中国近周边海域船舶排放清单及排放特征研究

为分析我国沿海船舶大气污染物排放特征,本研究以船舶自动识别系统数据为基础,收集整理国内外船舶静态数据、排放参数,结合船舶实际航行资料,采用动力法估算了中国近周边海域2014年的船舶排放清单,并分析了靠港、锚泊、港内机动、低速、巡航5个船舶状态下的排放特征,按不同海区对排放进行了统计,并给出了我国三个排放控制区的船舶大气污染物排放情况。结果表明,中国近周边海域范围内由于船舶活动一年产生的硫氧化物、氮氧化物、PM10分别约为87.98万吨、137.84万吨、11.73万吨。排放源分析表明,在船舶的主机、辅机和锅炉3种排放源中,主机是主要排放源,且在航行状态上低速巡航状态排放最大。船舶排放污染物的空间分析表明,90%的船舶排放发生在海岸线至领海基线外96海里范围内,即距离陆地200公里的海域内。     

中国国内民航飞机污染排放的 时空分布特征研究

近年来,飞机污染物排放问题日益凸显。本文分析了中国国内航班(除港澳台外)飞机污染排放的时空分布特征。结果显示,2016年中国国内民航飞机活动产生的CO_2、NO_x、CO、SO_x、HC和PM排放量分别为9468万t、46.4万t、8.3万t、2.6万t、1.02万t和0.46万t。各飞行阶段污染排放分析表明,CO_2、NO_x、SO_x和PM等排放主要集中在巡航阶段,而CO和HC在巡航阶段和起降循环阶段(LTO)的排放量相当。空间分析表明,飞机在起降循环阶段的排放主要集中在大型机场,飞机在航路上的排放主要集中在京沪、沪深等主要繁忙航路上。研究结果可为今后有效控制飞机大气污染排放提供研究基础。     

江门市机动车排放清单及控制策略研究

文章结合机动车实际活动水平和排放模型,建立了江门市机动车污染物排放清单。江门市机动车排放污染物共计8.1万吨,主要排放物为CO和NO_X,CO和HC的排放以摩托车为主,NO_X与PM2.5排放以柴油车为主,低排放标准车型的排放量较高。根据江门市机动车排放清单,建议加强摩托车的管控措施,淘汰高排放汽车,完善城市公共交通系统,大力推广新能源汽车。     

中国近周边海域船舶活动对陆域空气质量的影响

基于WRF-CMAQ空气质量模型,定量模拟了我国近周边海域船舶运输活动主要大气污染物排放对沿海区域城市环境空气质量的影响。结果表明,2014年我国沿海周边地区船舶活动对所产生的NOx、SO2、PM2.5和PM10年度平均贡献率分别为5.95%、2.20%、1.46%和1.41%。船舶排放对空气质量影响时间差异性显著,船舶4月和7月的平均贡献约为10%和3.5%,在1月和10月的贡献仅为2%和0.93%。我国近周边海域域船舶活动对年均浓度的贡献率低于6%,沿海船舶营运对环境空气质量的影响总体较小。     

内河船舶大气污染物排放影响分析

为有效减少内河船舶大气污染物排放量,降低对环境和人类健康的潜在影响,从内河船舶大气污染物排放特点入手,分析其类型、来源、排放量、影响因素、排放规律与时空分布特征等,以及内河船舶大气污染物排放对人体健康、生态环境及气候变化的影响。在此基础上提出合理控制内河船舶大气污染物排放的措施,包括燃料选择与升级、发动机优化与维护、废气后处理技术等,以期为相关从业人员提供一定的参考。     

日本汽车排放法规对PM排放的技术要求研究

本文介绍了日本轻型和中型机动车PM排放要求的发展历程,重点分析了日本现行汽车排放法规对PM排放测量的技术要求,并对日本汽车PM排放要求的发展趋势进行了总结。通过对日本汽车排放法规PM排放要求的研究,对我国进一步完善相关排放法规内容及进行汽车出口认证具有积极的参考意义。     

船舶废气排放控制技术的探讨

文章从IMO对船舶废气排放规定出发,在总结排出物SOx、NOx的生成机理和影响因素的基础上,介绍了当前降低SOx、NOx排放污染物的技术措施。并讨论和分析了各种措施的可行性,优点,适用范围。从而提出了综合应用各种控制技术来满足降低SOx,NOx排放的要求。     

基于车载测试的CNG汽车微观排放特性研究

为了分析CNG汽车道路排放的微观特性,采用车载排放测试系统,并选取市区主要道路为试验路段进行了实车道路试验。通过试验获取典型车辆的排放数据及行驶状态,分析车辆在实际行驶中的排放特性,为预测不同交通状态下CNG汽车的排放特性和区域排放清单建立提供参考。     

内河船舶航行对河道水质的影响分析

本文通过对杭州三堡船闸两条航线通航和停航两个状态的水质进行跟踪监测,采用横纵向比较的方法,研究船舶航行扰动对内河航道水质的影响。研究结果表明,内河船舶航行对水质产生不利影响较小,对水体中悬浮物指标影响较大,对COD、氨氮、总磷等指标没有明显影响。因此,内河船舶水污染防治重点是杜绝或者减少船舶的直接排放。     

我国设立国际船舶排放控制区范围探讨

我国现行的珠三角、长三角、环渤海(京津冀)水域船舶排放控制区控制要求到2019年底,在此之前评估控制措施实施效果,采取进一步行动,在2020年全球全面实施船用燃料油硫含量0.5%m/m的限值要求的大背景下,将我国船舶排放控制区升级为经IMO批准的国际船舶排放控制区成为一种可能。本文在参考国际上已经划定排放控制区经验的基础上,对我国设立国际船舶排放控制区的范围进行探讨,以期为我国采取进一步行动时提供参考。     

Efficiency evaluation and PM emission reallocation of China ports based on improved DEA models

The emission of particulate matter (PM) and other atmospheric pollutants in port operations and shipping have caused a huge negative impact on the environment. Consequently, how to evaluate the environmental efficiency of ports and put forward corresponding countermeasures on this basis is becoming a more important issue than ever before from the perspectives of the government, academia, and society. We construct three data envelopment analysis (DEA) models to evaluate the environmental efficiency of ports under the circumstances of environmental control, non-environmental control and PM emission through inter-ports cooperation. The innovation of the DEA models constructed in this paper lies in: (1) Setting environmental control parameters to uniformly manipulate the situations of environmental control and non-environmental control, etc.; (2) Allowing non-equal proportional change of input index, expected output and non-expected output index; (3) Setting preference coefficients for ports to admit favorable decisions; (4) Providing a distance formula of expected output for PM emission reallocation. Further, data from 11 major ports in China are collected to compare the expected output under different PM emission standards assuming the situation of environmental control and non-environmental control, port cooperation, and non-cooperative sewage discharge. The empirical results show that: (1) Ports in the eastern China (Shanghai, Ningbo, and Nanjing) have higher port efficiency; (2) Port cooperation can improve the overall expected output but it will lose its edge with the improvement of PM emission standards. (3) Ports follow the same trend of output loss regardless of favorable decisions. In the end, the author makes a summary, puts forward relevant policy suggestions and makes the recommendation for future research.     

Dynamic calculation of ship exhaust emissions based on real-time AIS data

The activity-based methodology is becoming an increasing way to calculate exhaust emissions from ships in a port. Existing studies make great effort to build and analyze ship emission inventory in a variety of ports by applying this method to historical ship trajectory data. This kind of static emission inventory however, cannot meet the needs of real-time ship emission monitoring. This article proposes a method of dynamic calculation of ship exhaust emissions based on real-time ship trajectory data. Firstly, real-time ship AIS messages are partitioned into continuous data blocks and go through a series of pre-processing operations, including trajectory extraction, association and interpolation. Ship activity parameters are then determined by database querying and regression analysis based on ship attributes. Subsequently, an improved activity-based methodology is employed to estimate exhaust emissions from ships in a distributed way. Based on the grid model, regional ship exhaust emissions can be statistically and dynamically calculated by the spatial allocation of all ship emissions. In a case study, a real-time monitoring platform for ship exhaust emissions in Shenzhen port is developed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Exhaust emissions generated under actual operating conditions from a hybrid vehicle and an electric one fitted with a range extender

The paper describes exhaust emission tests performed on a PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) and a BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle), in which the combustion engine was used as a range extender. The measurements of the exhaust emissions were performed for CO₂/fuel consumption, CO, THC and NO_x. The RDE measurements were performed including the engine operating parameters and emissions analysis. This analysis shows that the engines of BEVs and PHEVs operate in a different parameter range when under actual operating conditions, which directly translates into the exhaust emission values. This is particularly the case for the emission of NO_x. The investigations were carried out for two routes differentiated by the length and share of the urban and extra-urban cycles. For both routes, the emission of THC and CO were lower for the PHEV engine – HC by 69% (22 mg/km, route 1) and 6% (15 mg/km, route 2), CO by 69% (0.12 mg/km, route 1) and 80% (0.1 mg/km, route 2). For route 1, characterized by a greater share of the urban cycle, the emission of NO_x was lower by 70% (2 mg/km) for the BEV engine, and (route 2) lower by 60% (8 mg/km) for the PHEV engine. Additionally, the curves of the exhaust emissions in time for individual exhaust components have been presented that indicate that in the motorway cycle the emission of THC and CO from the BEV vehicle increases significantly up to ten times compared to urban cycle.     

Ship emissions and their externalities in cruise ports

This paper presents an estimation and analysis of ship exhaust emissions and their externalities in the popular cruise destinations of Dubrovnik (Croatia) and Kotor (Montenegro) along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. To this extent, the recent record (2012–2014) of cruise ships calling at these ports is used to model and estimate the ship exhaust emission inventories and externalities within the associated bays and ports.The results indicate that cruise ship traffic produces continuously increasing air pollution in both ports over recent years. More importantly, however, the analysis of the ship operating characteristics reveals that for any given ship traffic involving specific vessels using marine fuel of a given quality, the presence of other factors (e.g. berth availability, berth accessibility etc) can also influence the ship emission levels. This is particularly evident in the case of the port of Kotor where berth space insufficiency dictates the need for ship anchorage thus leading to increased air pollution and costs of associated damage.The application and results of the aforementioned ship activity-based methodology to the ports of Dubrovnik and Kotor improves our understanding of ship emissions in cruise bays and ports, and contributes toward the implementation of port policies for the effective control of air quality in such environmentally sensitive locations.     

Reversing port rotation directions in a container liner shipping network

Reversing port rotation directions of ship routes is a practical alteration of container liner shipping networks. The port rotation directions of ship routes not only affect the transit time of containers, as has been recognized by the literature, but also the shipping capacity and transshipment cost. This paper aims to obtain the optimal port rotation directions that minimize the generalized network-wide cost including transshipment cost, slot-purchasing cost and inventory cost. A mixed-integer linear programming model is proposed for the optimal port rotation direction optimization problem and it nests a minimum cost multi-commodity network flow model. The proposed model is applied to a liner shipping network operated by a global liner shipping company. Results demonstrate that real-case instances could be efficiently solved and significant cost reductions are gained by optimization of port rotation directions.     

Integrating multi-source maritime information to estimate ship exhaust emissions under wind,wave and current conditions

How to accurately calculate ship exhaust emissions has become urgent needs. In this paper, multi-source maritime information is integrated to estimate ship exhaust emissions under ocean environment. Influences of wind, wave and current on ship speed are firstly analyzed and mathematically modeled. Based on the influences, ocean environment information and ship trajectories are integrated to identify ship activities exactly. After that, ship activity based calculation method is present to obtain exhaust emissions from ship in various activities. Contribution ratios of different ship type and ship activities have been further discussed. In a case study of Ningbo-Zhoushan port in China, greenhouse gas (CO₂, CO, SO_x, NO_x and PM) emissions from ships in 2014 calculated by the proposed method are 8.72 × 10⁵ ton, 2.07 × 10³ ton, 1.47 × 10⁴ ton, 2.60 × 10⁴ ton and 1.40 × 10³ ton respectively. The maximum error is under 10%. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed method can produce more accurate ship exhaust emissions than traditional method under ocean environment conditions.     

A tool for calculating aircraft emissions and its application to Greek airspace

This paper quantifies the impact of aircraft emissions on local air quality and climate change. Aircraft emissions during the cruise cycle and the landing/take-off cycle are considered. A tool is developed that computes emission values using real-time air traffic data derived from various databases. Emissions include carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The overall output is a detailed ‘emissions map’ of a given territory that enables the identification of critical emission spots including routes, airports, season, aircraft type and flight category. The method can be used for real-time monitoring of airline emissions and for policy analysis. The proposed tool and resulting outputs are illustrated in the case of the Greek airport system using domestic, international and overflights. Demand volatility driven mainly by tourism and its impact on emissions is assessed.     

Real-time optimization of ship energy efficiency based on the prediction technology of working condition

Ship energy efficiency management and control is an effective strategy to improve the marine economy and reduce CO₂ emission. The determination of the best navigation speed under different working conditions is the basis and premise for real-time improvement of ship energy efficiency. In this paper, the working condition in short distance ahead of the ship related to navigation environment factors was predicted by the method of wavelet neural network, and then the best engine speed for the optimal energy efficiency under different working conditions could be determined through the established ship energy efficiency real-time optimization model. Further, by presetting the ship engine at this optimal speed, the ship energy efficiency could be guaranteed at the optimal state when the ship arrived at the navigation environment ahead of the ship, thus achieving real-time optimization of ship energy efficiency under different navigation environment factors. Experimental studies showed that the proposed optimization model was effective in energy saving and emission reduction, which could provide theoretical guidance for optimal sailing of the ship in service. Compared to traditional setting speed navigation methods, our proposed method has more practical significance to the improvement of ship energy efficiency.     

Container liner fleet deployment: A systematic overview

Container liner fleet deployment (CLFD) is the assignment of containerships to port rotations (ship routes) for efficient transport of containers. As liner shipping services have fixed schedules, the ship-related operating cost is determined at the CLFD stage. This paper provides a critical review of existing mathematical models developed for the CLFD problems. It first gives a systematic overview of the fundamental assumptions used by the existing CLFD models. The operating characteristics dealt with in existing studies are then examined, including container transshipment and routing, uncertain demand, empty container repositioning, ship sailing speed optimization and ship repositioning. Finally, this paper points out four important future research opportunities: fleet deployment considering ship surveys and inspections, service dependent demand, pollutant emissions, and CLFD for shipping alliances.     

The significant impacts on traffic and emissions of ferrying children to school in Beijing

After having implemented numerous regulations, e.g., coercive policies on vehicle use and purchase, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find further potential to control vehicle emissions in Beijing, as the air quality is still poor. This research provides a different approach for policy-makers to reduce vehicle emissions by managing demand. We found that parents ferrying their children to and from school is an important but long-neglected contributor to traffic congestion and vehicle emissions. This phenomenon is very common in China because of the social culture. In this research, parallel tests during both the school season and the non-school season were adopted, and emissions in both seasons were calculated based on travel demand and emission models. The results revealed that emissions factors (in g/km) for criteria pollutants and CO₂ increased by over 10% during rush hours during the school season due to traffic condition deterioration compared with non-school season. Daily HC, CO, NO_x, PM and CO₂ emissions from the passenger car fleet were 8.3%, 7.8%, 6.4%, 6.3% and 6.5% higher compared with those during the non-school season, respectively. These differences are greater than the total vehicular emission reduction by other control measures in 2014 in Beijing. For policy makers, providing safe and efficient ways to ferry children would be a useful and harmonious strategy for future vehicle emission control.