柴油掺混二甲醚喷雾粒子尺寸分布特性试验研究

为确定二甲醚掺入柴油后对燃料雾化性能的改善效果,利用阴影成像与数字图像处理技术,对不同掺混比、喷射压力以及喷孔直径等条件下的二甲醚-柴油混合燃料喷雾粒子尺寸分布特性进行了对比试验研究.结果发现:由于柴油中二甲醚的闪急沸腾作用,随着二甲醚掺混比的增加,混合燃料粒子尺寸分布曲线整体向小颗粒方向偏移,较大粒子数目较柴油明显减少,有助于降低发动机炭烟排放;喷孔直径、喷射压力等喷射参数对混合燃料雾化粒子分布有较大影响,减小喷孔直径使燃油粒子更加细化,降低喷射压力则使混合燃料雾化效果有变差的趋势.     

Evaluation of natural and tracer fluorescent emission methods for droplet size measurements in a diesel spray

Spray sizing that records fluorescent emission and scattered light has been widely applied to spray diagnostics over the last two decades. Different experimental strategies have been developed, but comparing the different solutions offered has remained of interest to experimentalists. In this work, a comparison of two fluorescence strategies for measuring droplet size in the liquid phase of a last-generation DI diesel spray is conducted. The natural fluorescent emission of a commercial diesel fuel and the fluorescence emitted by a tracer (Rhodamine B) are compared using theoretical and experimental approaches. The LIF/Mie ratio commonly called Planar Droplet Sizing (PDS) technique is applied in two different ways to elucidate the possible advantages of using a fluorescent dopant. The sprays were injected under non-evaporative conditions into a constant pressure vessel that simulates densities present at the moment of injection in currently used passenger car diesel engines. Characterization of the signal properties was performed by measuring the absorption coefficient, fluorescence emission spectrum, quantum yield and lifetime of both configurations. The scattered light and fluorescence intensities were calculated to verify the dependencies of the droplet surface and volume. When applying the two techniques to quantify droplet size in dense diesel sprays, the results show that signal weakness and lack of control over the properties of natural fluorescence produce distortion in the shape of the spray and cause measurements to be unreliable.     

Analysis of the transient atomization characteristics of diesel spray using time-resolved PDPA data

The transient atomization characteristics of a single-hole diesel spray were investigated to clarify the time-dependent droplet formation process of the spray through time-resolved analysis of the droplet size data acquired by using a 2-D PDPA (phase Doppler particle analyzer). Comparisons among the three single-hole diesel nozzles on the atomization characteristics were made to confirm the effects of the hole-diameter. The hole diameter of the single-hole diesel nozzles varied with d_n=0.22, 0.32 and 0.42 mm. The time-resolved diameter, SMD (Sauter mean diameter) and AMD (arithmetic mean diameter) of droplets in diesel spray injected into still ambient air were measured. The SMD and AMD decreased with decreasing nozzle hole diameter. The SMD distribution along the spray centerline steeply decreased with increasing axial distance before reaching a constant value. In the time-dependent analysis of the SMD of the whole flow field, the SMD gradually increased with time after the initiation of injection, reached a maximum value, and then decreased.     

基于单目视觉的汽车钣金零件焊接系统设计

针对汽车钣金零件在激光焊接过程中存在的误差较大等问题,设计了一种基于单目机器视觉的汽车钣金零件焊接系统,该系统通过视觉传感器测量汽车钣金零件的二维焊缝尺寸,并在焊接后通过计算机数字图像处理实施焊缝质量检测。实验结果表明,机器视觉焊缝质量好、工作稳定可靠,能够有效提高汽车钣金零件焊缝尺寸的激光焊接精度,有利于实现汽车钣金零件激光焊接的过程自动化。     

柴油—生物柴油混合燃料喷雾特性试验研究

采用高分辨率数码照相机对柴油与柴油—生物柴油混合燃料喷雾特性进行了对比研究。结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,燃料黏度增大,喷雾锥角变小,Sauter平均直径增大。与MB24相比,柴油的相对尺寸范围和发散边界较大,因此其Sauter平均直径比MB24混合燃料的略大。由于乙醇的稀释作用,改制油MB24的Sauter平均直径最小,雾化质量明显改善。从喷雾液滴尺寸的数目分布可以看出,所有燃料的曲线峰值均位于14μm处,小颗粒液滴较多。随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,曲线峰值下降,下降趋势均匀平缓,说明燃料黏度的增大将使雾化油滴的尺寸分布渐趋均匀。从液滴尺寸的累积体积分布可以看出,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,达到某一累积体积的油滴直径增大,说明大颗粒油滴增多。     

Auto-ignition and micro-explosion behaviors of droplet arrays of water-in-fuel emulsion

The characteristics of auto-ignition and micro-explosion behaviors of one-dimensional arrays of fuel droplets suspended in a chamber with high surrounding temperature were investigated experimentally with various droplet spacings, numbers of droplet and surrounding temperatures. The fuels used were pure n-decane and emulsified n-decane with varied water contents ranging from 10 to 30%. All experiments were performed under atmospheric conditions with high surrounding temperatures. An imaging technique using a high-speed camera was adopted to measure ignition delay, flame lifetime, and flame spread speed. The camera was also used to observe micro-explosion behaviors. As the droplet array spacing increased, the ignition delay also increased, regardless of water content. However, the lifetime of the droplet array decreased as the droplet spacing increased. The micro-explosion starting time remained unchanged regardless of the number of the droplets or the droplet spacing; however, it tended to be delayed slightly as the water percentage and droplet spacing increased.     

柴油喷雾与LPG/柴油混合喷雾的对比研究

以ZH1105W柴油机为模型,采用Jaynes等人提出的雾化液滴尺寸和速度联合数目分布函数,对柴油喷雾和LPG/柴油混合喷雾的燃料液滴尺寸和速度数目分布进行了对比研究;采用液滴蒸发和碰撞模型对液滴尺寸理论数目分布与试验结果进行了对比研究。液滴尺寸和速度联合数目分布的研究结果表明,随着液体喷射速度的增大,液滴尺寸数目分布曲线向小颗粒偏移。随着液滴尺寸的增大,较大颗粒的液滴速度数目分布曲线的峰值先明显增大,到达中等尺寸后又明显减小。由于LPG/柴油混合燃料的闪急沸腾喷雾对燃料液滴具有突爆的加速作用,L30速度分布曲线的峰值速度比柴油的明显增大。累积的液滴尺寸分布和速度数目分布研究表明,由于混合燃料的闪急沸腾喷雾,L30尺寸数目分布曲线峰值相对于柴油向小颗粒方向偏移,L30的峰值大于柴油的峰值。说明L30喷雾所产生的小颗粒液滴多于柴油,雾化质量提高,碳烟排放得以大幅度降低。L30速度分布曲线的峰值比柴油略小一些,且略微向大速度方向偏移。说明与柴油相比,L30燃料较大速度液滴的数目略有增加。液滴蒸发和碰撞模型对于石油液体燃料的研究是可行的,对于液化气体燃料与石油液体燃料的混合燃料的研究,模型还有待于进一步改进。     

高压旋流喷雾特性的三维数值模拟

基于高压旋流喷嘴内部流动对喷雾过程进行数值模拟,并定性研究了喷油压力和环境压力对喷雾特性的影响。研究结果表明：在高的喷油压力下,喷雾贯穿距离增大,液滴索特平均直径减小,但喷雾锥角基本不受影响;在高的环境压力下,喷雾呈现出实心圆锥状,喷雾锥角和贯穿距离都减小,液滴索特平均直径增大。     

光线强弱对数字图像计算构造深度的影响研究

选取普通水泥混凝土路面、普通拉毛水泥混凝土路面、大孔隙改性水泥混凝土路面三种路面结构类型，分别在晴天和阴天两种光线条件下拍摄数字图像照片，运用MATLAB数字图像技术将路面表面图像像素值量化，通过最小二乘法原理和Tablecurve 3D软件建立曲面拟合模型，提出基于数字图像处理技术的路面表面构造深度计算方法，并分析光线强弱对数字图像构造深度的影响。结果表明:路面表面数字图像构造深度计算方法具有便捷、快速、客观等优点；光线强弱对运用数字图像技术分析路面表面构造深度的影响可以忽略；三种路面结构类型相比，大孔隙改性水泥混凝土路面数字图像表面构造深度最大，具有良好的抗滑性能和排水功能。     

三维激光扫描技术与数码影像地质编录系统隧道围岩信息采集应用对比研究

通过现场试验,将三维激光扫描技术与数码摄影地质编录进行应用对比,了解三维激光扫描技术在隧道掌子面及边墙地质信息提取的应用效果,根据现场实际需求情况,将两者优势进行集成,为开发新型隧道地质编录系统开拓思路。试验证明： 利用现有三维激光扫描软件系统,实现如地质产状等信息的自动提取还有一定距离,但经过后期软件开发,利用激光回波强度分析、点云数据处理等,三维激光扫描技术具有产状自动识别、岩层厚度计算、掌子面前方产状预测等潜在优势。现有数码摄影地质编录系统也无法进行编录要素自动提取,但现场边墙编录效果好于三维激光扫描技术。     

正丁醇-柴油混合燃料喷雾特性的模拟研究

根据喷雾可视化试验的结果,利用三维CFD软件建立了正丁醇柴油喷雾的仿真模型,并验证了模型的准确性。利用该模型研究正丁醇柴油混合燃料的喷雾特性,模拟了喷雾的发展过程,计算了不同掺混比对喷雾贯穿距、液滴索特平均直径、速度场、密度场的影响。结果表明:模拟计算与可视化试验结果基本一致;随着正丁醇掺混比的增加,混合燃料的喷雾贯穿距和索特平均直径均降低,喷雾锥角变大,雾化特性变好。     

Experimental study on macroscopic spray characteristics after impingement in a slit-type GDI injector

In this paper, an experimental study on the wall-impinging spray of the slit-type GDI injector is presented. To examine the effects of various factors on the development of a spray impinging on the wall, experiments were conducted at various injection pressures, ambient pressures, wall distances from the injector tip, wall temperatures, and wall inclination angles. Behavior of the impinging spray was visualized using a planar laser scattering method. It is shown that the spray path penetration of the wall-impinging spray increases with increases in injection pressure, wall distance, wall temperature, or wall angle. On the other hand, the spray path penetration of the wall-impinging spray decreases with increases in ambient pressure. The predicted spray path penetration calculated by the empirical equation estimates the spray path penetration in all cases, and the empirical equation is optimized for the total injection pressure.     

生物柴油—柴油混合燃料喷雾液滴尺寸数目分布的理论预测

运用最大熵原理和质量守恒定律导出的喷雾液滴尺寸分布函数,建立了生物柴油—柴油混合燃料的喷雾液滴尺寸分布模型,对柴油、生物柴油—柴油混合燃料进行了模拟计算,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,燃料黏度增大,喷雾锥角变小,索特平均直径增大,计算数据与试验数据吻合很好。     

甘肃嘉峪关沥青路面高温温度场预估模型

为了建立嘉峪关地区夏季沥青路面高温温度场预估模型,在对夏季高温期沥青路面的温度、太阳辐射强度、风速和相对湿度等数据采集的基础上,分析气温、太阳辐射强度和湿度等影响因素与路面温度的相关性,采用回归分析方法建立了温度、湿度、太阳辐射强度和路面深度为主要参数的沥青路面高温温度场预估模型,以相关系数、均方差和残差平方和等指标作为该温度场预估模型的评价参数。研究结果表明:在距路面10 cm以下,风速与路面结构温度的相关性较气温和湿度偏低,而太阳辐射强度与结构温度的相关性一直处于较低状态;气温和太阳辐射强度的累积时间与深度的关系呈三次多项式,气温与太阳辐射强度的累积时间与深度的关系呈二次多项式;路面0~10 cm内的气温累计时间为2~4 h,滞后时间为1~3 h,太阳辐射强度累积时间为6~7 h,滞后时间为5~6 h。研究结果可为嘉峪关地区公路养护和建设提供一定的技术服务。     

利用尖劈和粗糙元技术模拟大气边界层的研究

在尖劈和粗糙元大气边界层模拟技术的基础上增加了格栅挡板这一涡旋发生器,有效地提高了风洞上方的湍流强度,利用该组合边界层发生装置建立了边界层风场.测量了模拟风场的平均风速剖面,湍流强度剖面,风谱等参数.讨论了格栅挡板增加后风场平均风速剖面和湍流强度剖面的变化.三角形尖劈阻风面积沿高度递减产生近似线性的风速剖面,粗糙元调整平均风速和湍流度剖面分布,格栅挡板提高了风洞上方的湍流度.结果分析表明:试验所得风场满足模型试验所要求的小粗糙度和大湍流度的要求.然而,模拟风场的湍流功率谱和积分尺度的高度变化规律和实际大气边界层相反,这是由尖劈下宽上窄的构造特点所决定的.     

4G15D缸内直喷发动机油气分离模拟分析及试验验证

某4G15D缸内直喷发动机由于在缸盖罩位置布置高压油泵,导致气缸盖罩油气分离部分空间被占用,需要重新设计该款缸内直喷发动机油气分离结构型式。使用CFD仿真分析软件对发动机油气分离器内气液两相流场进行了数值模拟,分析了3种不同结构(改进前后)迷宫式油气分离器的流动分布、压力损失,采用离散模型模拟油滴粒子喷射,假定油滴粒子与壁面碰撞后即被捕捉,进而得出不同直径油滴的油气分离效率,根据仿真分析结果选择最优化设计方案;设计了一种简单而有效的试验方法对油气分离器分离效率间接进行验证。结果表明,采用CFD软件模拟计算方法能够计算出油气分离器油气分离效率,获得的结果反映了流动本质。在模拟分析过程中,油滴直径设定在1～15μm范围内时,根据所需要的油气分离效率优化设计油气分离结构,满足了最终产品要求。同时,在计算分析准确的前提下,提出了相应试验验证方法。     

喷嘴孔数及其布置对汽油直喷喷嘴闪沸喷雾-环境气体相互作用影响的研究

为了区分火花塞点火式缸内直喷(SIDI)发动机喷雾和环境气体两相流场,将优化后的高速双色PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)技术应用于多孔直喷喷油器的喷雾和环境气体速度的测试.此双色PIV系统由一个特殊的示踪和滤波系统组成,可同时对燃油喷雾及其环境气体的速度场进行测量.本研究采用该双色PIV方法研究不同环境压力和燃油温度的条件下,喷嘴孔数及其布置情况对燃油喷雾和环境气体的相互作用的影响.在此研究中,对3个汽油直喷喷嘴做了详细的研究,包括1个6孔喷嘴,1个3孔喷嘴及1个2孔喷嘴.研究结果表明,随着燃油温度的提高或者环境气体压力的降低,喷雾雾化增强,燃油颗粒粒径减小,导致喷雾油束变宽,喷雾与环境气体接触面积变大,喷雾和环境气体的两相流场的作用变强.不同孔数和布置的喷油器在冷态及闪沸条件下油束间干扰作用的强度不同,导致喷雾传递给环境气体的动能不同.较强的油束间的干扰作用加强了燃油喷雾与环境气体之间的动量交换过程,进而增强了环境气体的动能.     

基于内河单幅图像的去雾算法研究

图像景深和天空亮度值的求取是图像复原方法去雾的核心问题,但目前的去雾算法都是基于一定的假设条件来求取这2个值的,对于色彩单调、天空区域较大的内河图像去雾效果不理想。通过对内河航道视频图像的研究,提出将直方图多峰均值法和位平面分解法相结合的方式来求得天空亮度值并分割天空区域;采用分区域的景深计算方法求得图像任意一点的景深值。然后基于大气散射模型,完成内河雾天单幅图像的去雾处理。为了客观评价去雾后图像的质量,从图像的可见边数目比、平均梯度比和图像熵值三方面进行了去雾效果的比较。实验证明,该算法对内河航道图像有良好的去雾效果。      

红外热像仪在沥青路面施工过程中的运用

通过红外热像仪对沥青路面摊铺过程中不同阶段的温度进行检测,并与传统的点温计对比,以图像和数据相结合的方式直观全面地表征温度分布情况,揭示出摊铺出来的沥青温度呈波形曲线变化的规律.结果显示,在沥青路面施工过程中,红外热像仪是一种直观有效的检测工具.     

Effect of injection condition and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion in a transparent engine system

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of injection conditions and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion using a transparent engine system. The test engine is equipped with a common rail injection system to control injection conditions and to obtain split injection characteristics. A combustion analysis and steady flow test were conducted to measure the heat release rate due to cylinder pressure and the swirl ratio. In addition, spray and diffusion flame images were obtained using a high speed camera. The LII & LIS methods were also used to obtain 2-D soot and droplet distributions. High injection pressure was found to shorten ignition delay, as well as to enhance peak pressure. The results also revealed that the heat release rate in the premixed combustion region was markedly reduced through the use of pilot injection, while the soot distribution and the heat release rate in the diffusion combustion region were increased. The swirl effect was found to shorten ignition delay at certain injection timings, and to enhance the heat release rate in all experimental conditions.