,喷雾锥角增大,前锋面速度和喷雾投影面积减小。     

二甲醚燃料喷射压力对喷雾发展过程的影响

利用定容容器模拟增压发动机缸内高温高压条件,利用高速摄像机观察二甲醚喷雾,探讨了喷射压力对喷雾贯穿距离、喷雾蒸发等喷雾发展过程的影响规律。结果表明:在喷射初期喷雾贯穿距离与喷射时间成正比关系,在喷射后期,环境气体卷入喷雾中,喷雾贯穿距离与喷射时间平方根成正比关系;二甲醚燃料液态喷雾贯穿距离相对于气态来说非常短,DME液态喷雾贯穿距离基本不随时间的增加而增长。     

喷油控制参数对中置喷油器GDI发动机喷雾及燃烧的影响

针对匹配中置高压喷油器的直喷汽油光学发动机,试验研究了不同喷油时刻及喷油压力下的缸内燃烧及喷雾发展特性,分析了燃油喷射控制参数对直喷汽油机缸内喷雾及燃烧的影响规律。研究结果表明:随第三段喷油时刻(θ_(SOI3))提前,燃烧持续期与滞燃期均先减小后增大,燃烧特征参数均在θ_(SOI3)=120°BTDC时存在明显拐点,此时平均指示压力(p_(mi))的循环变动系数C_(OVpmi)相对较小;第三段喷油时刻过晚,活塞上行距上止点较近,易导致油束冲击活塞表面;提高喷油压力可缩短燃烧持续期,有助于改善燃烧定容度,但喷油压力过大,油束贯穿距进一步延长,油束冲击缸壁的倾向增加,滞燃期及燃烧持续期反而延长。