国外大城市轨道交通特征及对北京市的启示

针对目前北京市轨道交通发展建设所面临的问题,从中心地区轨道交通线网密度、中心区外围区域轨道交通线网规模、轨道交通对机场的服务、地铁车辆段布局四个角度出发,分析和总结了东京、伦敦、巴黎、纽约四个国外大城市的轨道交通发展特征,并与北京市的轨道交通发展现状进行对比,提出北京市轨道交通未来的发展方向,作为北京市轨道交通发展的经验借鉴。     

海外轨道交通发展对我国客运专线的启示

一，投融资方式与管理体制分析 伦敦轨道交通受英国政府的环境、运输部以及伦敦市运输管理局的领导，地铁有限公司负责地铁线路日常的运营和管理，并形成了一套比较完善的轨道交通建设投资与运营的政策。伦敦轨道交通筹资、建设与运营充分考虑到市场经济规律，讲求效率优先，实行交通需求控制的原则，根据交通需求来建设与运营。伦敦轨道交通的投资来源一般有政府投资、地方公共团体投资、银行贷款、债券、轨道交通建设附加费、轨道交通营业收入等。具体包括：政府的财政支持；国家开发银行的支持；全体公民的支持（通过税制优惠）；对乘客收取的附加票价；从轨道交通建成后得益的团体如新城区开发者等的资金。在保证外商最低回报率的政策引导下，引进国际财团的资金或以设备形式投资于轨道交通建设。     

世纪大道4线换乘站的结构设计

作为上海轨道交通4线换乘的重要枢纽——世纪大道站,设计时涉及对已建车站的改造和新建车站两个部分,同时还要确保2号线列车的正常过站运行,设计、施工及保护等工程难度很大。重点介绍换乘站的设计及与周边环境的结合等。     

门禁系统在轨道交通中的应用

门禁系统作为轨道交通重要的安防管理系统正逐步得到重视和推广应用。以上海市轨道交通10号线工程为例，从门禁系统构成、功能、工作模式等方面，重点介绍了该系统在轨道交通中的应用，并详述了门禁系统控制中心、车站和现场三级管理。     

轨道交通地下车站环控系统制式改造方案可行性分析

为确保轨道交通车站运营安全,新建的车站公共区通风空调设计均采用屏蔽门制式。以上海轨道交通2号线江苏路站为例,介绍了车站既有环控系统、改造方案,对改造范围、环控改造对相关配套专业的影响、改造难点等进行了研究,得出了按现有竣工资料及老标准,该站公共区通风空调系统制式改为屏蔽门系统基本可行的结论。     

国外都市圈轨道交通互联互通运营对我国的启示

轨道交通互联互通网络化运营是我国都市圈公共交通发展的必然趋势。我国应充分汲取国外都市圈轨道交通互联互通网络化运营的相关技术和丰富经验,提高未来我国都市圈轨道交通服务水平和运输效益。本文通过简析互联互通网络化运营的理念、目标和基本条件,深入总结东京、伦敦、巴黎等都市圈轨道交通互联互通的线网体系和运营模式方面的特点,提出我国都市圈在合理构建轨道交通线网体系和灵活选择运输组织方式两方面的建议,以促进互联互通技术在我国轨道交通网络化运营方面的良性发展。     

2018年中国城市轨道交通在建里程达5520.9 km

正截至2018年年底,中国城市轨道交通在建线路已达202条,分布在上海、北京、广州、杭州、成都等46座城市,总里程达5 520.9 km,涉及车站达3 447座,涉及投资额高达37 175.2亿元。据统计,2014～2017年期间,中国新建轨道交通线路的里程约占全球新建轨道交通线路里程的68%。轨道交通已成为国内众多城市市民首选的出行方式。     

唐山市轨道交通产业链协同演化水平研究

分析轨道交通产业链协同演化水平,有助于轨道交通产业的完善和发展。根据协同学理论,构建了"双链"轨道交通产业链系统模型。定义各子系统的序参量,将之作为轨道交通产业链系统的驱动动力,并运用二维复合协调度模型分析了唐山市轨道交通产业链系统的协同演化水平。结果表明,唐山市的轨道交通产业链系统的协同演化水平整体呈现上升趋势,但协同演化程度不高,协同驱动发展动力机制有待改进。依据研究结果,提出针对性建议,促进轨道交通产业链的协同发展。     

轨道交通地下车站通风空调系统节能环保技术应用

轨道交通地下车站内部空间广、发热量大,为维持其热环境,通风空调系统的风机、冷水机组、空调机组的装机容量较大。根据上海轨道交通运营线路的能耗统计数据分析,地下车站通风空调系统能耗约占车站总用电量的50%～60%,占整个轨道交通能耗的25%～30%,系统用电成本占运营成本约30%,对轨道交通运营经济性影响较大。因此,降低通风空调系统能耗对轨道交通车站的节能具有十分重要的意义。     

上海轨道交通龙漕路站基坑近距离下穿低净空高架施工技术研究

上海轨道交通后续换乘线路工程建设中,为了缩短乘客换乘距离,新建地下车站需要下穿既有高架线路。结合轨道交通12号线龙漕路站工程,详细介绍了新建地下车站基坑近距离下穿低净空高架施工中面临的技术难题以及所采取的桩基托换、MJS工法桩等技术措施。可供类似工程参考和借鉴。     

集聚经济视角下轨道交通投资对城市系统均衡的影响

随着城镇化进程加快,城市规模增加所带来的集聚效应和交通拥堵等负外部性之间的矛盾越来越突出,优化城市交通基础设施建设是缓解该矛盾的重要举措。本文同时考虑了集聚经济和交通拥挤两种外部性,构建并求解了一个两区域城市空间结构模型,分三种情况探究了轨道交通的投资引入和道路容量的优化对城市规模和城市空间结构均衡的影响。结果表明,轨道交通的投资引入能够增加城市人口规模和社会福利,使城市结构更加紧凑。但是,随着集聚经济水平的提高,城市规划者应逐步完善公交配套设施,以降低公交拥挤成本,提高公交出行分担率;还应制定相应的福利政策,避免由于个体效用下降而导致人口流出。     

Testing the decentralization effects of rail systems: Empirical findings from Israel

Many sustainable urban development approaches are based on mass public transportation ventures, especially railway development, which has been considered a panacea for the unfavorable effects of suburban development. But rail transit also improves accessibility to the fringes, thus encouraging an exodus to the suburbs. This paper explores suburbanization and sprawling effect of commuter rail transit on the rural exurbia of the Tel Aviv metropolis by analyzing its effect on residential location decisions. The findings indicate that the suburban rail system was a determinant factor in the location choice of households which migrated from the inner parts of the Tel Aviv metropolis, since it allowed them to maintain strong commuting connections to their residential origin. This suggests that rail transit, along with its potential to strengthen the inner cities, also accelerates suburbanization and counter urbanization.     

A multiple criteria approach for the evaluation of the rail transit networks in Istanbul

The deficiencies in the Istanbul transportation system have led the local authorities to plan several alternative transportation projects. In this paper three alternative rail transit network proposals are evaluated by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multiple criteria decision support system. The AHP facilitates decision-making by organizing perceptions, experiences, knowledge and judgments, the forces that influence the decision, into a hierarchical framework with a goal, scenarios, criteria and alternatives of choice. Based on this analysis, the decision makers have developed a new alternative as a combination of the most closely competing two alternative rail transit networks. This combination rail transit network is currently under construction.     

山地旅游轨道交通线路规划的适应性评价

山地景区地势复杂,其发展普遍受交通所限,为了提高山地景区的运营效益、带动经济发展,国内部分景区规划和修建了山地旅游轨道交通。本文列举了山地旅游轨道交通特征及线路规划模式,从地理环境、自然环境、供需环境及与常规公交的关系四个角度分析,对应建立四个子系统,并选取具有山地旅游轨道交通特性的评价指标体系,利用层次分析法和变异系数法组合赋权重,运用灰色关联分析法的评价模型,据此判断线路规划方案适应性的优劣。     

Short-term impact analysis of fuel price policy change on travel demand in Malaysian cities

Abstract

Malaysia is one of the few countries in the world that provides a fuel subsidy to consumers. Due to the recent economic crisis, the Malaysian Government decided to revise its fuel subsidization policy from a fixed price subsidy to a floating price subsidy dependent on global oil demand. Recognizing that the change in fuel subsidization policy can have an impact on travel behavior, this article investigates the short-term impact of the policy change on private and public transportation in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia. Spectral analyses are performed to investigate if the policy change has an impact on private vehicle travel demand, measured in terms of road traffic, and short-term travel demand elasticity with respect to fuel price is estimated. To measure the impact on the public transportation system, the demand cross-elasticity values of rail transit and buses are also estimated. It was found that traffic flow reduces with an increase in fuel price, although elasticity and cross-elasticity values obtained are low. The article finds that there is a potential mode shift from private vehicles to rail transit with increasing fuel price. It is demonstrated that reducing fuel price subsidy can be an effective travel demand management strategy to alleviate congestion.     

Suburban service in North America today—Which way will we go?

The current situation of suburban rail services is reviewed. Differences between seemingly similar services—urban transit, commuter service, suburban rail service and regional rail -are discussed. The suburban rail commuter is described as the true intermodal traveler. Differences of the political backgrounds of the inner-city compared to the suburbs complicate implementation of programs to improve service and suggest deep problems over the long term. Because the transition of suburban rail service from the private to public sector has been so recent, it is difficult for many to recognize that the profit of the service is in the lower total transportation costs for the community as compared to a cash dividend. Existing railroad lines in many cities have the potential of being a cost-effective solution to traffic problems, although the specific solutions vary widely, ranging from the operation of new commuter trains over the lines of a heavy duty railroad (Toronto) to a completely new light rail system (San Diego).     

Defining the functional and physical compatibility of a modernized tramway rolling stock with a newly planned LRT system: a case study of Belgrade

According to the Belgrade Master Plan for 2021, the public transportation system for the city and its region will include three rail modes: a modernized existing tramway, regional rail, and a new light rail transit (LRT) mode. In the coming years all three rail modes should be developed simultaneously and in a coordinated manner. The introduction of LRT is to be realized in several phases, and its first line will partially follow the alignment of an existing tramway line. As the present tramway vehicles are obsolete, new rolling stock must be designed and purchased to be compatible with many of the elements of the LRT. Ways to adjust the new tramways to the LRT rolling stock represent the central topic of this paper. The basic technical and operating characteristics of the new tramway are defined with respect to their required compatibility with the LRT stock and infrastructure.     

基于交通渗流理论的城市轨道交通网络动态服务瓶颈识别

为准确把握轨道交通网络化运营的新态势和新要求,力求轨道交通系统在大客流下做到运输能力和服务水平的供需匹配,需对轨道交通网络的关键瓶颈进行有效识别和疏解。本文借鉴交通渗流理论,提出了限制网络整体服务水平和连通效能的动态服务瓶颈的识别方法,该方法综合考虑了城市轨道交通系统的网络特性、客流特性和服务特性。其中针对区间服务水平状态,该方法提出了定量评定的复合指标模型。以成都地铁线网为案例,基于实际客流运营数据,构建动态网络,识别服务瓶颈,验证了方法的适用性和准确性,对城市轨道交通系统运营管理有实际指导意义。     

Integrated transit services for minimum cost operation considering heterogeneous demand

Abstract

In large metropolitan areas, public transit is a major mode choice of commuters for their daily travel, which has an important role in relieving congestion on transportation corridors. The purpose of this study is to develop a model which optimizes service patterns (SPs) and frequencies that yield minimum cost transit operation. Considering a general transit route with given stops and origin-destination demand, the proposed model consists of an objective total cost function and a set of constraints to ensure frequency conservation and sufficient capacity subject to operable fleet size. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed model, in which the demand and facility data of a rail transit route were given. Results show that the proposed model can be applied to optimize integrated SPs and headways that significantly reduce the total cost, while the resulting performance indicators are generated.     

Distinguishing the land use effects of road pricing based on the urban form attributes

This paper studies the effects of road pricing on land use under different development scenarios (business as usual scenario and transit oriented development scenario) by a quantitative method, which combines the integrated land use and transport interaction model (TRANUS model) with the scenario-planning techniques. Moreover, in order to further analyze the differences of the land use effects of road pricing on traffic analysis zones (TAZs) with different urban form attributes, a quantitative classification method combining factor analysis and cluster analysis is then used to quantitatively classify TAZs. The results demonstrate that the effects of road pricing on the land use of a specific region depend on the urban form attributes of the region. The higher the densities of employments and population, and better street design (high densities of street and intersections) and public transportation condition, the less the region is negatively affected by road pricing, and vice versa. More importantly, rail transit can alleviate the negative impact of road pricing on commercial development and population concentration of the region. Therefore, before introducing a road pricing policy, it is necessary to develop public transport system, especially rail transit.