南大梁高速公路华蓥山隧道施工通风优化研究

射流巷道式通风是一种常见的施工通风方式。为探明巷道式通风的流场及污染物分布特征,文章以南大梁高速公路华蓥山隧道为工程背景,采用流体力学软件Fluent建立了射流巷道式通风的三维数值模型,研究了隧道内的通风流场,以及隧道穿越煤矿采空区时硫化氢涌出情况下有毒有害气体在隧道内的分布情况。结果表明,现有通风风量分配不够合理,导致隧道内存在低风速区,有害气体浓度较高;其问题可通过增加对掌子面供风量和设置局扇的方式来解决;当风管风速达到26 m/s时,低风速区完全消失;在横通道前设置局扇,也可以使隧道内风速达到2 m/s,同样可以消除低风速区。     

西华岭隧道火灾疏散救援通道参数研究

西华岭特长公路隧道位于浙江省诸暨至永嘉高速公路金华境内,按双向四车道平行分离式山岭公路隧道设计,设计行车速度为80 km/h,其中左隧道长4 291 m,右隧道长4 312 m.设计采用全射流风机纵向通风方案.文章通过对该隧道火灾蔓延和烟气扩散规律、人员疏散安全分析及逃生救援方案的研究,确定了车行横通道和人行横通道的间距及相关疏散参数.     

双洞互补式通风在公路隧道中的应用

针对4~7 km长隧道左右线通风负荷不平衡的问题,文章提出了一种新型的隧道通风方式——双洞互补式通风,在左右线隧道之间设置两条换气通道,在下坡隧道内设置富余的射流风机,将下坡隧道富余的新鲜空气通过换气通道送入上坡隧道,稀释上坡隧道污染物浓度;同时将上坡隧道污染空气通过横通道送入下坡隧道,降低下坡隧道内风速,从而使两条隧道内空气质量均能满足卫生标准。文章详细推导了该通风方式的设计理论和计算公式,运用公式对某隧道进行通风优化设计,利用通风网络计算风机配置规模,分析其经济效益。结果表明:采用该通风方式,可以在无需修建通风井的情况下,满足隧道内通风要求,从而减少初期投资和运营管理费用,经济效益显著。研究成果对公路隧道通风方式的选择提供了新的途径。     

以消防性能化设计思路优化双线隧道间人行横通道的设置

双线隧道间人行横通道的设置一直是隧道工程建设中的重点和难点。通过介绍美国NFPA502标准以及《道路隧道设计规范》(DG/TJ 08-2033)中对隧道人行横通道/应急出口设置,分析和总结了国内外已建隧道工程中人行横通道的设置方法,提出了人行横通道的设置应采用"处方式"和"性能化"设计相结合的方法。     

高落差螺旋隧道运营期通风特性研究

为了研究螺旋结构隧道的通风特性,选取云南某高落差螺旋隧道为研究对象,对其不同工况下的隧道通风情况进行数值模拟分析。研究结果表明,从整体来看,隧道内的通风气流分布受隧道螺旋结构影响不大,但在每台射流风机的作用区域内,风速在隧道内外侧的纵向衰减特征并不相同,并会发生部分气流回流的情况。在火灾工况下,存在一段长约30 m的烟气逆流区,相比正常通风工况,火灾工况下的隧道内平均风速较大。     

川藏公路高尔寺特长单洞隧道设计关键技术研究

拟建高尔寺隧道为国道318线改建项目的控制性工程,为单洞双向行车特长高海拔越岭公路隧道。目前已建成的类似工程样本少,现行公路隧道设计规范没有避难设施的相关标准;针对寒冷地区隧道防冻胀设计只对防排水提出了要求,没有衬砌保温设计的相关对策;施工规范也缺乏高寒地区施工组织设计的相关要求。文章基于高海拔季节性冻融冻胀、单洞双向行车特长公路隧道特征,通过论证选用了隧道技术标准、平纵线位和路面结构型式;在总结和分析国内外类似工程是否设置紧急逃生通道和结合运营通风方式的基础上,本隧道设计采用了车行平导,并对平导压入通风纵向分段数和横通道的连接方式进行了优化;制订了仰拱之下深埋中央排水管和衬砌外贴保温层的防冻保温措施;参考其它行业引入冬期施工的定义和要求,制订了高原施工供氧方案。     

城市隧道纵向通风延迟效应的机理研究及影响因素分析

纵向隧道通风动态过程现场试验结果表明,当改变隧道射流风机的运行状态后,隧道风速需要较长的时间才能达到稳定状态,即纵向通风隧道存在延迟效应。通过理论公式推导得出的隧道流场在风机调控下的动态响应公式,可用来预测隧道延迟效应的强弱,其理论计算结果与现场实测数据吻合良好。参数化研究发现:在相同初始速度下,开启射流风机数量越多,隧道风速达到稳定的时间越短;关停射流风机数量越多,隧道风速达到稳定的时间越长。在启停相同数量射流风机的条件下,初始速度越小,隧道风速达到稳定的时间越长;隧道越长、截面积越大、隧道壁面越光滑,稳定时间越长,通风延迟效应越显著。     

不同通风口参数下自然通风隧道试验研究

为了对比不同通风口参数下的隧道通风效率及通风口风速,文章通过比例模型试验,使用亚克力板搭建比例尺为1∶15的模型隧道。试验设置4个工况来比较不同通风口数量、长度和高度下隧道通风情况。试验结果表明,不同通风口数量、长度和高度下隧道内风速变化分布以及通风效率发生显著变化。基于试验结果 ,文章建议了最佳通风口的设置形式。     

乌池坝特长公路隧道通风方案设计

文章简要介绍了乌池坝特长公路隧道的工程概况,对目前最为常用的全射流通风以及斜、竖井加射流风机组合的分段纵向通风方式进行了对比、分析和研究,并充分考虑了正常运营、交通阻塞、火灾和换气四种不同工况下隧道内气流组织、通风及其控制等要求,提出了推荐方案:右线采用斜井集中排出式 竖井送排式 射流风机纵向通风,左线采用斜井集中排出式 射流风机纵向通风。本通风方案采用了一井两用的设计思路,即左线斜井同时对左线隧道和右线隧道进行集中排风;此外,考虑左线入口段火灾时的排烟,从右线竖井处设置了专用排烟通道连接左线。在满足通风要求的基础上,重点研究了通风运营成本及运营安全、火灾排烟及火灾通风控制等关键问题。     

浙江杭绍台高速公路特长隧道通风与排烟系统设计与实践

通风系统是维系公路特长隧道正常服务的重要机电设施,通常设备规模和安装功率庞大,但实际建成通车后却出现较高的闲置率。为了降低通风系统规模、运营能耗和闲置率,合理的通风模式至关重要。以浙江杭绍台高速公路三座长度超过5 km的特长隧道通风系统设计为例,介绍了通风系统设计的理念。其中陈家山隧道和镜岭隧道采用了互补式通风方案,并设置小断面竖井以满足排烟长度的要求;大盘山隧道采用传统双竖井送排式通风模式,对比分析了两种不同的通风设备的设置策略,推荐首先设定隧道内的设计风速不大于交通活塞风速,进一步确定竖井尺寸和通风设备规模。上述设计理念有效降低了杭绍台高速公路特长隧道通风系统设施的安装功率,为减少今后运营期间的设备闲置打下基础。     

A model of pedestrians’ intended waiting times for street crossings at signalized intersections

For the purposes of both traffic-light control and the design of roadway layouts, it is important to understand pedestrian street-crossing behavior because it is not only crucial for improving pedestrian safety but also helps to optimize vehicle flow. This paper explores the mechanism of pedestrian street crossings during the red-man phase of traffic light signals and proposes a model for pedestrians’ waiting times at signalized intersections. We start from a simplified scenario for a particular pedestrian under specific traffic conditions. Then we take into account the interaction between vehicles and pedestrians via statistical unconditioning. We show that this in general leads to a U-shaped distribution of the pedestrians’ intended waiting time. This U-shaped distribution characterizes the nature of pedestrian street-crossing behavior, showing that in general there are a large proportion of pedestrians who cross the street immediately after arriving at the crossing point, and a large proportion of pedestrians who are willing to wait for the entire red-man phase. The U-shaped distribution is shown to reduce to a J-shaped or L-shaped distribution for certain traffic scenarios. The proposed statistical model was applied to analyze real field data.     

Data-driven spatio-temporal discretization for pedestrian flow characterization

We propose a novel approach to pedestrian flow characterization. The definitions of density, flow and velocity existing in the literature are extended through a data-driven spatio-temporal discretization framework. The framework is based on three-dimensional Voronoi diagrams. Synthetic data is used to empirically investigate the performance of the approach and to illustrate its advantages. Our approach outperforms the considered approaches from the literature in terms of the robustness with respect to the simulation noise and with respect to the sampling frequency. Additionally, the proposed approach is by design (i) independent from an arbitrarily chosen discretization; (ii) appropriate for the multidirectional composition of pedestrian traffic; (iii) able to reflect the heterogeneity of the pedestrian population; and (iv) applicable to pedestrian trajectories described either analytically or as a sample of points.     

模型环道蜡沉积装置测试段流场温度场数值模拟

对模型环道蜡沉积装置测试段流场温度场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明 :因为测试段管外壁冷却水的作用 ,近壁处油温会下降 ,越靠近管壁 ,温度下降越多 ;测试段流场发生了畸变 ,近壁处流速减小 ,管中心附近流速增大 ;近壁处油温下降及流场畸变造成管段压降增加。     

Pedestrian detection for traffic safety based on Accumulate Binary Haar features and improved deep belief network algorithm

ABSTRACT

In order to improve traffic safety and protect pedestrians, an improved and efficient pedestrian detection method for auto driver assistance systems is proposed. Firstly, an improved Accumulate Binary Haar (ABH) feature extraction algorithm is proposed. In this novel feature, Haar features keep only the ordinal relationship named by binary Haar features. Then, the feature brings in the idea of a Local Binary Pattern (LBP), assembling several neighboring binary Haar features to improve discriminating power and reduce the effect of illumination. Next, a pedestrian classification method based on an improved deep belief network (DBN) classification algorithm is proposed. An improved method of input is constructed using a Restricted Bolzmann Machine (RBM) with T distribution function visible layer nodes, which can convert information on pedestrian features to a Bernoulli distribution, and the Bernoulli distribution can then be used for recognition. In addition, a middle layer of the RBM structure is created, which achieves data transfer between the hidden layer structure and keeps the key information. Finally, the cost-sensitive Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is used for the output of the classifier, which could address the class-imbalance problem. Extensive experiments show that the improved DBN pedestrian detection method is better than other shallow classic algorithms, and the proposed method is effective and sufficiently feasible for pedestrian detection in complex urban environments.     

A macroscopic loading model for time-varying pedestrian flows in public walking areas

A macroscopic loading model applicable to time-dependent and congested pedestrian flows in public walking areas is proposed. Building on the continuum theory of pedestrian flows and the cell transmission model for car traffic, an isotropic framework is developed that can describe the simultaneous and potentially conflicting propagation of multiple pedestrian groups. The model is formulated at the aggregate level and thus computationally cheap, which is advantageous for studying large-scale problems. A detailed analysis of several basic flow patterns including counter- and cross flows, as well as two generic scenarios involving a corner- and a bottleneck flow is carried out. Various behavioral patterns ranging from disciplined queueing to impatient jostling can be realistically reproduced. Following a systematic model calibration, two case studies involving a Swiss railway station and a Dutch bottleneck flow experiment are presented. A comparison with the social force model and pedestrian tracking data shows a good performance of the proposed model with respect to predictions of travel time and density.     

基于FLAC^3D的季节性冻土隧道明洞边坡支护失稳评价研究

为了研究季节性冻土地区隧道明洞边坡支护在应力场、温度场和水分场耦合作用下的冻融变形规律,文章利用FLAC^3D有限差分软件对蛟西隧道明洞边坡喷锚支护破坏现象进行数值分析。研究结果表明:温度场变化、开挖坡度大小是影响边坡稳定性的重要因素;温度不同,边坡支护变形量不同,但变形规律相同;冻胀融沉引起边坡各点的变形量在坡肩处最大,在软弱岩土层附近变形量波动较大;满足边坡冻融时稳定性且符合经济合理性的最佳边坡开挖坡度为1∶1。研究结果与实测结果一致,表明了失稳评价模型能准确、科学地预测明洞边坡支护的安全状态,于工程施工具有较好的理论指导。     

A fine discrete field cellular automaton for pedestrian dynamics integrating pedestrian heterogeneity,anisotropy, and time-dependent characteristics

This paper proposes a discrete field cellular automaton (CA) model that integrates pedestrian heterogeneity, anisotropy, and time-dependent characteristics. The pedestrian movement direction, moving/staying, and steering are governed by the transfer equations. Compared with existing studies on fine-discretized CA models, the proposed model is advantageous in terms of flexibility, higher spatial accuracy, wider speed range, relatively low computational cost, and elaborated conflict resolution with synchronous update scheme. Three different application scenarios are created by adjusting the definite conditions of the model: (1) The first one is a unidirectional pedestrian movement in a channel, where a complete jam in the high-density region is observed from the proposed model, which is missing from existing floor field CA models. (2) The second one is evacuation from a room, where the evacuation time is independent of the discretization factor, which is different from previous work. (3) The third one is an ascending evacuation through a 21-storey stair system, where pedestrians move with constant speed or with fatigue. The evacuation time in the latter case is nearly twice of that in the former.     

Severity of pedestrian injuries due to traffic crashes at signalized intersections in Hong Kong: a Bayesian spatial logit model

The present study intended to (1) investigate the injury risk of pedestrian casualties involved in traffic crashes at signalized intersections in Hong Kong; (2) determine the effect of pedestrian volumes on the severity levels of pedestrian injuries; and (3) explore the role of spatial correlation in econometric crash‐severity models. The data from 1889 pedestrian‐related crashes at 318 signalized intersections between 2008 and 2012 were elaborately collected from the Traffic Accident Database System maintained by the Hong Kong Transport Department. To account for the cross‐intersection heterogeneity, a Bayesian hierarchical logit model with uncorrelated and spatially correlated random effects was developed. An intrinsic conditional autoregressive prior was specified for the spatial correlation term. Results revealed that (1) signalized intersections with greater pedestrian volumes generally exhibited a lower injury risk; (2) ignoring the spatial correlation potentially results in reduced model goodness‐of‐fit, an underestimation of variability and standard error of parameter estimates, as well as inconsistent, biased, and erroneous inference; (3) special attention should be paid to the following factors, which led to a significantly higher probability of pedestrians being killed or sustaining severe injury: pedestrian age greater than 65 years, casualties with head injuries, crashes that occurred on footpaths that were not obstructed/overcrowded, heedless or inattentive crossing, crashes on the two‐way carriageway, and those that occurred near tram or light‐rail transit stops. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Microscopic pedestrian simulation model combined with a tactical model for route choice behaviour

This study proposes a microscopic pedestrian simulation model for evaluating pedestrian flow. Recently, several pedestrian models have been proposed to evaluate pedestrian flow in crowded situations for the purpose of designing facilities. However, current pedestrian simulation models do not explain the negotiation process of collision avoidance between pedestrians, which can be important for representing pedestrian behaviour in congested situations. This study builds a microscopic model of pedestrian behaviour using a two-player game and assuming that pedestrians anticipate movements of other pedestrians so as to avoid colliding with them. A macroscopic tactical model is also proposed to determine a macroscopic path to a given destination. The results of the simulation model are compared with experimental data and observed data in a railway station. Several characteristics of pedestrian flows such as traffic volume and travel time in multidirectional flows, temporal–spatial collision avoidance behaviour and density distribution in the railway station are reproduced in the simulation.     

A pedestrian flow model considering the impact of local density: Voronoi diagram based heuristics approach

Local density, which is an indicator for comfortable moving of a pedestrian, is rarely considered in traditional force based and heuristics based pedestrian flow models. However, comfortable moving is surely a demand of pedestrian in normal situations. Recently, Voronoi diagram had been successfully adopted to obtain the local density of a pedestrian in empirical studies. In this paper, Voronoi diagram is introduced into the heuristics based pedestrian flow model. It provides not only local density but also other information for determining moving velocity and direction. Those information include personal space, safe distance, neighbors, and three elementary characteristics directions. Several typical scenarios are set up to verify the proposed model. The simulation results show that the velocity-density relations and capacities of bottleneck are consistent with the empirical data, and many self-organization phenomena, i.e., arching phenomenon and lane formation, are also reproduced. The pedestrians are likely to be homogeneously distributed when they are sensitive to local density, otherwise pedestrians are non-uniformly distributed and the stop-and-go waves are likely to be reproduced. Such results indicate that the Voronoi diagram is a promising tool in modeling pedestrian dynamics.