城市慢行交通安全现状分析及改善对策

从慢行交通系统国内外发展现状入手,分析我国慢行交通系统的缺陷和不足。然后结合2012年慢行交通事故统计数据和城市慢行交通现状问卷调查数据两方面,分析慢行交通的问题和事故特点。在此基础上,提出慢行交通安全发展的途径和方法,以保障交通弱势群体的安全出行。     

慢行交通系统实践与设施规划研究

我国正处于机动化发展的快速时期,机动车保有量保持逐年递增趋势,交通拥堵、交通事故及严重违反交通安全的行为不断上升,慢行交通系统的研究正在逐渐受到公众的关注。文章对慢行交通系统组成及各自特点进行阐述,研究了慢行交通设施的规划设置方法,并提出了具体设计方案,为实现城市低碳交通及城市交通可持续发展提供新思路。     

城市道路慢行交通安全设施精细化设置

本文在阐述慢行交通与公交优先以及缓解城市交通拥堵相互关系的基础上,论述了慢行交通安全设施精细化设置的必要性,对安全岛、人行横道、自行车道等慢行交通设施的人性化设置展开探讨,并列举了实现交通宁静区的交通工程办法,以期对我国构建成熟的慢行交通系统起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

基于低碳理念的城市慢行交通发展模式研究

慢行交通系统发展模式是城市交通发展模式研究的重要内容，也是低碳交通、可持续发展交通的重点研究领域。文章介绍了慢行交通的特点、定位及研究现状，并结合我国当前城市发展实际，提出了一系列基于低碳理念的城市慢行交通发展新模式。     

成都市慢行交通现状调查分析与研究

作为城市交通系统必不可少的一部分,慢行交通以其绿色环保、便捷经济等优点越来越受到人们的关注。为了探究成都市的慢行交通现状,在成都市中心城区划分出八大功能分区,针对不同慢行方式使用者进行相应的问卷调查,同时在不同功能分区对其街道慢行交通设施进行实地勘测。通过调查,取得4908份慢行使用者数据及问卷结果,248处街道的慢行交通设施现状调查数据表。通过对调查数据的统计与分析,得出了成都市慢行交通现状,找出了存在的问题和具有的优势,并结合成都市实际情况,提出慢行交通系统改善措施及发展建议。     

面向活力提升的城市郊区大学校园慢行交通改善规划设计——以同济大学嘉定校区为例

受城市中心区用地限制,近年来各大学因自身发展需要纷纷在城市郊区兴建校区。然而,现有城市郊区大学校园普遍存在空间尺度过大、人车冲突隐患严重、校园缺乏活力等问题。慢行是大学校园内最主要的出行方式,对慢行系统的改善规划设计成为提升校园活力的有效手段。通过分析厦门、上海、昆明和天津等城市的慢行交通系统规划,对比国内外高校的校园规划实例,研究校园慢行规划的特殊性。以同济大学嘉定校区为例,基于公共空间—公共生活调查方法对慢行交通现状进行调查分析,提出安全、便捷、舒适、活力的规划目标;将慢行交通设施与公共空间改造相结合,提出步行和自行车改善策略和方案,并对重点片区进行改善设计。     

新型城镇化背景下我国大城市交通发展对策

当前,我国多数大城市仍存在用地功能布局欠佳、公交服务水平不高、方式调控措施不当、慢行交通环境较差等突出问题,严重制约了交通系统的可持续发展。在新型城镇化背景下,为避免交通拥堵等大城市病加剧和蔓延,我国大城市应立足既有问题,综合考虑机动化、老龄化、绿色化、智慧化发展趋势,从加强用地交通融合、完善绿色交通体系、引导私人汽车出行、打造智慧交通系统等方面重点发力,推动交通可持续发展。     

关于慢行与骑行交通发展的思考

骑行是我国城市交通运输的不可或缺的重要组成部分，城市公共自行车系统（简称骑行系统），是在慢行交通系统的理论研究和实践建设中所分化形成的新型交通概念。城市交通问题是关乎国家民生的重要问题，是居民每日出行都要面临的问题，慢行系统研究具有重要价值及意义，已融入我们的生活与文化。我国现有的骑行系统，既呈现出高比例、高增长的良好态势，也呈现出对应的问题和缺陷，在不断完善骑行系统的同时，慢行与骑行发展为我国绿色交通发展重要方式。     

基于环境行为学理论的银川市BRT 沿线慢行交通规划设计

随着银川市的快速发展,城市中心区交通供需的矛盾日益突出,缓解银川交通拥堵问题刻不容缓。本文选择银川BRT沿线为调研区域,对慢行交通系统作出具体研究。通过对BRT沿线两侧用地性质调研分析,确定银川BRT沿线典型站点,总结当下银川BRT沿线现状交通所存在的问题,以及与慢行设施结合的状况和街道人性化设施布置,在实际经验和具体数据以及相关文献的基础上对银川BRT沿线现状交通的街道绿化,步行走道,节点空间及相关慢行设施提出具体改善措施,以此配合银川创建公交都市,减少机动车出行使用率,缓解当下银川交通拥堵问题的目的。     

关于进一步完善上海市慢行交通网络的建议

上海慢行交通网络和技术标准体系整体处于国际领先水平,但在规划和立法层级、慢行交通空间、慢行静态空间等方面仍存在一些不足,需要进一步完善。介绍了上海市慢行交通网络发展的现状,分析了上海市慢行交通网络发展的不足与存在的问题,提出了进一步推动上海市慢行交通发展的建议。以打造"安全畅达、活力四射"的慢行交通网络,让街区可漫步、城市有温度。     

城市慢行系统规划方法研究——以厦门市同安新城及环东海域东部新城为例

为提高慢行系统规划方法对具体实践工作的指导性和操作性,研究提出基于使用者需求分析的慢行系统规划"需求引导法",用于指导宏观层面和中观层面的慢行系统规划。"需求引导法"的操作过程首先通过分析山水格局和用地结构,建立慢行系统初始方案,其次对初始方案进行需求侧要素点和供给侧要素点两方面的评价,并根据评价结果对初始方案进行多轮优化调整,从而构建宏观层面供需平衡的慢行骨架系统。中观层面根据组团功能、慢行交通集聚程度划分慢行分区,并结合路网条件供给,提出各分区的慢行发展模式。最后以厦门市为例说明"需求引导法"的操作过程。     

Impacts,management and functional planning criterion of forest road network system in Turkey

In this study are proposed impacts, management and functional planning criterion of forest road network system in rural and urban landscapes of Turkey. Road spacing and road density have been inspected concerning forest roads in production, reforestation, national parks and protection forests of rural and urban landscapes of Turkey. The forest road network was the most expensive human activity in the forests both in terms of economics and environmental effects. Public opinion about the environment has increased in recent years. Sustainable land use planning creates a great challenge for rural and urban road network planning. Further improvements of the network are necessary, to provide for people’s needs in the near future. Harmful effects of road network conflict with the principles of sustainability. When making use of the forest ecosystem for various purposes, care must be taken not to spoil the forest structure. To achieve this, forests must be used according to forestry techniques. So, there is a need for a new planning approach, serving the interests of both accessibility and sustainable environment. In rural landscapes, forest road planning standards (slope, width, pavement, drainage etc.) are different in production, forestation, national parks and protection forests. The need for total forest roads in Turkey was 201,810 km, and that 133,693 km portion of which, corresponding to 66.25%, was constructed by the end of 2005. With a view to be capable of conducting modern forestry activities, our country’s forests should be provided with a systematic road network by completing as soon as possible the construction of the remaining portion of such roads.     

Optimisation of parking guidance and information systems display configurations

Operators of parking guidance and information (PGI) systems often have difficulty in determining the best car park availability information to present to drivers in periods of high demand. This paper describes a behavioural model of parking choice incorporating drivers perceptions of waiting times at car parks based on PGI signs. This model was used to predict the influence of PGI signs on the overall performance of the traffic system.Relationships were developed for estimating the arrival rates at car parks based on trip patterns, driver characteristics, car park attributes as well as the car park availability information displayed on PGI signs. Drivers' perceptions of waiting times at car parks were assumed to be influenced by the PGI signs for observers of the signs and actual car park utilisation levels for non-observers. The model assumes that the choice of car park does not change after entering the city centre, even if conditions observed are different from those initially perceived.A mathematical programme was formulated to determine the optimal display PGI sign configuration to minimise queue lengths and vehicle kilometres of travel (VKT). The model was limited to off-street parking choices and illegal parking was not incorporated. A simple genetic algorithm was used to identify solutions that significantly reduced queue lengths and VKT compared with existing practices.These procedures were applied to an existing PGI system operating in Tama New Town near Tokyo. Significant reductions in queue lengths and VKT were predicted using the optimisation model. This would reduce traffic congestion and lead to various environmental benefits.     

Effect of parking information on travelers' knowledge and behavior

In many urban centers the demand for parking increases sharply before Christmas mainly due to shopping activity — causing parking congestion. One way to ameliorate such congestion is by disseminating parking information. Informed drivers may divert to relatively under-utilized parking facilities relieving the pressure on congested facilities. The City of Nottingham in England tested a real-time parking information system designed to alleviate congestion in the City Center parking facilities. Real-time information was disseminated through the radio, while historical information regarding parking locations was disseminated through newspaper advertisements and leaflets. The objective of this study is to assess impacts of the parking information system on travelers' knowledge and decisions.Survey research was used to understand traveler response. Respondents' levels of knowledge regarding car parks were analyzed by developing Poisson regression models. Drivers were more likely to have greater knowledge of city center car parks if they used several information sources (radio broadcasts, newspaper advertisements or leaflets and word-of-mouth), were active seekers of parking information, and searched for parking rather than going directly to a parking facility. In addition, the study of behavior showed that drivers were more inclined to use the relatively under-utilized Park-and-Ride facilities instead of the city center car parks if they received parking information from Newspaper advertisements/leaflets. Overall, the parking information service in Nottingham was effective; it seems reasonable to establish such information dissemination and monitoring systems at parking facilities in other urban areas. Furthermore, to support informed travel and activity participation decisions, parking information should be integrated with traffic and transit information.     

Interactive travel choices and traffic forecast in a doubly dynamical system with user inertia and information provision

This study models the joint evolution (over calendar time) of travelers’ departure time and mode choices, and the resulting traffic dynamics in a bi-modal transportation system. Specifically, we consider that, when adjusting their departure time and mode choices, travelers can learn from their past travel experiences as well as the traffic forecasts offered by the smart transport information provider/agency. At the same time, the transport agency can learn from historical data in updating traffic forecast from day to day. In other words, this study explicitly models and analyzes the dynamic interactions between transport users and traffic information provider. Besides, the impact of user inertia is taken into account in modeling the traffic dynamics. When exploring the convergence of the proposed model to the dynamic bi-modal commuting equilibrium, we find that appropriate traffic forecast can help the system converge to the user equilibrium. It is also found that user inertia might slow down the convergence speed of the day-to-day evolution model. Extensive sensitivity analysis is conducted to account for the impacts of inaccurate parameters adopted by the transport agency.     

Characterization of incidents on an urban arterial road

The early warning of incidents on urban arterial roads in a congested city can reduce delay, accidents and pollutant emission. Freeway incident detection systems implemented in recent years may not be suitable for arterial incidents. Arterial incident detection is more difficult. The traffic flow on an arterial road is not conserved from the upstream end of a road link to the downstream end because urban traffic does turn in and out of side‐streets, car‐parks and local residences. Roadside friction such as kerbside parking and shopping traffic also tends to create apparent incidents which are in fact frequent and normal events. This paper develops a definition for an arterial incident and describes a case study on an arterial road in Melbourne, Australia. The study shows that detectors upstream of an incident are more useful for incident detection than downstream detectors. It also identifies occupancy and speed as the appropriate parameters to characterise and detect arterial incidents.     

Determining bicycle infrastructure preferences – A case study of Dublin

This paper examines infrastructure preferences for cyclists and determines the factors that have the greatest influence on the correlation between the level of cycling confidence and preferred types of infrastructure and route characteristics. A stated preference survey is used to gauge preferences for a range of infrastructure types and route characteristics in Dublin. Facilities that were segregated from traffic are the preferred form of cycling infrastructure, regardless of cycling confidence. Routes through residential streets and parks are the second choice, where no specific infrastructure is provided with the exception of improvements in way-finding.     

Field tests of a dynamic green driving strategy based on inter-vehicle communication

This paper presents the design and results for field tests regarding the environmental benefits in stop-and-go traffic of an algorithmic green driving strategy based on inter-vehicle communication (IVC), which was proposed in Yang and Jin (2014). The green driving strategy dynamically calculates advisory speed limits for vehicles equipped with IVC devices so as to smooth their speed profiles and reduce their emissions and fuel consumption. For the field tests, we develop a smartphone-based IVC system, in which vehicles’ speeds and locations are collected by GPS and accelerometer sensors embedded in smartphones, and communications among vehicles are enabled by specially designed smartphone applications, a central server, and 4G cellular networks. Six field tests are carried out on an uninterrupted ring road under slow or fast stop-and-go traffic conditions. We compare the performances of three alternatives: no green driving, heuristic green driving, and the IVC-based algorithmic green driving. Results show that heuristic green driving has better smoothing and environmental effects than no green driving, but the IVC-based algorithmic green driving outperforms both. In the future, we are interested in field tests under more realistic traffic conditions.     

Impacts of combining partial and general equilibrium modelling in freight transport analyses – a forest sector case study from Norway

Abstract

The forest sector in Norway is very transport intensive, accounting for approximately 14% of total domestic freight transport traffic on Norwegian roads. This paper presents an analysis linking a general equilibrium freight transport modelling tool with a partial equilibrium model of the forest sector. The freight transport model predicts transport costs, modal split and transport patterns, and the results are treated as inputs to the forest sector model. The objective of the paper is to analyse the modelling effect of taking forest sector model effects back into the freight transport model and treated as new demand. Compared to a base scenario for the year 2020, we compare analyses with and without this new demand from the forest sector model back into the freight transport modelling tool.     

Acceleration noise and level of service of urban roads - A case study

Capacity measurement of roads under mixed traffic conditions as prevailing in India is ambiguous as it varies with time, composition of traffic and roadway encroachments. High incidence of slow moving vehicles and tricycles adds to the problem. Volume - capacity ratio appears to be an inadequate measure of defining level of service under mixed traffic situations. An attempt is made in this paper to explore the possibility of presenting unconventional parameters like standard deviation of speed, co-efficient of variation of speed and acceleration noise as possible measures of level of service. Tentative ranges of acceleration noise are proposed in association with flow and speed to explain level of service of urban roads catering to mixed traffic. The results are based on a study conducted in Madras, a major metropolitan city of India.