大位移公路桥梁伸缩缝的动力定位耦合数值模拟研究

基于有限元软件ABAQUS,对大位移公路桥梁伸缩缝的动力定位耦合数值模拟进行了研究。结果表明,随着支承刚度的增加,伸缩缝最大水平位移、竖向位移响应随之减小。当支承刚度从50050 N/mm增加到80050N/mm时,伸缩缝中梁最大水平位移响应减小60.71%,最大竖向位移响应减小38.36%。当中梁支承刚度>50050N/mm,速度为81.5km/h时,增大支承刚度对伸缩缝中梁冲击影响较小。随着速度增大,伸缩缝中梁水平向振动位移和竖向振动位移变化规律趋于一致。与双辆车同时同向通过伸缩缝相比,单辆车通过伸缩缝时,最大竖向位移相差较小,最大水平向位移则明显要小。在单辆车通过伸缩缝时,最大竖向位移相差较小,最大水平向位移明显要大于双辆车同时反向通过的位移。     

大位移桥梁伸缩缝耦合动力学研究

运用有限元分析软件对大位移桥梁伸缩缝进行耦合（竖向和水平）动力学研究。研究结果表明：中梁竖向振动位移与水平向振动位移之间的相互影响很小,故可对伸缩缝竖向或水平向振动响应单独进行研究;双车辆同时同向或反向通过伸缩缝时,中梁最大竖向振动位移与单车辆通过伸缩缝时相差不大,并且中梁出现最大竖向振动位移的位置相同;当车速为120 km/h时,双车辆同时同向或反向通过伸缩缝时的水平振动位移比单车辆通过伸缩缝时大44．4％或小42．0％。     

车辆-模数式伸缩缝耦合振动与冲击荷载分析

为研究导致伸缩缝及其相邻路面损坏的车轮冲击荷载,以桥梁工程中常用的模数式伸缩缝为例,提出一种车辆-桥梁-模数式伸缩缝耦合振动的分析方法。该方法通过分布式弹簧阻尼单元模拟车轮在伸缩缝上的脱空情况;采用等效悬臂或两侧支撑梁模型,考虑脱空段轮胎面的支撑作用,通过车辆-桥梁-伸缩缝耦合振动的迭代算法,实现模数式伸缩缝上的车轮动力荷载的准确模拟,并对载重汽车通过双缝模数式伸缩缝进行实例分析。研究结果表明：①由于伸缩缝结构和车轮位置的变动,很难保证车辆振动的对称性,因此需要采用三维有限元方法分析车轮冲击荷载;②伸缩缝空隙处轮胎面的支撑有助于减小车轮冲击荷载,该支撑刚度与胎面预拉应力密切相关,胎面预拉应力越大,支撑刚度越大,轮载冲击系数越小;③车辆不对称振动导致左右轮冲击系数不同,模数式伸缩缝的中梁跨中冲击系数最大;④模数式伸缩缝上的轮载冲击系数计算值可能超过中国伸缩缝设计指南规定值,该方法可用于确定模数式伸缩缝的最大容许间隙,使车轮冲击荷载小于设计值,以保障伸缩缝的安全服役。     

车桥耦合振动系统模型下桥梁冲击效应研究

把桥梁和车辆看作车桥耦合振动体系的两个分离子系统,基于ANSYS软件建立了3种车辆和桥梁的有限元模型。考虑桥面不平度影响,以车轮与桥梁接触点的位移作为协调条件,采用分离迭代算法计算了车桥耦合系统的动力响应。采用快速傅立叶逆变换的方法,应用三角级数叠加模拟了5种等级的桥面不平度及其速度项。通过对一简支梁桥车桥耦合振动的数值模拟,研究了车辆模型、桥面状况和车速对桥梁冲击效应的影响。结果表明:不同车辆模型对桥梁的冲击效应差别很大,桥面不平度对冲击效应的影响较车速大,桥梁的位移冲击效应大于内力冲击效应。因此,设计分析时宜采用能充分模拟车辆特性的复杂模型,移动荷载冲击系数取值建议以位移冲击系数为基准。     

带附加空气室空气弹簧垂向刚度有限元分析

利用非线性有限元软件Abaqus建立带附加气室空气弹簧模型,通过理论计算和有限元分析,讨论节流孔径等对空气弹簧的垂直静刚度的影响。研究结果表明：增加附加气室有利于降低系统刚度;节流孔小于5 mm,附加气室基本不起作用,大于20 mm,再增大孔径,弹簧静刚度影响不大。     

地震荷载作用下柔性支撑梁的动力响应分析

提高结构在地震时的承载能力通常是从材料、截面形状等方面来考虑。在构件端部设置一定的约束支承也可以提高构件的抗震能力。为此,必须研究特定约束条件下梁在地震作用下的动力响应,这些约束表现为弹性支承刚度和阻尼特性。文中提出了一种等效单自由度分析方法,应用拉格朗日方程建立了端部弹性与阻尼支承梁的动力方程,并将动力计算结果与有限元计算结果对比验证单自由度分析方法的正确性。应用上述方法对地震作用下柔性支承梁的跨中相对位移、端部绝对位移以及弹性刚度、阻尼系数的敏感性进行了分析讨论。结果表明:等效单自由度分析方法计算准确,可以精确分析地震作用下柔性支撑梁的动力响应;合理设置弹性支承或弹性阻尼支承可以有效减小梁跨中与端部的相对位移,从而提高结构的抗震能力;但采用柔性支承减小构件相对位移的同时可能会增大构件端部的绝对位移。     

减振型双块式无砟轨道合理刚度匹配研究

为研究城际铁路减振型双块式无砟轨道的合理刚度匹配,基于轮轨系统耦合动力学理论,结合我国城际铁路的运营特点,建立了城际铁路车辆-减振型双块式无砟轨道耦合动力分析模型,分析了列车在时速200 km和160 km时的轮轨动力响应。结果表明:对列车最高运行速度为200 km/h的城际客运专线,建议钢轨允许垂向位移控制在2 mm以内,减振垫的垂向位移应控制在1 mm左右;支点反力、钢轨位移受扣件刚度的影响显著,减振垫刚度是决定底座板加速度及道床板位移的决定性因素。城际铁路“在大站停”列车时速200 km、“站站停”列车最高时速160 km时,扣件合理刚度可取为42~49 kN/mm,减振垫的合理刚度可取为0.036~0.044 N/mm3。     

模数式桥梁伸缩缝疲劳寿命分析与结构优化

为提高伸缩缝结构的强度和疲劳寿命，提出了一种考虑移动车轮荷载的伸缩缝结构动力响应计算方法，该方法同时考虑了车轮的竖向与水平冲击荷载，这些冲击荷载作用在内力影响线分析得到的最不利作用点上。在动力分析基础上，采用包含有效缺口应力、雨流计数和线性累计损伤理论的结构疲劳寿命分析方法，评估了模数式伸缩缝的疲劳寿命。针对伸缩缝结构强度与疲劳寿命的不足，依次提出了4种结构优化方法：①优化焊趾结构，减小应力集中。②增设单中梁支撑肋板，提高局部抗弯刚度。③增设双中梁支撑肋板，均匀提高抗弯刚度。④增设带横向连接的双中梁支撑肋板，同时提高局部抗弯和抗扭刚度。研究结果表明：中梁与横梁的连接焊缝和中梁跨中是典型的双缝模数式伸缩缝的易损位置。中梁与横梁的连接焊缝上的最大Mises应力超过了Q345级钢材的屈服应力，疲劳寿命远小于中国桥梁规范要求的200万次。优化焊趾结构无法满足强度要求；增设单中梁或双中梁支撑肋板能够能使结构满足强度要求，但无法达到规范要求的疲劳寿命；增设带横向连接的双中梁支撑肋板，可以达到强度和疲劳寿命要求。     

重载铁路隧道内弹性支承块式无砟轨道结构优化研究

为解决现有弹性支承块式无砟轨道动态轨距变化量大、轨道几何形位的保持能力相对较弱的问题，提出一种斜坡型弹性支承块式无砟轨道。采用静力计算方法，通过分析钢轨和支承块变形、支承块相对支承块槽的位移以及支承块和道床板的受力状态，研究弹性支承块短侧面的合理坡度； 基于模拟落轴试验，研究斜坡型弹性支承块式无砟轨道部件刚度匹配问题。研究表明： 斜坡型弹性支承块对于控制轨道结构变形，改善支承块、橡胶套靴及道床板等轨道结构受力状态更加有利。建议在30 t轴重条件下，弹性支承块短侧面坡度取1∶5~1∶6，套靴刚度取200 kN/mm左右，块下垫板刚度取80 kN/mm左右较为合理。     

移动车辆荷载作用下高低塔斜拉桥动力响应时程分析

移动车辆荷载对于结构的动力时程响应分析越来越受到工程界的重视,文章依托某高低塔斜拉桥,运用Midas有限元分析软件对结构在不同车速情况下主跨跨中位置的动挠度、冲击系数及竖向加速度的动力时程响应进行了数值模拟计算分析。车辆以一定速度通过桥面时,斜拉桥主跨跨中位移响应随时间推移明显逐渐增大,当车辆行驶至桥跨跨中附近时的位移响应达到最大,车速为10~40km/h时会产生较明显的局部振荡,车辆完全通过全桥后,主跨跨中仍会持续5~10s的自由振荡。主跨跨中冲击系数随车速增加呈现波动上升趋势,斜拉桥主跨跨中的正最大加速度响应值随车速增加呈现类似正弦曲线特性的变化趋势。     

Effect of curved track support failure on vehicle derailment

In order to investigate the effect of curved track support failure on railway vehicle derailment, a coupled vehicle–track dynamic model is put forward. In the model, the vehicle and the structure under rails are, respectively, modelled as a multi-body system, and the rail is modelled with a Timoshenko beam rested on the discrete sleepers. The lateral, vertical, and torsional deformations of the beam are taken into account. The model also considers the effect of the discrete support by sleepers on the coupling dynamics of the vehicle and track. The sleepers are assumed to move backward at a constant speed to simulate the vehicle running along the track at the same speed. In the calculation of the coupled vehicle and track dynamics, the normal forces of the wheels/rails are calculated using the Hertzian contact theory and their creep forces are determined with the nonlinear creep theory by Shen et al [Z.Y. Shen, J.K. Hedrick, and J.A. Elkins, A comparison of alternative creep-force models for rail vehicle dynamic analysis, Proceedings of the 8th IAVSD Symposium, Cambridge, MA, 1984, pp. 591–605]. The motion equations of the vehicle/track are solved by means of an explicit integration method. The failure of the components of the curved track is simulated by changing the track stiffness and damping along the track. The cases where zero to six supports of the curved rails fail are considered. The transient derailment coefficients are calculated. They are, respectively, the ratio of the wheel/rail lateral force to the vertical force and the wheel load reduction. The contact points of the wheels/rails are in detail analysed and used to evaluate the risk of the vehicle derailment. Also, the present work investigates the effect of friction coefficient, axle load and vehicle speed on the derailments under the condition of track failure. The numerical results obtained indicate that the failure of track supports has a great influence on the whole vehicle running safety.     

重型车双前轴转向梯形及杆系的设计与计算

转向梯形机构的几何参数决定汽车转向时内、外转向轮转角的几何关系,在汽车转向时,各车轮的转向必须保证纯滚动而无滑动,使各车轮的转角必须保证有统一的瞬时转向中心。本文主要概述了重型车双前轴转向梯形及杆系的设计与计算。     

Stationar- und Ubergangsverhalten von Sattel- und Lasttugen bei der Kreisfahrt: Lineare Berechnungen

ABSTRACT

Steady and Transient Turning of Tractor-Semitrailer and Truck-Trailer Combinations: A Linear Analysis

A simplified analysis is made of the yaw stability and control of the two types of the commercial vehicle combinations (tractor-semitrailer, truck-trailer) at a constant forward velocity during steady and transient turning. The combined vehicle is treated as a linear dynamic system (Fig. 2). The steer angle at the front wheels of the tractor (or truck) and the steady-state responses if the road verhicle train (yaw rate, articulation angles and sideslip angle) are calculated (Equations 18 to 25). Exploratory calculations are performed to determine the influence of the cornering stiffness of the tires for the two types of the vehicle combinations upon the steady-state responses (Figs. 7 to 10). For a linear simplified model of articulated vehicle the steady-state turning behaviour is stable also under conditions of rather high driving speed (70 km/h). A simplified analysis of the transient turning behaviour of the two types of road trains has shown the tractor-semitrailer to preserve stability even under driving speeds exceeding 70 km/h (Fig. 13), whereas the truck-trailer combinations appear to become oscillatory unstable if the driving speed rises above the 60 km/h margin (Fig. 14).     

Stationar- und Ubergangsverhalten von Sattel- und Lasttugen bei der Kreisfahrt: Lineare Berechnungen

Steady and Transient Turning of Tractor-Semitrailer and Truck-Trailer Combinations: A Linear Analysis

A simplified analysis is made of the yaw stability and control of the two types of the commercial vehicle combinations (tractor-semitrailer, truck-trailer) at a constant forward velocity during steady and transient turning. The combined vehicle is treated as a linear dynamic system (Fig. 2). The steer angle at the front wheels of the tractor (or truck) and the steady-state responses if the road verhicle train (yaw rate, articulation angles and sideslip angle) are calculated (Equations 18 to 25). Exploratory calculations are performed to determine the influence of the cornering stiffness of the tires for the two types of the vehicle combinations upon the steady-state responses (Figs. 7 to 10). For a linear simplified model of articulated vehicle the steady-state turning behaviour is stable also under conditions of rather high driving speed (70 km/h). A simplified analysis of the transient turning behaviour of the two types of road trains has shown the tractor-semitrailer to preserve stability even under driving speeds exceeding 70 km/h (Fig. 13), whereas the truck-trailer combinations appear to become oscillatory unstable if the driving speed rises above the 60 km/h margin (Fig. 14).     

Nähere Untersuchungen zur stationären Kurvenfahrt von Einspurfahrzeugen

Detailed Investigations of the Steady State Turning of Single Track Vehicles

In the paper the steady state turning of single track vehicles on a horizontal, even road is investigated, supposing the air to be at rest. The vehicle model used has six degrees of freedom: rolling, yawing, pitching and bouncing of the vehicle, rotation of the front wheel system (steering) relatively to the main frame and distortion of the rear wheel system due to limited stiffness of its linkage, and also takes into account wind drag and gyroscopic effects generated by wheels and other vehicle components. A special importance is given to the geometry of the vehicle

The results show a comparison of two types of motorcycles with different geometries and tires. To characterize the vehicle behaviour the roll, side slip and steering angle as functions of the normal acceleration are used. A more detailed study in respect to the steering torque is added.     

Computer-Aided Analysis of Urban Railway Vehicles

SUMMARY

Computer-aided dynamic simulations are usually employed when designing modern urban railway vehicles. Even if the modeling procedure is similar to the one used for trains, specific features have to be taken into account for tramways: they are designed for low speeds (less than 80 km/h) and narrow curves (less than 20 m of radius). Moreover, in order to improve accessibility, low floor designs have been developed (the floor lying at about 300 mm above the rails level). The simulation procedure has therefore to take account of the occurence of multiple wheel/rail contacts or the modelization of independent wheels. A specific software well adapted to the computer-aided design of urban railway vehicles has been developed by the Faculte Polytechnique de Mons. It performs the following classical analyses:

lateral linearization, modal analysis and root locii plots;

vertical linearization and comfort prediction;

non-linear time simulation in straight track (limit cycles) and in curve (derailment study)

parametric analyses

The vehicle model is formed by combination of bodies ( or flexible bodies, rotating bodies like wheelsets or independent wheels) and interconnection elements ( spring and damper elements). Contact between rails and wheels is treated as a part of the rotating bodies. A residual formulation has been preferred. When combined with the use of a complete iteration matrix, this formulation is well adapted to the treatment of stiff differential equations. It is based on a fast determination of the residues of the dynamic equations combined with the calculation of the iteration matrix through a numerical derivation procedure. The advantages of the approach are discussed. The model of a partial low floor vehicle with wheelsets and independent wheels is described.