超大直径泥水平衡盾构下穿高压化工管线的参数控制技术研究

以上海虹梅南路隧道下穿金山—吴泾乙烯管线施工为例,介绍了超大直径泥水平衡盾构在下穿高危易爆石化管线过程中的推进参数设置原则和基本参数选取范围。通过对比工程中的施工地表沉降监测数据,验证了参数选取的可行性和合理性。     

上海长江西路超大直径隧道设计关键节点分析

在地下工程中,超大直径盾构工程建设存在众多技术难题。以上海长江西路隧道工程为背景,详细分析了超大直径盾构近距离穿越道路高架桩基近接施工的安全稳定性、超深基坑设计技术、超大直径盾构隧道三维仿真模拟以及抗震分析低碳绿色光导照明系统的应用等关键技术,并在工程实践中成功地应用,取得了较好的经济、社会和环境效益。     

上海地铁2号线区间隧道盾构施工若干技术难题及对策

本文针对上海地铁２号线区间隧道的建设施工,较全面地分析了隧道盾构施工中的若干技术难题,包括盾构近距离穿越地下管线及地下构筑物、区间隧道联络通道的施工、盾构浅覆土进出洞等,并提出了几点有效的对策措施。     

海相复合地层超大直径泥水加压平衡盾构施工关键技术

研究海相复合地层下超大直径盾构法隧道施工关键技术,成果可直接应用于珠海等地大直径盾构法隧道的建设,也可为国内其他类似地层的跨江海隧道起到示范作用。针对大直径泥水加压平衡盾构机穿越复合地层施工,介绍了先探测、预处理基岩,后盾构机穿越的整体思路,分析了超大直径隧道复合地层的准确探测和处理技术;结合地层超前预报、盾构刀盘及刀具、土仓防堵塞冲刷系统、排浆管路捕石器、泥水循环系统等针对性设计和施工方法,实现了泥水加压平衡盾构装备在复合地层中掘进的适应性,整体改善了盾构装备的施工效率。     

超大直径土压平衡盾构在中心城区公路隧道中的应用技术探讨

在上海外滩公路隧道施工中,首次采用了直径为14.27 m的超大直径土压平衡盾构.文章以此为工程背景,围绕超大断面的开挖面稳定、浅覆土施工、近距离穿越运营中地铁和历史保护建筑群等诸多难题,从盾构的针对性设计、关键施工技术、构筑物保护措施等方面对超大直径土压平衡盾构的施工技术进行了详细的论述;分析了超大直径土压平衡盾构推进对周边环境的影响规律,并与常规的地铁盾构、同级别的超大直径泥水平衡盾构进行了比较,指出了超大直径土压平衡盾构的优劣;结合中国城市交通建设的发展趋势,对超大直径土压平衡盾构在城市中心区域的应用前景和进一步的研究方向进行了展望.     

超大直径盾构近距离穿越桩基群施工保护技术

上海长江路越江隧道工程施工中,必须确保逸仙路高架及轨道交通3号线运营的安全。结合工程实例,分别从穿越前保护技术方案(MJS工法)的选取及实施、穿越过程盾构施工参数优化与调整、全过程动态监测及数据分析等3方面,对超大直径盾构穿越阶段采取的各项保护技术措施进行了总结,可供类似工程参考和借鉴。     

杭州地铁盾构隧道掘进对建筑物影响的实测分析

文章基于杭州地铁1号线某区间盾构隧道下穿建筑物工程实例,对双线盾构隧道施工过程中引起的建筑物和地表沉降进行了现场监测,并结合盾构掘进系统的数据,对建筑物和地表的实测沉降数据进行了分析,研究了双线盾构隧道掘进施工引起不同位置、不同结构建筑物的沉降规律。结果表明:盾构施工过程中通过控制注浆量和排土量,能有效地控制建筑物的沉降;建筑物基础底面积越大,监测点的沉降曲线越复杂,越需要严格控制施工进程;建筑物离隧道轴线的水平距离越近,监测点的沉降规律和轴线上方地表的沉降规律也越接近。     

盾构掘进参数对地表沉降的影响分析

盾构法作为地铁隧道施工的一种主要施工方法已在我国得到广泛的应用,由施工引起的地层移动和地表沉降是盾构隧道设计和施工中备受关注的问题.文章以深圳地铁5号线洪浪-兴东盾构区间下穿广深高速公路立交桥隧道施工为工程依托,通过数值模拟和现场监测,对影响地表沉降的掘进参数进行了模拟分析.计算结果表明,地表下沉与盾构掘进参数密切相关,适当加大注浆压力能有效控制地表沉降;同时,土舱压力与土体原始侧向压力接近时地表沉降量最少.实测地表沉降与掘进参数的关系表明,当注浆量一定时,地面沉降随土舱压力的增加而减小;地表沉降随着注浆量及注浆压力的增大而减小.     

超大直径泥水平衡盾构断层破碎带掘进关键技术研究

为研究超大直径泥水平衡盾构穿越断层破碎带施工技术，以深圳某隧道工程为依托，对超大直径泥水平衡盾构穿越断层破碎带工程特点及难点进行分析，重点分析了泥水平衡盾构掘进过程中滞排、结泥饼、刀具磨损严重等问题产生的原因，并研究了泥水平衡盾构穿越断层破碎带的关键技术。针对滞排、结泥饼问题，在盾构机选型阶段优化刀盘结构设计，并采用大格栅+双破碎机排渣破碎系统、气垫直排式及主机段小循环模式等针对性措施，提高泥浆携渣能力、输送能力，降低渣土滞排和结泥饼的风险；针对刀具磨损严重问题，提出强化刀具状态监测及“逢红必检、有损必换”、杜绝刀具“带病作业”的刀具管理方针，确保刀具状态监测的可靠性和准确性，提高刀具使用寿命；最后，结合现场实践总结出“预防为主、防治结合、综合治理”的施工原则，采取辅助气压掘进模式穿越断层破碎带；通过对施工过程的研究分析，得到盾构掘进参数、泥水参数建议值以及各项针对性解决措施。     

上海市轨道交通4号线盾构隧道穿越地铁运营线路的监护工程

轨道交通4号线盾构隧道从正在运营中的2号线隧道下方垂直距离1．03m处呈小角度小转弯半径通过,穿越是在没有进行地基加固的条件下完成的,对2号线安全运行威胁很大。穿越前,我们对工程施工进行了较充分的论证和分析,并预估盾构推进对2号线隧道可能带来的影响,制订了科学严密的信息化施工方案和施工措施。严格按照“分步慢速推进,均匀小步转弯,保持稳定压力,适时适量注浆,少量低压地基加固”的施工技术要点组织施工。在保障2号线运营安全的前提下,顺利地完成了盾构穿越施工。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.