关于道路货物运输三个关键问题的探讨

改革开放以来,道路货物运输行业以市场化改革为导向,从无到有,从小到大,从弱到强,初步形成了多种经济成分并存、服务种类齐全的运输体系,为社会经济可持续发展奠定了坚实的基础。但是,随着货物运输行业市场化程度的不断深入,道路运输的管理模式、发展模式均受到了一定的挑战,尤其是随着燃油税费改革的实施,这个问题更加凸显。如何在新的形势,分析道路货物运输行业的关键问题,转变管理模式,厘清管理思路,进而促进道路货物运输的发展,已成为道路运输管理机构亟待正视的问题。     

道路甩挂运输组织理论与实践

公路快速货运与道路甩挂运输在我国,公路快速货运主要是在传统的汽车零担货物运输的基础上发展起来的,近年来出现的以客运班车捎载为主的小件快递也可看作是公路快速货运的一种表现形式。在当前物流产业发展状况下,公路快速货运     

广西道路货物运输安全管理对策研究

文章介绍了当前广西道路货物运输行业的基本情况，阐述了广西道路货物运输安全生产存在的主要问题，并从行政管理和企业管理的角度，提出了切合广西道路货物运输行业实际的安全管理措施。     

中国交通大事记(1998年10月份)

<正> 27日 全国道路运输工作会议本月26日在成都市召开。交通部副部长李居昌在会上充分肯定了道路运输所取得的成绩,同时指出还存在一些问题和困难。为此,他要求:“第一,汽车运输企业必须重视货运的发展,积极参与货运市场竞争。第二,道路运输发展必须坚持统筹规划、突出重点的原则。当前要突出货物运输重点。第三,要加快站场建设,继续培养和发展道路货运交易市场,进一步规范经营行为。第四,要建立健全货运信息服务网络,提高道路货物运输效率和竞争力。第五,要以市场为导向,确保道路旅客运输持续发展。第六,要稳定队伍,加强管理,促进汽车维修业健康发展。第七,积极贯彻落实中央有关企业改革政策,做好交通运输企业的扭亏增盈工作。第八,要改变职能,改进作风,开创道路     

广东省道路货物运输业信息化前瞻

一、信息化是道路货物运输产业向完全竞争产业过渡的必由之路1、道路运输产业现状改革开放以来，广东省公路建设发展迅猛，初步形成了以高速公路、国道、省道为骨架，与众多县乡公路连接的四通八达的公路运输网络。据统计，2000年广东省道路运输货运量、货运周转量分别达到6.3亿吨、405.3亿吨公里，其中货运周转量列全国第二位，占全国的1/15；在广东省综合运输体系中也分别占64.2％和16.3％。到2000年底全省道路货物运输业户达42万户，营运货车达59万辆，约占全国的1/8。粤西、粤东和珠江三角洲地区已建立起55个有形货运市场；全省现有货运…     

促进农村货运业主向专业物流公司转型

农村货运业问题多现阶段,在我国农村,尤其是在欠发达的偏远山区县市,由于油价的不断上涨,从事货运物流的行业市场门槛偏低,同时货运物流企业间同行竞争激烈,利薄成本高成为这一行从业者的普遍现象。农村道路汽车货物运输发展在经历了"有货无车运、有货必有车、有车没货运"三个阶段后,现在又出现了许多新的矛盾和困难。首先,农村道路货运经营主体存在着"多、小、散、弱"的现状。长期以来,货运市场的政策,除根据《道路危险品货物运输管理规定》对道路危险货物运输开业条件需自有专用车辆5辆以上的限制性规定外,其他货运企业     

运价政策与道路客、货运发展反差的内在关联

尽管不同的人有不同的认识程度,但我国道路旅客运输和货物运输之间的发展不平衡早已成为业界的共识了。被同一个部门主管,使用同一种交通工具,利用同样的载体—公路,在一个共同的社会经济环境下运行。道路客运与道路货运的发展何以出现这么明显的差别,政府和行业内部又应采用何种策略使落后的货运摆脱困境、走上健康发展的道路?这是交通运输业需要尽快回答和解决的问题。道路旅客运输与道路货物运输发展之间的反差     

公路货运市场进入新发展时期

改革带来我国公路货运市场的新发展 改革开放以来的公路货运,不论是货运量还是周转量,都取得了长足发展,是国家整个货物运输系统中发展最快的,极大地改变了货运市场的比例结构.改革开放初期的公路货运比例很低,占2.8%,现在占到13.4%;而铁路却从改革开放初期的54%降到了30%.在改革开放的24年里,铁路的平均运距从485公里增长到了760公里,增长56.7%;公路的平均运距从32公里上升到了61公里,增长90.6%.所以,改革带来的公路货运市场的新状况是:     

燃油税费改革下中国交通运输业的机遇与挑战——访交通运输部公路科学研究院院长周伟

成品油价税费改革是一项巨大的系统工程,需要中央和地方、各个部门、不同行业之间的配合。——周伟2009年1月1日起,燃油税费改革正式实施。其主要内容包括两个方面:一是取消公路养路费、航道养护费、公路运输管理费、公路客货     

新疆公路货运业发展现状分析及建议

一、新疆公路货运业的现状分析新疆维吾尔自治区位于我国的西北边疆、欧亚大陆中部。2003年新疆货物运输总货运量为37484.8万吨,其中公路货运完成货运量30881万吨,占全区货物运输总货运量比重的82.38%。新疆公路货运周转量为325亿吨公里,在铁路、公路、民航、管道四种运输方式中占38.83%,可见公路货运市场是新疆综合货运市场中最大的子市场。公路货运在带动新疆经济发展过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用,但是在新疆公路货运发展的过程中存在着一些问题,这些问题阻碍了其健康、快速发展。下面将从宏观管理环境、服务体系建设两方面进行现状分析。(…     

Vehicle type choice under the influence of a tax reform and rising fuel prices

Differentiated vehicle taxes are considered by many a useful tool for promoting environmentally friendly vehicles. Various structures have been implemented in several countries, e.g. Ireland, France, The Czech Republic, and Denmark. In many countries the tax reforms have been followed by a steep change in new vehicle purchases toward more diesel vehicles and more fuel-efficient vehicles. The paper analyses to what extent a vehicle tax reform similar to the Danish 2007 reform may explain changes in purchasing behaviour. The paper investigates the effects of a tax reform, fuel price changes, and technological development on vehicle type choice using a mixed logit model. The model allows a simulation of the effect of car price changes that resemble those induced by the tax reform. This effect is compared to the effects of fuel price changes and technology improvements. The simulations show that the effect of the tax reform on fuel efficiency is similar to the effect of rising fuel prices while the effect of technological development is much larger. The conclusion is that while the tax reform appeared in the same year as a large increase in fuel efficiency, it seems likely that it only explains a small part of the shift in fuel efficiency that occurred and that the main driver was the technological development.     

Does a carbon tax affect the feasibility of Arctic shipping?

The Arctic route has huge potential for shipping between Europe and Northeast Asia with significant savings in transit time and distance. However, GHG emissions from shipping would harm the environment of Arctic area. Potential Market Based Measures of GHG emission reduction (such as carbon tax) are under consideration but they may affect the economic viability of Northern Sea Route (NSR) for containerships. This paper investigates the economic viability of NSR against Suez Canal Route (SCR) under 2 proposed carbon tax schemes (fixed vs. progressive). Three different fuel oil types (Heavy Fuel Oil, Light Fuel Oil, Liquified Natural Gas) are used as main bunker fuel for the calculation of economic feasibility. Our result reveals that when there is no carbon tax on NSR nor SCR, or both routes are under a carbon tax scheme, no matter fixed or progressive, NSR is more economically viable, regardless of fuel type choice. When only NSR is under a carbon tax scheme, the viability depends on specific carbon tax scheme and fuel choice, but for the majority of containership sizes, NSR has lower unit cost. The result also suggests that for a given route, a progressive scheme in preferable than a fixed one and LNG would be an appealing fuel with lower unit cost.     

The impact of a carbon tax on international tourism

A simulation model of international tourist flows is used to estimate the impact of a carbon tax on aviation fuel. The effect of the tax on travel behaviour is small: A global tax of $1000/t C would change travel behaviour and reduce carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation by 0.8%. A carbon tax on aviation fuel would particularly affect long-haul flights, because of high emissions, and short-haul flights, because of the emission during take-off and landing. Medium distance flights would be affected least. This implies that tourist destinations that rely heavily on short-haul flights or on intercontinental flights will see a decline in international tourism numbers, while other destinations may see international arrivals rise. If the tax is only applied to the European Union, tourists would stay closer to home and European tourism would grow at the expense of other destinations. Sensitivity analyses reveal that the qualitative insights are robust.     

The endogeneity of OECD gasoline taxes: Evidence from pair-wise,heterogeneous panel long-run causality tests

Despite the current interest in using fuel taxes as an instrument for climate policy, there has been little study of current automotive fuel tax regimes. We expand on two earlier cross-sectional studies on why fuel taxes differ across countries by using OECD panel data and employing heterogeneous panel cointegration and long-run panel Granger-causality techniques. We confirm some of those earlier studies’ conclusions. Further, we find that governments that rely on consumption-based taxes for revenues will have higher gasoline tax rates (than governments that rely on income and wealth/property-based taxes). But more significantly, we determine that higher gasoline demand among consumers “causes” democratic governments to set lower gasoline taxes—a finding with important implications for today’s climate/energy policy debate.     

How much should gasoline be taxed when electric vehicles conquer the market? An analysis of the mismatch between efficient and existing gasoline taxes under emerging electric mobility

The taxation of gasoline is characterized by large variability across countries and recent research has analyzed existing gasoline tax levels from an economic efficiency point of view focusing on conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Most studies find that existing fuel tax rates do not coincide with economically efficient levels. As long as policymakers do not take action to reduce the resulting efficiency gap, there will be an ongoing welfare loss to the economy. However, the composition of passenger car fleets will probably be subject to fundamental changes in the (near) future due to the emergence of electric mobility. This raises the question of whether the mismatch between current and efficient fuel taxation will persist, shrink, or even exacerbate under emerging electric mobility. This paper aims at answering this question by determining the structure and level of optimal gasoline taxes in the presence of electric vehicles (EVs). First, the optimal (nationwide) gasoline tax is analytically derived employing a general equilibrium approach. It is shown that differences in traffic related marginal external costs among fuel powered cars and EVs affect the corrective Pigouvian component of the optimal gasoline tax while a differential tax treatment influences the fiscal rational of the tax. Second, the model is applied to Germany using differentiated data on e.g. external costs and behavioral responses. Under a wide range of scenarios, the present analyses indicate a strong relationship between optimal gasoline taxes and electric mobility, calling for a downward adjustment of efficient gasoline taxes. The effect is mainly driven by financial incentives for purchasing and using EVs. Since fuel is likely to be undertaxed in many countries, the emergence of electric mobility will therefore close the gap between gasoline taxes in place and economically efficient taxes. On the other side, it will increase the efficiency gap in those countries where gasoline is overtaxed. This also has important implications for policy concerned with environmental objectives. Pushing electric mobility seriously and at the same time taxing gasoline efficiently could actually prevent sufficient CO₂ emission savings. However, at least in the case of Germany, even a downward adjusted optimal gasoline tax under electric mobility is likely to be higher than the current (non-optimal) tax.     

Bunker levy schemes for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction in international shipping

A fuel levy is one of the market-based measures (MBMs) currently under consideration at the International Maritime Organization. MBMs have been proposed to improve the energy efficiency of the shipping sector and reduce its emissions. This paper analyses the economic and environmental implications of two types of levy on shipping bunker fuels by means of an analytical model built on the cobweb theorem. A unit-tax per ton of fuel and an ad-valorem tax, enforced as a percentage of fuel prices, are examined. In both cases, a speed and fuel-consumption reduction equivalent to an improvement in the energy efficiency of the sector would be expected as a result of the regulation enforcement. The speed reduction in the unit-tax case depends on fuel prices and the tax amount, whereas in the ad-valorem case it relies upon the enforced tax percentage.Both schemes lead to industry profit decline, the extent of which depend on the structure of the levy and market conditions. Since there is concern that the costs resulting from the policy will be passed from shipping companies to their customers along the supply chain, the paper dwells on how the costs arising from the enforcement of the levy will be actually allocated between ship-owners and operators, and cargo-owners. In a market characterised by high freight rates and with no or limited excess capacity, a higher percentage of the total tax amount is transferred from ship-owners to shippers. In case of a recession the opposite happens.     

Evaluating policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from private transportation

This paper proposes a model system to forecast household greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) from private transportation. The proposed model combines an integrated discrete-continuous car ownership model with MOVES 2014. Four modeling components are calibrated and applied to the calculation of GHGEs: vehicle quantity, vehicle type and vintage, miles traveled, and rates of GHGEs. The model is applied to the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area. Three tax schemes are evaluated: vehicle ownership tax, purchase tax and fuel tax. We calculate that the average GHGEs per vehicle is 5.15 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO₂E) gases. Our results show that: (a) a fuel tax is the most effective way to reduce vehicle GHGEs, especially for households with fewer vehicles; (b) a purchase tax reduces vehicle GHGEs mainly by decreasing vehicle quantity for households with more vehicles; and (c) an ownership tax reduces vehicle GHGEs by decreasing both vehicle quantity and miles traveled.     

The effectiveness and costs of speed reductions on emissions from international shipping

Greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping are an increasing concern. The paper evaluates whether vessel speed reduction can be a potentially cost-effective CO₂ mitigation option for ships calling on US ports. By applying a profit-maximizing equation to estimate route-specific, economically-efficient speeds, we explore policy impacts of a fuel tax and a speed reduction mandate on CO₂ emissions. The profit-maximizing function incorporates opportunity costs associated with speed reduction that go unobserved in more traditional marginal abatement cost analyses. We find that a fuel tax of about $150/ton fuel will lead to average speed-related CO₂ reductions of about 20–30%. Moreover, a speed reduction mandate targeted to achieve 20% CO₂ reduction in the container fleet costs between $30 and $200 per ton CO₂ abated, depending on how the fleet responds to a speed reduction mandate.     

Empirical distributions of vehicle use and fuel efficiency across space: Implications of asymmetry for measuring policy incidence

Concerns about local air pollution and climate change have prompted all levels of government to consider a variety of policies to reduce vehicle dependence and fuel consumption, as the transportation sector is one of the largest sources of local and global emissions. Because many of the policy options under consideration are market-based (e.g., gasoline tax, carbon tax), it is important to consider how the impacts would vary across space and affect different subpopulations. Evaluating incidence is relevant for both the expected costs and benefits of a particular policy, however detailed data on vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) and fuel consumption allowing for the distributions of these variables to be estimated at a fine geographic scale is rarely available. This paper uses a unique dataset with more than 20 million vehicles in California to derive estimates of VMT and fuel consumption in order to examine the spatial distribution of impacts for an increase in the price of gasoline as well as the consequences of using different statistics for policy evaluation. Results show that VMT and fuel consumption distributions are not symmetrically distributed and vary significantly within transportation planning regions. To understand the potential implications of this asymmetry, we do a back of the envelope comparison using the mean and mode of the VMT or fuel consumption distribution for policy analysis. We find that assuming a symmetric distribution can lead to a divergence of 20–40% from the estimates based on the empirical distribution. Our results, therefore, introduce caution in interpreting the incidence of policies targeting the transportation sector based on averages.     

VMT, energy consumption, and GHG emissions forecasting for passenger transportation

Globalization, greenhouse gas emissions and energy concerns, emerging vehicle technologies, and improved statistical modeling capabilities make the present moment an opportune time to revisit aggregate vehicle miles traveled (VMT), energy consumption, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions forecasting for passenger transportation. Using panel data for the 48 continental states during the period 1998-2008, the authors develop simultaneous equation models for predicting VMT on different road functional classes and examine how different technological solutions and changes in fuel prices can affect passenger VMT. Moreover, a random coefficient panel data model is developed to estimate the influence of various factors (such as demographics, socioeconomic variables, fuel tax, and capacity) on the total amount of passenger VMT in the United States. To assess the influence of each significant factor on VMT, elasticities are estimated. Further, the authors investigate the effect of different policies governing fuel tax and population density on future energy consumption and GHG emissions. The presented methodology and estimation results can assist transportation planners and policy-makers in determining future energy and transportation infrastructure investment needs.