典型淡水生态环境损害量化技术研究初探

近年来,涉及淡水生态环境的环境污染与生态破坏的事件急剧增多,我国环境公益诉讼案件的数量呈现急速增长的趋势.针对淡水环境污染事故高发、相应的环境损害评估工作与技术体系难以支撑环境损害索赔诉讼的现实需求,本研究提出应有机衔接损害实物量化、恢复方案与价值量化三部分;结合损害确认、基线判定及因果溯源,提出损害量化技术指标体系构建原则,探索并构建典型淡水生态环境损害实物量化评估指标体系,给出不同评价技术方法使用优先序;提出当务之急我国应构建一套基于大数据的淡水生态环境损害鉴定评估模型,进一步推进现有生态环境损害鉴定技术规范落地,为政府问责及司法鉴定评估工作提供客观、科学的技术指导及依据.     

船舶压载水和海洋环保

大部分海洋船舶为保证船舶空载航行的稳定性,都有庞大的压载水系统,装有数量巨大压载海水。文章通过大量的数据,明确阐述了船舶海水压载水对海洋环保带来的危害,并列举了多种消除海水压载水污染的方法。随着海洋船舶运输的发展,船舶压载水的异地装入与排出,使海洋污染迅速漫延,海水压载水的污染问题越来越引起世界各国和航运界的重视。对海水压载水的技术处理必将是未来数年船舶科技发展的一个热点。     

关于建立溢油污染损害评估体系的探讨

本文通过构建损害评估的指标体系,将不同损害类型、不同评估方法的溢油污染评估技术进行梳理,从而完善溢油污染损害评估流程。     

海上溢油浮标跟踪定位技术研究

海上溢油属突发性海洋污染事故,需要人们进行快速应急反应,调用方方面面的应急技术装备及资源,尽可能对事故予以控制、减少所造成的环境污染等各种损害和不良影响。国内外支持溢油应急快速反应行动的相关技术主要用于以下方面:对海上溢油漂移的动态进行空中监视、浮标跟踪和模拟预测;对受威胁敏感资源发出污染预警,并采取必要措施加以保护;通过应急决策支持系统和溢油清污系统对海上溢油实施有效控制,采用适宜的回收设备进行清污。     

高速公路路基路面早期水损害与防治技术

高速公路路基路面早期水损害在高等级公路中较为普遍,类型也较多,已成为影响公路正常运营的问题之一.为解决由于排水不良造成路基、路面强度及稳定性不足的问题,对高速公路路基路面早期水损害现状及类型进行了调查和研究,本文分析了高速公路路基路面水损害机理及其成因,并结合工程实际给出了不同类型水损害的预防与治理措施的建议.     

使用节能环保型的船舶是解决海洋污染的根本途径

近年来全球气候的反常变化,已严重影响了人们的正常生活,尤其今年我国南方一些地区发生的干旱和洪水灾害,再一次给人类上了一堂生动的自然课,保护环境已迫在眉睫。海洋是人类赖以生存的基础,地球3/4的面积是海洋,全球贸易量的90%又是由船舶运输来完成的,因为船舶可以提供比其它运输方式更为廉价的运输。正因如此,近年来船舶贸易有了突飞猛进的发展,而随之而来的对海洋的污染也在加大,海洋资源也已受到了严重的破坏,如果这种污染因其发展,不久的将来海洋将会是一个死海。故人类应规范自我行为,使用更加节能环保型的运输船舶才是解决海洋污染的根本途径。     

我国海洋船舶污染防治法律制度的缺陷与对策

伴随我国经济和航运事业的快速发展,船舶营运造成了我国海洋环境的严重破坏,但我国防治船舶海洋污染法律制度的建设却严重滞后。在充分考量我国防治船舶海洋污染法律制度的现状的基础上,借鉴美国在相关法律制度建设上的立法经验,对我国防治船舶海洋污染法律制度的建设提出建议与对策。     

橡胶支座病害原因及更换方案

通过对桥梁橡胶支座损害原因分析,提出用矮千斤顶更换支座的施工工艺,既科学、实效,又简便、安全。     

沥青路面水损害原因与对策分析

采用表面电位剥离机理对沥青与集料之间的粘附性进行分析,探讨沥青路面水损害破坏的原因,提出相应的防治措施,对沥青路面的修建和养护具有一定理论和实际意义.     

沥青路面水损害的成因分析及预防措施

对公路沥青路面水损害现象进行成因分析,并结合实际提出相应的预防措施。     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

Evaluation of pedestrian crosswalk level of service (LOS) in perspective of type of land-use

In India pedestrians usually cross the road at mid-block crosswalks due to ease of access to their destination or the development of adjacent land use types such as shopping, business areas, school and residential areas. The behaviour of pedestrian will change with respect to different land use type and this change in behaviour of pedestrian further reflects change in perceived level of service (LOS). So, it is important to evaluate the quality of service of such crossing facilities with respect to different land-use type under mixed traffic conditions. In this framework, pedestrian perceived LOS were collected with respect to different land-use type such as shopping, residential and business areas. The ordered probit (OP) model was developed by using NLOGIT software package, with number of vehicles encountered, road crossing difficulty as well as safety considered as primary factors along with pedestrian individual factors (gender and age), land-use type and roadway geometry. From the model results, it has been concluded that perceived safety, crossing difficulty, land-use condition, number of vehicles encountered, median width and number of lanes have significant effect on pedestrian perceived LOS at unprotected (un-signalized) mid-block crosswalks in mixed traffic scenario. The inferences of these results highlights the importance of land use planning in designing a new set of pedestrian access facilities for unprotected mid-block crosswalks under mixed traffic conditions. Also the study results would be useful for evaluating pedestrian accessibility taking into account different land-use type and planning required degree of segregation with vehicular movement at unprotected mid-block crosswalk locations.     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.     

盾构隧道管片接头抗剪力学性能研究

通过对南京长江盾构隧道环向管片接头进行的三组原型抗剪(无螺栓剪切、有螺栓逆剪和有螺栓顺剪)加载试验,分析研究了管片接头在剪力作用下的受力、变形和破坏特征,给出了管片接头混凝土接触面的静摩擦系数,得到了接头剪力主要由混凝土接触面承担、破坏形式为连接斜螺栓剪切延性破坏的结论。通过对管片结构的有限元数值模拟计算得出:接头处的剪力与轴力比小于接缝面的摩擦系数,管片不会发生相互错动,结构是稳定的。     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。