掺混甲烷对乙烯层流预混火焰炭烟形貌的影响

针对掺混甲烷的乙烯层流火焰中的炭烟颗粒从形貌角度进行了研究,构建了具有相同当量比(2.07)、火焰温度、气体流速的层流预混乙烯火焰和掺混甲烷的乙烯火焰,并各自选取了3个高度进行热泳探针取样,采用TEM和AFM方法对各个工况的炭烟颗粒粒径分布、平均粒径、平均体积当量球径进行了对比。发现少量的甲烷掺混会令乙烯火焰中炭烟颗粒的尺寸变大,而当甲烷掺混量变多时该现象消失。而通过对颗粒的圆度、球度和分形维数计算和分析,发现即使是很小的颗粒也具有相似的不规则形状,这一现象广泛存在于各种火焰和各种大小的颗粒中,不受掺混比的影响,并且越大的颗粒结构越松散。     

基于碳烟粒径分布预测的柴油燃烧机理构建与氧含量影响研究

为预测柴油机碳烟排放的粒径分布，选用90%摩尔分数的正庚烷和10%摩尔分数的甲苯作为柴油替代物，分别构建气相动力学机理和表面动力学机理，并将二者耦合，构建成柴油替代物机理（简称HTS机理），将HTS机理结合矩量法数值模型进行了机理验证，并通过改变进气发动机进气氧的体积分数，进一步研究了氧浓度对碳烟粒径分布的影响。研究结果表明，在滞燃期、层流火焰速度、预混火焰关键组分、预混火焰碳烟粒径分布、柴油机缸压与放热率以及柴油机排放物生成等方面，应用HTS机理计算的模拟值与试验值基本一致。使用HTS机理研究氧浓度对碳烟粒径分布的影响表明：随着氧浓度的增加，碳烟颗粒平均数密度降低、数密度峰值减小、数密度峰值对应的颗粒物直径增大；且小粒径（直径0～50 nm）碳烟的数密度随之降低。     

进气滚流强度对直喷发动机燃烧特性的影响

以光学单缸直喷汽油发动机作为试验平台,通过在进气法兰处安装不同的滚流导流板调节进气截面积来获得不同强度的滚流气流。利用Converge软件对缸内滚流强度和湍动能进行评估,采用高速彩色相机拍摄不同滚流强度下火焰状态随曲轴转角的变化,同时采用燃烧分析仪采集缸压数据。通过图像处理分离蓝色火焰和黄色火焰,其中,蓝光被认为主要来自火焰中CH释放的化学荧光,而黄光被认为主要来自炭烟颗粒的辐射。试验发现:随着滚流强度的提高,蓝色火焰面积增加,缸内燃烧速率得以提升,缸内平均指示有效压力增强,相关性分析表明,蓝色火焰面积和燃烧放热率有很好的正相关性。同时,黄色火焰随滚流强度增加而减少,表明炭烟生成量降低。此外,燃烧的循环波动也随滚流强度的增加而降低。     

O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟氧化过程及其化学反应动力学参数研究

用热重分析仪对 O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟的氧化过程进行了试验研究,并利用程序升温氧化（TPO）试验对其化学反应动力学参数进行了研究,建立了 O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟氧化过程的化学反应动力学模型,并用模型对 O2和 NO2对炭烟的氧化效果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：柴油机炭烟在 O2气氛下大约从700 K 时开始氧化,氧化反应的活化能为76．8 kJ／mol ,对 O2的反应级数为0．85;而在 NO2气氛下大约从600 K时开始氧化,氧化反应的活化能为21．9 kJ／mol ,对 NO2的反应级数为0．85。在柴油机排气组分条件下,当温度低于750 K 时,NO2氧化炭烟引起的炭烟质量减少占主导;而当温度高于800 K 时,O2氧化炭烟引起的炭烟质量减少占主导。     

TBD234柴油机有害物生成过程仿真研究

针对舰用TBD234柴油机燃烧室结构及共轨喷射条件下的工作特点,确立标定工况下的燃烧、NOx生成和炭烟生成模型,并合理修正了模型参数。利用CFD软件对其燃烧过程进行仿真计算,得到全过程的有害物组分浓度分布结果。结果显示NOx生成主要受燃烧温度和混合气浓度的影响,炭烟主要产生于浓混合气且贫氧的区域。从NOx和炭烟结果的对比发现二者分布区域形成互补关系,反映出控制NOx和控制炭烟的矛盾。仿真结果与实际情况较好吻合,从而验证了仿真参数选取的有效性。     

直喷式柴油机一些参数对测得的空气卷吸率和放热率的影响

空气往火焰中的卷吸率和放热率是在一台直喷式柴油机中用热力学方法计算的:推荐了一种双区模型,使用气缸压力、火焰温度和喷油率三个测得的数值作输入数据。由各种条件下的卷吸率和放热率间的相互关系,就可知道,扩散燃烧的初期和主要阶段的燃烧主要受空气往火焰中卷吸的控制。我们也研究了喷射压力、活塞形状和涡流强度对空气卷吸的影响。火焰中的混合程度是用火焰中的当量比评定的,后者也是用同一模型得到的。排气中氧化氮和炭烟浓度趋势是与火焰中的当量比和在所有各种条件下测得的火焰温度密切相关的。     

NO2对柴油机微粒捕集器再生特性的影响机理

利用三维CFD软件建立了柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)三维仿真模型,验证了模型的准确性。通过对NO2氧化炭烟微粒再生机理的DPF仿真计算,研究了炭烟浓度、NO2与NOx的比值、排气温度、空速及发动机负荷对NO2被动再生反应的影响。结果表明:排气中炭烟浓度越大,NO2转化率越高;NO2与NOx的比值越大去除的炭烟微粒越多;正常排气温度有利于NO2实现DPF再生;空速高时DPF再生效果不佳;发动机负荷越高,参与再生过程的NO2越多。     

不同颗粒物分布对柴油机颗粒过滤器再生性能的影响

在柴油机颗粒过滤器(DPF)再生过程中,温度升高会使气体进一步膨胀,气体黏度增加,气 体流动阻力增大,导致 DPF再生过程中的压降大于初始压降。使用 AVL-FIRE 软件建立了 DPF的 三维再生计算模型,分别模拟了 DPF再生过程中不同炭烟颗粒分布对 DPF的压降、温度和炭烟密度等因素随再生时间变化的过程。研究结果显示,采用不同的颗粒物分布方式能够降低 DPF再生过程中的压降,其中均匀分布的颗粒物所产生的压降最高。DPF 内部积累的炭烟颗粒越靠近入口处, DPF内部的平均温度越高,达到峰值温度的时间也越短。相同的颗粒物分布类型仅导致峰值温度出现的时间有差异,不会对峰值温度产生影响。由于热量在过滤器末端聚集,因此无论采用何种颗粒物分布类型,都会导致过滤器末端处的炭烟颗粒燃烧速度快于前端。     

重型柴油机DPF非线性非稳态碳载量估算方法研究

通常可以使用压差传感器估计柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)中的碳载量，但其在较低排气流量时的非线性和非稳定状态下，准确性会严重下降。为了提高精度，建立了新的碳载量估算方法，以计算DPF中的炭烟累计量，从而提高主动再生触发时间的精度。该模型基于发动机炭烟排放和DPF内的炭烟氧化平衡，由炭烟排放模型、NO₂被动再生模型和炭烟高温氧化模型3个子模型组成。测试验证是基于全球统一瞬态试验循环(WHTC)进行的。试验结果表明，在载碳形成过程中，碳载量计算值与实测值的平均误差为4.6%。随着排气温度和NO₂浓度增加，被动再生加快，主动再生间隔延长。     

不同裂解条件对甲醇-柴油高温裂解产物的影响研究

采用石英管式流动反应器试验装置,配置不同体积掺混比(M0,M5,M10,M15)的甲醇-柴油混合燃料作为试验燃料,采集了混合燃料在不同裂解温度和甲醇掺混比下的裂解产物。应用气相色谱质谱联用仪GC-MS,对不同裂解条件下12种烃类产物的摩尔分数变化规律进行了研究;采用微克天平和扫描电镜SEM,对甲醇-柴油混合燃料裂解生成的炭烟产率及形貌特征的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:裂解过程中,裂解温度高于973 K时,烷烃和芳香烃的摩尔分数变化率降低,芳香烃的摩尔分数增加,相比于923 K,裂解温度为973 K,1023 K和1073 K时,炭烟产率分别增加了1.7倍、5.1倍和11.6倍;甲醇掺混比增加,烃类物质摩尔分数和炭烟产率降低;裂解温度增加,炭烟的平均粒径降低,乙烷、丙烷、丁烷及丙烯、丁烯、丁二烯的浓度降低;甲醇掺混比增加,炭烟的平均粒径降低,乙烯的摩尔分数增加。     

Soot and temperature distribution in a diesel diffusion flame: 3-D CFD simulation and measurement with laser diagnostics

In this study, a 3-D CFD simulation and laser diagnostics were developed to understand the characteristics of soot generation in a diesel diffusion flame. The recently developed RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations) hybrid combustion model (Extended Coherent Flame Model — 3 Zones, ECFM-3Z model) was used. This industrial, state-ofthe-art model of the diffusion flame is commonly used in diesel combustion models as well as for propagating (premixed) flame combustion. The simulation results were validated with measurements from a constant volume combustion chamber. The experiment revealed that soot accumulated in the chamber where the temperature decreased. Where the temperature increased rapidly, only a little soot accumulated. The temperature and soot distribution were independently examined using both the two-color method and a 3-D CFD simulation for a turbulent diesel diffusion flame.     

Combustion characteristics of hydrotreated vegetable oil – diesel blend under EGR and supercharged conditions

This paper investigates the effects of Hydrotreated vegetable oil-diesel blend to combustion characteristics under various ambient oxygen concentrations and ambient pressure. Combustion characteristics were investigated using heat release rate analysis, two color method, soot concentration measurement and NOx concentration measurement. The experiments were carried out on a rapid compression expansion machine to simulate the ambient condition of a CI engine at TDC. Synthetic gas with oxygen concentrations of 21 %, 15 % and 10 % were used to simulate EGR conditions. A single hole injector was used with five different fuels: commercial diesel, HVO-commercial diesel blends and HVO. The results showed that increasing HVO blending percentages decreased ignition delay, flame temperature, soot concentration and NOx concentration. Heat release at oxygen concentration of 10 % dramatically dropped due to a shortened ignition delay, which resulted in less combustion. A decreased oxygen concentration from applied EGR conditions not only increased ignition delay, heat release, flame temperature and NO_x concentration, but also increased soot concentration. A combination of EGR and supercharged conditions by increasing ambient pressure and decreasing oxygen concentrations resulted in increased heat release, decreased flame temperature, ignition delay and soot concentration, compared to EGR conditions.     

Evaporating spray and flame distributions in the combustion chamber of a direct injection diesel engine

The characteristics of an evaporating diesel spray and the flame distribution in a combustion chamber of a D.I. diesel engine were investigated by using the laser light technique. The technique used was based on the extinctions of two wavelengths of ultraviolet and visible laser light. The transmitted laser light absorbed and scattered by the vapor, drops, soot and combustion products in the spray flame were separated into two wavelengths and captured. Further, the light radiated from the flame was imaged using the same measuring system by modifying the optical filters and the timing of the camera shutter.     

Large-eddy simulation of air entrainment during diesel spray combustion with multi-dimensional CFD

Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) was used to perform computations of air entrainment and mixing during diesel spray combustion. The results of this simulation were compared with those of Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations and an experiment. The effect of LES on non-vaporizing and vaporizing sprays was evaluated. The validity of the grid size used for the LES analysis was confirmed by determining the subgrid-scale (SGS) filter threshold on the turbulent energy spectrum plot, which separates a resolved range from a modeled one. The results showed that more air was entrained into the jet with decreasing ambient gas temperatures. The mass of the evaporated fuel increased with increasing ambient gas temperatures, as did the mixture fraction variance, showing a greater spread in the profile at an ambient gas temperature of 920 K than at 820 K. Flame lift-off length sensitivity was analyzed based on the location of the flame temperature iso-line. The results showed that for the flame temperature iso-line of 2000oC, the computed lift-off length values in RANS matched the experimental values well, whereas in LES, the computed lift-off length was slightly underpredicted. The apparent heat release rate (AHRR) computed by the LES approach showed good agreement with the experiment, and it provided an accurate prediction of the ignition delay; however, the ignition delay computed by the RANS was underpredicted. Finally, the relationships between the entrained air quantity and mixture fraction distribution as well as soot formation in the jet were observed. As more air was entrained into the jet, the amount of air-fuel premixing that occurred prior to the initial combustion zone increased, upstream of the lift-off length, and therefore, the soot formation downstream of the flame decreased.     

Instantaneous 2-D visualization of spray combustion and flame luminosity of GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel blend under quiescent ambient conditions

An experimental study has been performed on spray combustion and two-dimensional soot concentration in diesel (ULSD), GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel jets under high-pressure, high-temperature quiescent conditions. Instantaneous images of the fuel jets were obtained with a high-speed camera. It was confirmed that by blending GTL with 20% rapeseed biodiesel, certain fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, surface tension, volatility, lower heating value and others may be designed and improved to be more like those of conventional diesel fuel but with considerable decrease in the amount of sulfur, PAH, cold filter plugging point, etc. The results showed that the spray tip penetration increased and the spray cone angle decreased when 20% biodiesel fuel was added to GTL fuel. Autoignition of the GTL-biodiesel blend occurred slightly earlier than that of diesel fuel. Experiments under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions showed that higher injection pressure induced a lower soot formation rate. The integrated flame luminosity, which serves as an indicator of soot concentration in the fuel jet, was slightly higher for the GTL-biodiesel blend than for pure GTL fuel due to the slightly higher sulfur content of pure biodiesel fuel.     

光源前置消光法测量缸内碳烟瞬态生成过程

开发了一种全新的碳烟测量方法——光源前置消光法(FILE),并进行了台架开发和标定试验.结果表明,FILE测量碳烟仅需一个光学窗口且激光两次穿过碳烟生成区域,因此更适用于结构位置紧凑的发动机缸内测量.采用高速摄像机拍摄了柴油燃烧过程中碳烟情况.表明:碳烟高密度区主要集中在油束下游火焰中心区和缸壁附近低氧区域;环境温度为...     

EGR回路喷甲醇在柴油机上的应用研究

在YC6A220C柴油机上进行了进气道喷甲醇结合EGR的试验研究,在保持原柴油机动力性基本不变的基础上,研究了在不同负荷下,选用不同的EGR率和不同甲醇消耗率对原机的动力性、经济性、NOx和炭烟排放的影响。研究结果表明:单纯地使用EGR对于降低NOx效果比较明显,但是难以同时降低炭烟的排放,尤其当EGR率超过30%时,随着EGR率或者负荷的增加炭烟也急剧增加。向回路喷入适量甲醇后,不但可以保证NOx排放减少,而且炭烟排放也可以大幅度降低。在1 500r/min(最大扭矩转速)下,在EGR率为20%~35%,甲醇消耗率为50~70g/(kW·h)范围内,可以同时降低NOx和炭烟排放。发动机的动力性和燃油消耗略有降低,排放水平均低于燃用0号柴油。