济南建邦黄河大桥主桥设计

济南建邦黄河大桥主桥采用主跨2×300 m三塔预应力混凝土梁斜拉桥。中塔处为塔梁墩固结,边塔塔柱通过箱梁时,箱梁形成开口截面,从而主塔与塔墩固结,形成中塔固结,边塔半漂浮的体系;主梁采用单箱四室斜腹板截面,桥宽30.5m,标准索距梁段均设有横梁及横向加劲肋板;中塔柱为纵向人字型结构,边塔柱采用独柱式结构;斜拉索采用镀锌平行钢丝拉索;基础采用钻孔灌注桩基础。大桥在桥式布置、主梁、主塔构造设计等方面具有一定的技术突破与创新。     

斜拉桥主塔施工索道管定位技术

在斜拉桥主塔施工中,索道管准确、方便、快速定位是现场施工技术难点之一。详细叙述了在赤道几内亚Mbini大桥主塔上塔柱施工期间,采用独特方法对主塔索道管精确定位的过程。     

矮塔斜拉桥塔梁墩固结区结构仿真分析

文章以一座在建矮塔斜拉桥为依托工程,采用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS建立实体有限元模型,对塔梁墩固结区进行结构仿真分析,得到其内部应力分布规律,评价结构的构造和配筋设计,并提出优化建议。     

海黄大桥大体积混凝土温度控制

青海牙同高速公路海黄大桥大体积混凝土施工有主塔承台、塔座、第一节塔柱实心段。文中对主塔承台施工控制做了重点描述,而对塔座及第一节塔柱实心段只做了简单叙述。主塔承台42m×25.5m×6m(长×宽×高),20号主塔承台采用钢板桩围堰施工,21号主塔承台采用双壁钢吊箱围堰施工。混凝土数量均为6426m~3,为大体积混凝土。为保证混凝土浇筑质量,避免温度产生的有害裂缝等不利影响,采取了优化配合比设计减少水化热、分层浇筑、冷却水循环降温、覆盖保温等有效措施,达到了预期效果。     

高塔型矮塔斜拉桥总体设计研究

以某市桥梁工程为例,了解项目概况,探讨桥梁方案与总体布置情况,该桥为（108+180+108）m双塔单索面混凝土矮塔斜拉桥,主桥为塔梁固结的结构体系,墩梁采用支座连接;项目位于城市周边开发区,考虑城市景观需要,采用高塔型矮塔斜拉桥,其兼具斜拉桥的美观性和矮塔斜拉桥的经济性及施工便利性;索塔塔冠为尖型拱顶造型的建筑风格,塔身也配以景观雕刻;斜拉索采用扇形单索面布置,通航孔上方主梁跨中段采用等截面设计。分析主桥设计,提出该桥施工方案,以供参考。     

自锚式悬索桥主塔设计及空间受力性能分析

长沙市三汊矶湘江大桥,为跨径组合(70 132 328 132 70)m的钢箱主梁自锚式悬索桥,主塔采用钢筋混凝土钻石型结构。文章介绍了该桥主塔的设计思路和构造特点,并利用有限元软件,分析构件尺寸、横梁设置、纵向阻尼装置等因素对主塔受力性能及空间稳定性的影响。     

预应力混凝土斜拉桥主塔施工技术

文章结合工程实例,介绍了双索面PC斜拉桥主塔施工技术。通过主塔施工实践证明,采用真空辅助压浆工艺可解决预应力普通压浆不饱满的难题,并能通过有效的降温措施保证大体积混凝土施工质量。     

矮塔部分斜拉桥预应力主梁施工

山东惠青黄河大桥是一座主桥为133＋220＋133（m），塔梁墩固结的双塔、单索面矮塔部分斜拉桥。本文以该桥为背景，对矮塔部分斜拉桥预应力主梁施工技术进行了介绍。     

永鑫大桥墩梁塔固结部位应力分析

文章以永鑫大桥为研究对象,采用子模型计算方法对永鑫大桥墩梁塔固结部位进行有限元计算,分析了该部位的局部应力及横、竖向预应力设置对该区域的影响,其计算结果可为同类矮塔斜拉桥设计提供参考。     

针鱼岭大桥拱门式主塔施工技术

斜拉桥由索塔、主梁、斜拉索组成,其主塔施工是斜拉桥施工的重点和重要控制分项。文章介绍了拱门式主塔施工技术在针鱼岭大桥工程中的应用,分析了拱门式主塔设计的特点及技术优势,评述该技术可保证斜拉桥拱门式主塔施工的结构安全及施工速度。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.