Friction and cutting properties of hot-filament chemical vapor deposition micro- and fine-grained diamond coated silicon nitride inserts

The micro-crystalline diamond (MCD) and fine-grained diamond (FGD) films are deposited on commercial silicon nitride inserts by the hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) method. The friction and cutting properties of as-deposited MCD and FGD films coated silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) inserts are comparatively investigated in this study. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy are adopted to study the characterization of the deposited diamond films. The friction tests are conducted on a ball-on-plate type reciprocating friction tester in ambient air using Co-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co), Si₃N₄ and ball-bearing steel (BBS) balls as the mating materials of the diamond films. For sliding against WC-Co, Si₃N₄ and BBS, the FGD film presents lower friction coefficients than the MCD film. However, after sliding against Si₃N₄, the FGD film is subject to more severe wear than the MCD film. The cutting performance of as-deposited MCD and FGD coated Si₃N₄ inserts is examined in dry turning glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) composite materials, comparing with the uncoated Si₃N₄ insert. The results indicate that the lifetime of Si₃N₄ inserts can be prolonged by depositing the MCD or FGD film on them and the FGD coated insert shows longer cutting lifetime than the MCD coated one.     

Electronic structures and magneto-transport properties of co-based Heusler alloy based magneto-resistance junctions

A direct link between band structure and the ballistic transport property of full-Heusler alloys based Co₂ YZ/Al/Co₂ YZ trilayers (Y = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn and Fe; Z = Al, Si and Ge) has been studied by firstprinciples calculations. It is found that the transport efficiency is determined primarily by three factors related to band structure: the shape of the band crossing Fermi energy E _F, the distance d of the two intersection points of Co₂ YZ and Al at E _F, and the absolute maximum of the energy lying in the E _F-crossing band, |E_max|. The transmission coefficient distribution patterns imply that the affected factor of magneto-resistance (MR) ratio is attributed to the band features around E _F. In general, an intuitively illustrated diagram is proposed to clarify the relationship between the probability of electron transition and the current magnitude.     

Fabrication and drilling tests of chemical vapor deposition diamond coated drills in machining carbon fiber reinforced plastics

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond coated drills are fabricated by depositing diamond films on Co-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) drills. The characteristics of as-deposited diamond coatings are investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectra. To evaluate the cutting performance of diamond coated drills, comparative drilling tests are conducted using diamond coated and uncoated WC-Co drills, with carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) as the workpiece on a high-speed computer numerical control (CNC) machine. Thrust force and tool wear are measured during the drilling process. The results show that diamond coated drill exhibits better cutting performance, compared with the uncoated drill. The value of flank wear is about 70 μm after machining 90 holes, about a half of that of theWC-Co drill with 145μm after drilling only 30 holes. The wear rate of WC-Co drill is higher than that of diamond coated drill before diamond films peeling off. The diamond coated drill achieves more predictable hole quality. The improved cutting performance of the diamond coated drill is due to the high hardness, wear resistance and low coefficient of friction.     

脉冲强磁场处理高速钢刀具磨损机理的探讨

本文研究了用高速钢车刀切削45钢时,脉冲强磁场处理减小刀具磨损的机理:研究了磁化场强度及切削速度对刀具磨损的影响;考察了硬度及金相显微组织的变化;证明了在脉冲强磁场处理下,刀具材料强化的主要原因是碳化物的弥散析出所导致的弥散硬化效果的作用.     

切削工具的TiN、TiC涂层性能的试验分析

介绍了涂层刀具与未涂层刀具在切削加工中的性能比较及试验研究。主要通过不重磨车刀的耐用度及丝锥的切削力(扭矩)等因素来展开试验分析。     

点焊镀锌钢板时球形电极表面熔敷TiC涂层对电极失效的分析

利用SEM、EDX和XRD等方法分析了在点焊镀锌钢板时球形电极表面熔敷TiC涂层对电极失效的影响。结果表明:点焊镀锌钢板时,球形电极的失效机制,主要是电极和镀锌板之间局部焊接的断裂发生在电极表面而导致的电极磨损,以及电极和镀锌板表面的锌之间的合金化。表面涂敷TiC的CuCrZr电极的寿命(1200点)是CuCrZr电极寿命(500点)的2.4倍,表面处理能提高电极寿命的主要原因是,在点焊镀锌钢板时表面涂敷的TiC层能阻碍电极和镀锌板之间的局部焊接和阻碍电极和镀锌板表面的锌之间的合金化。     

车轮剥离性能试验研究

在JD-1型轮轨摩擦模拟试验机上，在赫兹接触条件下，对4种不同含碳量车轮轮箍钢的剥离和磨损性能进行了试验研究．结果表明：磨损量随含碳量的增加而减小；含碳量越高，剥离程度越严重，剥离块越大；降低含碳量，可减轻剥离的发生，但同时会增加车轮的磨损量．     

First-principle investigation of the structural stability and electronic property of precipitates on the Cu-rich side of Cu-Ni-Si alloys

The energetic and electronic structures of precipitates on the Cu-rich side of Cu-Ni-Si alloys were investigated by using the first-principle calculations based on plane-wave pseudopotential method. The negative formation heats and the cohesive energies of these precipitates were estimated with electronic structure calculations, and their structural stability was also analyzed. The results show that δ-Ni₂Si, γ-Ni₅Si₂ and β-Ni₃Si precipitates all have great alloying ability and structural stability, which, after comparing their density of states (DOS), is found attributed to the pseudogap effect near the Fermi level (E _F) and strong hybridization between the Ni-3d and Si-3p states. Compared with the other two precipitates, the δ-Ni₂Si precipitate has the greatest structural stability, which is resulted from its lower DOS at E _F and the main bonding peaks slightly moving to the low energy region.     

Safety Evaluation for Freeway Exit Ramp Based on Speed Consistency

Speed differential has direct relationship with road safety. Conventional speed consistency measures draw sample data from independent population that follows a normal distribution. These methods may fall into ecological fallacy and overestimate the safety level of road elements. After deducing the relationship between the difference in operating speed ΔV₈₅ and85(ΔV), the 85^th percentile value of individual speed reduction, this paper recommends 85(ΔV) and speed reduction rate 85(ΔV)R is used to evaluate ramp safety. Point speeds of individual vehicle at freeway diverge area, upper ramp, and lower ramp are collected by radar guns. Safety performance of 37 exit ramps are appraised using three different measures, namely, ΔV₈₅, 85(ΔV), and 85(ΔV)R. The results show that 85(ΔV) is 1.42 to 2.02 times of ΔV₈₅, and that the evaluation result of 85(ΔV)R is between the other two. The measure 85(ΔV)R considers not only individual speed but also the base speed on upstream element, which avoid the pitfalls of ecological fallacy and overestimation possessed by conventional measures. It is a safer and reasonable measure that should be adopted in practice.     

车轮材料对轮轨滚动摩擦磨损行为的影响

为了使轮轨材料更好地匹配,降低轮轨磨损与损伤,利用MMS-2A滚动磨损试验机,研究了3种不同含碳量车轮材料与U71Mn热轧钢轨干态对磨时滚动摩擦磨损与损伤性能.结果表明:车轮材料变化基本不影响轮轨滚动摩擦因数,其摩擦因数保持在0.4左右;随车轮材料碳含量增加,车轮磨损量呈线性下降趋势,钢轨磨损量呈线性增加趋势,总轮轨磨损量呈降低趋势;不同车轮材料与U71Mn热轧钢轨对磨时的磨痕表面形貌具有较大差异,当碳含量为0.57时,车轮损伤以剥落损伤为主,试样塑性变形相对轻微,随车轮硬度降低(碳含量为0.51),表面剥落损伤轻微,但塑性变形严重;对磨钢轨试样以粘着和剥落磨损为主.      

基于集成神经网络的刀具磨损量监测

提出了一种基于集成神经网络识别铣刀磨损量的监测方法．利用小波包变换将切削力和振动信号分解为不同频带的时间序列，从每个信号中选择与刀具磨损状态最相关的3组频段的均方根作为监测特征；通过信号的组合和不同子网络输出决策间的融合，集成神经网络输出刀具磨损的识别结果．试验和仿真分析表明，此方法能够满足刀具磨损量实时监测的要求．     

二硫化钼填充乙烯基树脂的摩擦学性能

研究了不同质量分数的二硫化钼（MoS2）填充乙烯基树脂（VER）复合材料及所成转移膜在不同转速、载荷下的摩擦学性能,并对摩擦表面形貌进行了分析．结果表明：MoS2含量低于15％和高于35％时主要磨损机制分别为粘着磨损和轻微犁削式的磨粒磨损,且都不随转速的变化而改变;但MoS2含量处于15％～35％时主要磨损机制为粘着磨损、疲劳剥落式的磨粒磨损,且随转速的增加而减弱．另外,MoS2含量低于25％时摩擦系数随载荷增加而增大,高于25％时却随载荷增加而减小,磨损率均变化不大．对偶盘上形成的转移膜能有效降低摩擦磨损,随着MoS2含量的增加,转移膜的减摩时问逐渐延长,而摩擦系数基本不变;随着载荷的增加,转移膜的摩擦系数逐渐降低,减摩时间则大幅度缩短．     

Monte Carlo simulation of electron swarms parameters in c-C4F8/CF4 gas mixtures

The swarm parametes for c-C₄F₈/CF₄ mixtures, including the density-normalized effective ionization coefficient, drift velocity and mean energy were calculated using Monte-Carlo method with the null collision technique. The overall density-reduced electric field strength could be varied between 150 and 500 Td, while the c-C₄F₈ content in gas mixtures is varied in the range of 0–100%. The value of the density-normalized effective ionization coefficient shows a strong dependence on the c-C₄F₈ content, becoming more electronegative as the content of c-C₄F₈ is increased. The drift velocity of c-C₄F₈/CF₄ mixtures is more affected by CF₄. The calculated limiting field strength for c-C₄F₈/CF₄ mixtures is higher than that of SF₆/CF₄. Foundation item: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50777041)     

TiN和TiC涂层车刀性能的试验分析

文章介绍了涂层刀具与未涂层刀具在切削加工中的性能比较及试验分析。从不重磨车刀的使用寿命、加工表面粗糙度等方面 ,来展开试验分析研究。     

Measurement of swarm parameters of c-C4F8/CO2 and its insulation characteristics analysis

In c-C₄F₈ and c-C₄F₈/CO₂ mixtures, the swarm parameters including ionization coefficient, attachment coefficient and effective ionization coefficient were obtained at the ratio of the electric field strength to the gas density between 150–550 Td by the steady-state Townsend (SST) method. Static breakdown voltages at each ratio were also measured at the SST condition. The limiting field strengths were obtained by two methods: computing the density-normalized effective ionization coefficient as a function of the overall density-reduced electric field strength; and measuring static breakdown voltages as a function of the product of gas density and electrode separation. Good agreement was obtained by these two methods, which ensures the correctness of the former method. The limiting field strengths of c-C₄F₈ and c-C₄F₈/CO₂ mixtures were compared with those of pure SF₆, SF₆/CO₂ mixtures and pure c-C₄F₈. It is found that buffer gas CO₂ does not reduce the limiting field strengths of c-C₄F₈ greatly, the limiting field strengths of c-C₄F₈/CO₂ mixtures are higher than those of SF₆/CO₂ mixtures or even pure SF₆, and so c-C₄F₈/CO₂ mixtures are suggested to be possible substitutes for SF₆. Foundation item: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50777041)     

Direct electrochemical extraction of Ti5Si3 from Ti/Si-containing metal oxide compounds in molten CaCl2

Direct electrochemical extraction of Ti₅Si₃ from pressed cathode pellets comprising of powdered Ti/Sicontaining metal oxide compounds was investigated by using molten salt electro-deoxidation technology.Three groups of mixtures including TiO₂ mixed with SiO₂,Ti-bearing blast furnace slag（TBFS） mixed with TiO₂, and TBFS mixed with high-titanium slag（HTS） were prepared at the same stoichiometric ratio（Ti:Si=5:3） corresponding to the target composition of Ti₅Si₃,and used as the starting materials in this experiment,respectively. The pressed porous cylindrical pellet of the Ti/Si-containing compounds served as a cathode,and two different anode systems,i.e.,the inert solid oxide oxygen-ion-conducting membrane（SOM） based anode system and graphite-based anode system were used contrastively.The electrochemical experiment was carried out at 900-1050℃and 3.0-4.0 V in molten CaCl₂ electrolyte.The results show that the oxide components were electro-deoxidized effectively and Ti₅Si₃ could be directly extracted from these complex Ti/Si-containing metal oxide compounds.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of silver containing Ni-based composite-steel tribo-pair

Ni-based self lubricating composites containing four different amounts of silver were prepared by powder metallurgy (PM) route. The room temperature friction and wear behavior was investigated by carrying out dry sliding experiments against bearing steel using a ring-on-disk configuration. Tests were conducted at a constant load of 100N and different sliding speeds of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s to analyze the effect of both the speed and the silver content on the wear behavior of the tribo-pair. The friction coefficient and the wear rate of the composites were found to decrease with increasing both the sliding speed and the silver content. The wear rate of the counterface was observed to be a little higher when it was siding against the composite having silver in comparison to that without any silver. However, the overall wear rate of the tribo-pair was found to decrease with increasing sliding speed and silver content.     

两种焊接工艺下过共析钢轨接头的冲击磨损性能

为研究闪光焊、铝热焊两种焊接工艺下过共析钢轨焊接接头的冲击损伤演变行为以及性能差异,在自制的冲击磨损试验机上对过共析钢轨焊缝、热影响区软化部位及母材进行了不同冲击次数下的模拟实验. 研究结果表明:随着冲击次数的增加,钢轨焊接接头的冲击磨损均经历着塑性变形、点蚀破坏和疲劳剥落的过程,冲击损伤是疲劳磨损和氧化磨损共同作用的结果;由于焊接工艺导致的接头组织结构和力学性能的差异,热影响区软化部位冲击时塑性变形最严重,磨损体积和磨损率最大,抗冲击性能最差;由于对闪光焊焊接接头进行了焊后正火热处理,其组织结构及抗冲击性能明显优于铝热焊;硬度对焊接接头的抗冲击性能有显著影响,硬度越高,抗冲击性能越好,疲劳剥落出现的时间越晚.      

Study on Oxidation Activity of CuCeZrO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> Doped with K for Diesel Engine Particles in NO/O<Subscript>2</Subscript>

CuCeZrO_x and KCuCeZrO_x catalysts were synthesized and coated on the blank diesel particulate filter (DPF) substrate and a particulate matter (PM) loading apparatus was used for soot loading. The catalytic performances of soot oxidation were evaluated by temperature programmed combustion (TPC) test and characterization tests were conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of the catalysts. The reaction mechanism in the oxidation process was analyzed with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that CuCeZrO_x catalyst exhibited high activities of soot oxidation at low temperature and the best results have been attained with Cu_0.9Ce_0.05Zr_0.05O_x over which the maximum soot oxidation rate decreased to 410 °C. Characterization tests have shown that catalysts containing 90% Cu have uniformly distributed grains and small particle sizes, which provide excellent oxidation activity by providing more active sites and forming a good bond between the catalyst and the soot. The low-temperature oxidation activity of soot could be further optimized due to the excellent elevated NO’s conversion rate by partially substituting Cu with K. The maximum particle oxidation rate can be easily realized at such a low temperature as 347°C.     

Al2O3基陶瓷材料与硬质合金摩擦的应力分析

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对5种Al2O3基陶瓷材料（纯Al2O3、Al2O3／TiC、Al2O3／（W,Ti）C、Al2O3／Ti（C,N）和Al2O3／SiCw）在MRH-3环块磨损试验机上与硬质合金摩擦进行模拟仿真,得到摩擦磨损过程中的应力及分布,并与室温下的磨损实验结果相比较,同时还探讨了不同添加剂的Al2O3基陶瓷的磨损机理．结果表明：不同成分的Al2O3基陶瓷材料在摩擦磨损过程中最大主应力位于摩擦副接触区中心,最大剪应力位于摩擦副接触区边缘;载荷对主应力和剪应力大小的影响比转速的影响大;在相同的摩擦条件下,受到合应力越大的陶瓷其磨损率越大;合应力越大的陶瓷磨损后陶瓷表面越容易产生微裂纹．5种Al2O3基陶瓷磨损率的大小为：Al2O3〉Al2O3／（W,Ti）C〉Al2O3／Ti（C,N）〉Al2O3／TiC〉Al2O3／SiCw．