进气道滚流比对发动机充气模型精度影响的试验研究

进气道结构是决定发动机缸内气体滚流强度的主要因素。针对一款直列四缸1.2 L增压直喷、DVVT汽油机,通过试验的方法,研究了发动机不同转速、负荷工况下,进气道滚流比参数对发动机进气状态和燃烧过程的影响,并对比了不同滚流比情况下的汽油机充气模型精度。研究结果表明,进气道滚流比对发动机的进气状态有显著影响。针对相同的ECU标定数据,滚流比的改变会造成充气模型精度较为明显的偏差。     

滚流对火花点火式发动机性能的影响

火花点火发动机气缸内空气运动的滚流与涡流一样，都可以增加燃烧室中的湍流强度，提高火焰传播速度和燃烧速率，从而改善燃烧过程，提高发动机的动力性能。本文详细介绍了滚流形成机理和影响滚流的气道参数。对2气门TJ376Q发动机的试验结果表明：新进气道的设计提高了缸内空气运动的滚流强度和流量系数，通过进气系统的优化，可以增加发动机最大转矩和最大功率输出，试验在电控燃油喷射下精确控制燃油，降低了最低燃油消耗率。     

可变进气滚流技术对增压直喷发动机油耗及排放影响的研究

在长安一款1.5L缸内直喷涡轮增压发动机上进行了可变进气滚流技术的仿真和试验研究。研究主要聚焦于催化剂起燃工况,同时也关注了稳态部分负荷工况的燃油消耗,分析了几种不同的可变进气滚流方案在催化器起燃工况对滚流比和湍动能的影响和在部分负荷工况对油气混合质量和燃烧室表面湿壁量的影响。最后通过优化电喷参数,获得在催化器起燃和部分负荷稳态工况最优的方案。试验结果表明,采用可变进气滚流技术能提高燃烧稳定性,降低发动机油耗和排放。     

进气可变滚流系统应用于缸内直喷汽油机的数值模拟

建立了缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机三维数值模型,在分析原机工作过程的基础上引入了可变进气滚流系统(VITS)。首先采用稳态CFD方法对两种方案进行了分析,进气可变滚流系统工作时气门最大升程的流量系数降低56%,滚流比提高221%。然后对该发动机进气、压缩和油气混合过程进行了瞬态CFD分析,结果显示,可变进气滚流系统工作时,在缸内能形成更规则的大尺度漩涡,与原机相比燃油蒸发速度更快,混合气均匀性更好,适用于GDI发动机均质燃烧模式。     

进气道对火花点火发动机性能影响的试验研究

提高火花点火发动机缸内空气运动的滚流与涡流强度，可以增加燃烧室中的湍流强度，加快火焰传播速度和燃烧速率，从而改善燃烧过程，提高发动机的动力性，通过对2气门TJ376Q汽油发动机进行试验，设计了新型进气道，稳流试验台检测表明，所设计的新气道涡流比，滚流比和流量系数比原气道都有较大提高，进气系统的流动特性得到改善，提高了发动机的最大扭矩和最大功率输出。     

喷油策略对发动机喷雾及燃烧的可视化研究

在一台侧置多孔喷油器的单缸光学发动机上通过时序控制单元控制喷油时刻,研究喷油策略对缸内喷雾发展过程及燃烧特性的影响。研究结果表明,喷油时刻过早,油束会撞击活塞顶面形成油膜,产生扩散燃烧火焰,增加碳烟排放,且会减小燃烧速率,增加燃烧不稳定性;喷油过晚,缸内滚流变弱,缸内油气混合不均匀,局部过浓区域会产生扩散燃烧火焰,增加燃烧不稳定性。     

自然吸气缸内直喷汽油机气流运动的模拟分析

对一台自然吸气直喷汽油机考察了进气道的性能,模拟进气及压缩过程的气流运动,比较进气道与不同燃烧室匹配的效果。结果显示,在高流量系数、中等滚流比进气道的配合下,平顶活塞燃烧室在进气过程中形成的滚流更强,利于在进气初期喷油的均质燃烧;斜坑活塞燃烧室在压缩后期形成的滚流更强,利于在压缩过程喷油的分层燃烧。     

465汽油机进气道流动特性的试验研究

在稳流气道试验台上,研究了465汽油机的缸内气流运动。利用Ricardo评价方法评价了该汽油机的流动性能、涡流和滚流能力。改变进气压差的测量结果表明,在保证充分的湍流条件下,可以采用变压差试验方法。试验结果表明,465汽油机的涡流较弱,滚流较强。较强的滚流有助于增大压缩末期的湍流强度,实现稀薄燃烧。     

多次喷射对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验研究

基于1台高压共轨涡轮增压柴油机,采用不同的预喷正时、预喷油量与后喷正时等,研究了多次喷射对燃烧放热、排放生成与燃油经济性的影响,以实现均质压燃和低温燃烧过程。研究结果表明:随预喷正时提前,缸内峰值压力降低,主燃阶段的滞燃期缩短,NOx和炭烟排放均降低;随预喷油量增加,预喷阶段燃烧的放热率和最大压力升高率增大,NOx和HC排放增大,而PM和CO排放降低;随后喷始点推迟,缸内压力与主放热率峰值差异变小,NOx排放降低,但炭烟排放先增大后逐渐降低。     

滚流测试装置对汽油机进气道稳流试验的影响

采用气道稳流试验对缸内滚流进行测试和评价是广为采用并行之有效的方法,但是由于没有统一的标准,滚流测试装置结构的差异对测试结果造成了较大影响,针对此问题,着重研究了不同结构的滚流模拟缸套对稳流试验结果的影响。研究表明:缸头结构对滚流比的影响幅度接近20%;缸套高度每增加一倍缸径,滚流比的衰减幅度约为6%;滚流强度测试结果与出气口直径成反比,当出气口直径接近缸径,为0.857B时,跃升现象不再出现。     

Combustion characteristics of hydrotreated vegetable oil – diesel blend under EGR and supercharged conditions

This paper investigates the effects of Hydrotreated vegetable oil-diesel blend to combustion characteristics under various ambient oxygen concentrations and ambient pressure. Combustion characteristics were investigated using heat release rate analysis, two color method, soot concentration measurement and NOx concentration measurement. The experiments were carried out on a rapid compression expansion machine to simulate the ambient condition of a CI engine at TDC. Synthetic gas with oxygen concentrations of 21 %, 15 % and 10 % were used to simulate EGR conditions. A single hole injector was used with five different fuels: commercial diesel, HVO-commercial diesel blends and HVO. The results showed that increasing HVO blending percentages decreased ignition delay, flame temperature, soot concentration and NOx concentration. Heat release at oxygen concentration of 10 % dramatically dropped due to a shortened ignition delay, which resulted in less combustion. A decreased oxygen concentration from applied EGR conditions not only increased ignition delay, heat release, flame temperature and NO_x concentration, but also increased soot concentration. A combination of EGR and supercharged conditions by increasing ambient pressure and decreasing oxygen concentrations resulted in increased heat release, decreased flame temperature, ignition delay and soot concentration, compared to EGR conditions.     

Soot and temperature distribution in a diesel diffusion flame: 3-D CFD simulation and measurement with laser diagnostics

In this study, a 3-D CFD simulation and laser diagnostics were developed to understand the characteristics of soot generation in a diesel diffusion flame. The recently developed RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations) hybrid combustion model (Extended Coherent Flame Model — 3 Zones, ECFM-3Z model) was used. This industrial, state-ofthe-art model of the diffusion flame is commonly used in diesel combustion models as well as for propagating (premixed) flame combustion. The simulation results were validated with measurements from a constant volume combustion chamber. The experiment revealed that soot accumulated in the chamber where the temperature decreased. Where the temperature increased rapidly, only a little soot accumulated. The temperature and soot distribution were independently examined using both the two-color method and a 3-D CFD simulation for a turbulent diesel diffusion flame.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of fuel mixing effects on soot structures in counterflow diffusion flames

Experimental and numerical analyses of laminar diffusion flames were performed to identify the effect of fuel mixing on soot formation in a counterflow burner. In this experiment, the volume fraction, number density, and particle size of soot were investigated using light extinction/scattering systems. The experimental results showed that the synergistic effect of an ethylene-propane flame is appreciable. Numerical simulations showed that the benzene (C₆H₆) concentration in mixture flames was higher than in ethylene-base flames because of the increase in the concentration of propargyl radicals. Methyl radicals were found to play an important role in the formation of propargyl, and the recombination of propargyl with benzene was found to lead to an increase in the number density for cases exhibiting synergistic effects. These results imply that methyl radicals play an important role in soot formation, particularly with regard to the number density.     

掺混甲烷对乙烯层流预混火焰炭烟形貌的影响

针对掺混甲烷的乙烯层流火焰中的炭烟颗粒从形貌角度进行了研究,构建了具有相同当量比(2.07)、火焰温度、气体流速的层流预混乙烯火焰和掺混甲烷的乙烯火焰,并各自选取了3个高度进行热泳探针取样,采用TEM和AFM方法对各个工况的炭烟颗粒粒径分布、平均粒径、平均体积当量球径进行了对比。发现少量的甲烷掺混会令乙烯火焰中炭烟颗粒的尺寸变大,而当甲烷掺混量变多时该现象消失。而通过对颗粒的圆度、球度和分形维数计算和分析,发现即使是很小的颗粒也具有相似的不规则形状,这一现象广泛存在于各种火焰和各种大小的颗粒中,不受掺混比的影响,并且越大的颗粒结构越松散。     

Effect of combustion chamber shape on tumble flow,squish-generated flow and burn rate

Effects of squish area location on tumble and squish flow were investigated to control the knock in an SI engine. For the exhaust squish piston, tumble flow is collapsed by the exhaust squish clearance during the compression stroke, so that the compression-squish flow is strong. For the intake squish piston, tumble flow impinges on the edge of squish area and the induction of it into the squish area is controlled. The compression-squish flow is weakened and reverse-squish flow grows strong. This led to realization of a high heat release at late stage combustion. Simultaneously, the decrease of cycle-by-cycle variation of initial burn is realized. Consequently, knocking is controlled compared with a flat piston.     

进气道对增压汽油机流动特性及性能的影响

基于某款增压发动机,通过C FD软件对不同进气道的进气组织及燃烧过程进行模拟计算,并分析了气道对发动机着火特性和燃烧参数的影响。研究结果表明：减小气道拐角半径 R或进气门直径,均可提高发动机滚流比和湍流强度;火花塞处较低的湍动能强度不利于火焰中心的形成;湍动能较强区域位于燃烧室中间区域更有利于点火之后火焰向四周迅速传播,优化了发动机的燃烧过程。     

柴油-丁醇混合燃料喷雾火焰的两色法测试研究

基于两色法原理,可利用彩色高速相机测量喷雾火焰的温度和炭烟浓度（KL）二维分布的时间演变,为先进柴油机燃烧系统设计提供必要信息。通过使用单台彩色相机的两个独立感光通道,两色法测量装置得到大幅度简化。两色法的测试结果受多种因素影响,例如双波长的选择,带通滤片的透过性,光路的设置等,然而相关研究并不充分。本文在对两色法的测试不确定度及误差进行了分析和讨论之后,并对柴油丁醇混合燃料在不同环境氧体积分数下的火焰温度和炭烟浓度（KL）的时空分布进行了研究。     

Effect of injection condition and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion in a transparent engine system

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of injection conditions and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion using a transparent engine system. The test engine is equipped with a common rail injection system to control injection conditions and to obtain split injection characteristics. A combustion analysis and steady flow test were conducted to measure the heat release rate due to cylinder pressure and the swirl ratio. In addition, spray and diffusion flame images were obtained using a high speed camera. The LII & LIS methods were also used to obtain 2-D soot and droplet distributions. High injection pressure was found to shorten ignition delay, as well as to enhance peak pressure. The results also revealed that the heat release rate in the premixed combustion region was markedly reduced through the use of pilot injection, while the soot distribution and the heat release rate in the diffusion combustion region were increased. The swirl effect was found to shorten ignition delay at certain injection timings, and to enhance the heat release rate in all experimental conditions.     

EGR回路喷甲醇在柴油机上的应用研究

在YC6A220C柴油机上进行了进气道喷甲醇结合EGR的试验研究,在保持原柴油机动力性基本不变的基础上,研究了在不同负荷下,选用不同的EGR率和不同甲醇消耗率对原机的动力性、经济性、NOx和炭烟排放的影响。研究结果表明:单纯地使用EGR对于降低NOx效果比较明显,但是难以同时降低炭烟的排放,尤其当EGR率超过30%时,随着EGR率或者负荷的增加炭烟也急剧增加。向回路喷入适量甲醇后,不但可以保证NOx排放减少,而且炭烟排放也可以大幅度降低。在1 500r/min(最大扭矩转速)下,在EGR率为20%~35%,甲醇消耗率为50~70g/(kW·h)范围内,可以同时降低NOx和炭烟排放。发动机的动力性和燃油消耗略有降低,排放水平均低于燃用0号柴油。