不同裂解条件对甲醇-柴油高温裂解产物的影响研究

采用石英管式流动反应器试验装置,配置不同体积掺混比(M0,M5,M10,M15)的甲醇-柴油混合燃料作为试验燃料,采集了混合燃料在不同裂解温度和甲醇掺混比下的裂解产物。应用气相色谱质谱联用仪GC-MS,对不同裂解条件下12种烃类产物的摩尔分数变化规律进行了研究;采用微克天平和扫描电镜SEM,对甲醇-柴油混合燃料裂解生成的炭烟产率及形貌特征的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:裂解过程中,裂解温度高于973 K时,烷烃和芳香烃的摩尔分数变化率降低,芳香烃的摩尔分数增加,相比于923 K,裂解温度为973 K,1023 K和1073 K时,炭烟产率分别增加了1.7倍、5.1倍和11.6倍;甲醇掺混比增加,烃类物质摩尔分数和炭烟产率降低;裂解温度增加,炭烟的平均粒径降低,乙烷、丙烷、丁烷及丙烯、丁烯、丁二烯的浓度降低;甲醇掺混比增加,炭烟的平均粒径降低,乙烯的摩尔分数增加。     

高温下掺氢燃气层流燃烧速度和稳定性研究

基于定容燃烧弹系统结合高速纹影技术,研究了初始温度为450 K,初始压力为0.2 MPa,氢气含量为50%,70%和80%,当量比为0.7～1.4时的氢气-乙醇-空气混合燃气的层流火焰燃烧特性。对掺氢燃气的层流燃烧速度(LBV)以及火焰不稳定性进行研究。结果表明：扩大燃料中氢气的占比能提高混合燃气的LBV;氢气掺混含量为50%,70%和80%预混燃气的层流燃烧速度均在当量比为1.3下达到峰值,随后呈下降趋势。当氢气掺混含量为50%,70%和80%时,随着当量比的上升,L_b逐渐减小,在当量比为1.4左右变成负值,火焰表面出现裂纹并发展出细胞结构,火焰呈现不稳定状态。     

直喷式柴油机一些参数对测得的空气卷吸率和放热率的影响

空气往火焰中的卷吸率和放热率是在一台直喷式柴油机中用热力学方法计算的:推荐了一种双区模型,使用气缸压力、火焰温度和喷油率三个测得的数值作输入数据。由各种条件下的卷吸率和放热率间的相互关系,就可知道,扩散燃烧的初期和主要阶段的燃烧主要受空气往火焰中卷吸的控制。我们也研究了喷射压力、活塞形状和涡流强度对空气卷吸的影响。火焰中的混合程度是用火焰中的当量比评定的,后者也是用同一模型得到的。排气中氧化氮和炭烟浓度趋势是与火焰中的当量比和在所有各种条件下测得的火焰温度密切相关的。     

进气滚流强度对直喷发动机燃烧特性的影响

以光学单缸直喷汽油发动机作为试验平台,通过在进气法兰处安装不同的滚流导流板调节进气截面积来获得不同强度的滚流气流。利用Converge软件对缸内滚流强度和湍动能进行评估,采用高速彩色相机拍摄不同滚流强度下火焰状态随曲轴转角的变化,同时采用燃烧分析仪采集缸压数据。通过图像处理分离蓝色火焰和黄色火焰,其中,蓝光被认为主要来自火焰中CH释放的化学荧光,而黄光被认为主要来自炭烟颗粒的辐射。试验发现:随着滚流强度的提高,蓝色火焰面积增加,缸内燃烧速率得以提升,缸内平均指示有效压力增强,相关性分析表明,蓝色火焰面积和燃烧放热率有很好的正相关性。同时,黄色火焰随滚流强度增加而减少,表明炭烟生成量降低。此外,燃烧的循环波动也随滚流强度的增加而降低。     

基于碳烟粒径分布预测的柴油燃烧机理构建与氧含量影响研究

为预测柴油机碳烟排放的粒径分布，选用90%摩尔分数的正庚烷和10%摩尔分数的甲苯作为柴油替代物，分别构建气相动力学机理和表面动力学机理，并将二者耦合，构建成柴油替代物机理（简称HTS机理），将HTS机理结合矩量法数值模型进行了机理验证，并通过改变进气发动机进气氧的体积分数，进一步研究了氧浓度对碳烟粒径分布的影响。研究结果表明，在滞燃期、层流火焰速度、预混火焰关键组分、预混火焰碳烟粒径分布、柴油机缸压与放热率以及柴油机排放物生成等方面，应用HTS机理计算的模拟值与试验值基本一致。使用HTS机理研究氧浓度对碳烟粒径分布的影响表明：随着氧浓度的增加，碳烟颗粒平均数密度降低、数密度峰值减小、数密度峰值对应的颗粒物直径增大；且小粒径（直径0～50 nm）碳烟的数密度随之降低。     

正庚烷掺烧甲醇时炭烟和PAHs生成的数值模拟

利用Chemkin—Pro软件中的均质压燃模型,采用正庚烷详细化学动力学机理和炭烟生成氧化机理,模拟了甲醇对正庚烷燃烧时炭烟生成的影响。模拟结果表明:随着甲醇含量的增加,炭烟生成量减少,炭烟颗粒直径变小;掺入少量甲醇时,炭烟颗粒平均直径明显变小;当含甲醇量达到15%时,平均颗粒直径稍有变小;正庚烷中加入甲醇后,燃料中含氧量增加,有更多的炭烟气态前驱物和PAH被氧化,从而抑制了炭烟的生成。     

碳质纳米燃料添加剂对柴油机性能影响的试验研究北大核心

在一台ZS1100柴油机上,以碳质纳米颗粒氧化石墨烯(GO)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)和石墨烯(GR)作为燃料添加剂(25×10^(-6)和100×10^(-6))分别加入生物柴油-柴油掺混燃料中,研究了柴油机的燃烧特性、经济性能和炭烟排放特性。结果表明,柴油中掺混20%体积比的生物柴油改善了燃烧过程,各负荷下滞燃期缩短,CA50提前,炭烟排放降低,但燃油消耗率最大增加了4.2%,热效率降低了2.1%。3种碳质纳米燃料添加剂的加入都优化了掺混燃料的燃烧,缩短了滞燃期,改善了燃油经济性,对比发现,添加100×10^(-6)的MWCNT后,缸压峰值最大提高了0.334 MPa,放热率峰值提高了17.9%,同时燃油消耗率最大降低5.0%,热效率提高4.4%。3种碳质纳米燃料添加剂的加入都降低了炭烟排放,且MWCNT和GR在高浓度时效果更加明显,其中100×10^(-6)的MWCNT效果最显著,炭烟排放最大降低了17.2%。     

电控高压共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油的试验研究

在1台电控高压共轨柴油机和装有该型号发动机的轿车上,进行不同掺混比生物柴油—柴油混合燃料的性能对比试验,分析了在不同转速和负荷下柴油机燃用不同掺混比混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放性。研究结果表明:生物柴油与柴油相比,在2 200 r/min负荷特性下,有效能耗率减少,NOx排放增加较多,中小负荷炭烟排放基本相同,大负荷炭烟排放明显降低,中小负荷HC排放明显降低,大负荷HC排放基本一致,CO排放基本不变;在外特性下,功率略有增加,HC排放和炭烟排放均有所降低,CO排放和NOx排放增加。     

F-T柴油与正丁醇混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性研究

F-T柴油具有十六烷值高、几乎不含硫和芳香烃的特点,正丁醇是能量密度较高的可再生的生物质燃料。在增压中冷4缸柴油机上对比研究了0号柴油、F-T柴油和F-T柴油-正丁醇混合燃料的燃烧、排放特性。结果表明:与柴油相比,掺混丁醇后缸内压力峰值、压力升高率降低;燃用F-T柴油-正丁醇混合燃料可同时降低炭烟和NO_x排放,随着正丁醇掺混比例的提高炭烟排放显著降低,F-T柴油掺混20%正丁醇的炭烟排放降幅高达67.8%,NO_x排放降幅达20.9%。     

稀燃条件下掺烧乙醇重整气对直喷汽油机燃烧及碳烟排放影响的仿真研究

为解决直喷汽油机稀薄气体的燃烧及排放问题,采用掺烧乙醇重整气改善直喷汽油机的性能,并利用CONVERGE三维仿真技术从微观角度解释发动机的性能表现。结果表明,引入乙醇重整气可以改善缸内当量比分布,促进H基、OH基的生成,有助于燃烧的良好进行;随重整气掺混比的升高,HO2和H2O2分布范围更广、浓度更高,在燃烧室内分层现象更加明显;随着重整气掺混比增加到20%,缸内碳烟的生成质量和数量密度峰值分别降低了90%和56.25%,直喷汽油机碳烟排放得到有效改善。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of fuel mixing effects on soot structures in counterflow diffusion flames

Experimental and numerical analyses of laminar diffusion flames were performed to identify the effect of fuel mixing on soot formation in a counterflow burner. In this experiment, the volume fraction, number density, and particle size of soot were investigated using light extinction/scattering systems. The experimental results showed that the synergistic effect of an ethylene-propane flame is appreciable. Numerical simulations showed that the benzene (C₆H₆) concentration in mixture flames was higher than in ethylene-base flames because of the increase in the concentration of propargyl radicals. Methyl radicals were found to play an important role in the formation of propargyl, and the recombination of propargyl with benzene was found to lead to an increase in the number density for cases exhibiting synergistic effects. These results imply that methyl radicals play an important role in soot formation, particularly with regard to the number density.     

Effect of fuel injection strategies on the combustion process in a PFI boosted SI engine

A low-cost solution based on fuel injection strategies was investigated to optimize the combustion process in a boosted port fuel injection spark ignition (PFI SI) engine. The goal was to reduce the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions while maintaining performance. The effect of fuel injection was analyzed for the closed and open valve conditions, and the multiple injection strategies (MIS) based on double and triple fuel injection in the open-valve condition. The tests were performed on an optical accessible single-cylinder PFI SI engine equipped with an external boost device. The engine was operated at full load and with a stoichiometric ratio equivalent to that of commercial gasolines. Optical techniques based on 2D-digital imaging were used to follow the flame propagation from the flame kernel to late combustion phase. In particular, the diffusion-controlled flames near the valves and cylinder walls, due to fuel deposition, were studied. In these conditions, the presence of soot was measured by two-color pyrometry, and correlated with engine parameters and exhaust emissions measured by conventional methods. The open valve fuel injection strategies demonstrated better combustion process efficiency than the closed ones. They provided very low soot levels in the combustion chamber and engine exhaust, and a reduction in specific fuel consumption. The multiple injection strategies proved to be the best solution in terms of performance, soot concentration, and fuel consumption.     

Soot and temperature distribution in a diesel diffusion flame: 3-D CFD simulation and measurement with laser diagnostics

In this study, a 3-D CFD simulation and laser diagnostics were developed to understand the characteristics of soot generation in a diesel diffusion flame. The recently developed RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations) hybrid combustion model (Extended Coherent Flame Model — 3 Zones, ECFM-3Z model) was used. This industrial, state-ofthe-art model of the diffusion flame is commonly used in diesel combustion models as well as for propagating (premixed) flame combustion. The simulation results were validated with measurements from a constant volume combustion chamber. The experiment revealed that soot accumulated in the chamber where the temperature decreased. Where the temperature increased rapidly, only a little soot accumulated. The temperature and soot distribution were independently examined using both the two-color method and a 3-D CFD simulation for a turbulent diesel diffusion flame.     

OH-radical behavior of unsteady lifted flame based on instantaneous change of the equivalence ratio

In an earlier study, the current authors showed that an unsteady-state lifted flame generated by an equivalence ratio conversion system for a given fuel, was similar to a steady-state lifted flame in terms of the change characteristics from a premixed flame to a critical flame and then to a triple flame with a diffusion flame positioned in the middle according to the concentration difference. Therefore, this study used an OH-PLIF method to investigate the characteristics of a steady-state lifted flame and an unsteady-state lifted flame created under conditions identical to the flames in the preceding study. PLIF (Planar laser induced fluorescence) is practically effective for visualizing the concentration fields within a flame. The resulting OH-radical measurements showed that an unsteady-state lifted flame created under the specific conditions used in this study showed similar tendencies in terms of OH-radical distribution, fluorescence intensity, and liftoff height, to a steady-state lifted flame, thereby confirming that the behavior of an unsteady-state lifted flame can be effectively predicted based on the behavior of a steady-state lifted flame.     

Effect of injection condition and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion in a transparent engine system

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of injection conditions and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion using a transparent engine system. The test engine is equipped with a common rail injection system to control injection conditions and to obtain split injection characteristics. A combustion analysis and steady flow test were conducted to measure the heat release rate due to cylinder pressure and the swirl ratio. In addition, spray and diffusion flame images were obtained using a high speed camera. The LII & LIS methods were also used to obtain 2-D soot and droplet distributions. High injection pressure was found to shorten ignition delay, as well as to enhance peak pressure. The results also revealed that the heat release rate in the premixed combustion region was markedly reduced through the use of pilot injection, while the soot distribution and the heat release rate in the diffusion combustion region were increased. The swirl effect was found to shorten ignition delay at certain injection timings, and to enhance the heat release rate in all experimental conditions.     

正丁醇预混合气对轻型柴油机热效率和排放的影响

对1台轻型柴油机进气道进行改装,从而在进气道中形成均质丁醇预混合气。研究了在不同工况下正丁醇预混比对发动机指示热效率和排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着丁醇预混比例的增加,发动机指示热效率呈现上升的趋势,转速为3 350r/min,平均指示压力为1MPa时指示热效率的提升率达到最大为4.3%;压力升高率过大,限制了在大负荷条件下使用更高的丁醇预混比例;随着丁醇预混比例的增加,发动机soot和NO_x排放明显改善,而CO和HC排放均随着丁醇预混比的增加而增大。     

进气道预混天然气对生物柴油发动机燃烧与排放性能的影响

在1台QCH 1105单缸柴油机上,试验研究了进气道预混天然气对生物柴油发动机燃烧与排放性能的影响。结果表明:随着天然气预混比例的升高,生物柴油发动机最大燃烧压力减小,燃烧相位推迟,缸内平均温度略有下降,NOx排放明显降低;预混天然气时,大负荷工况下燃油消耗率有所下降,HC和CO排放有所增加,炭烟排放随着天然气预混率的升高大幅降低。可见,进气道预混天然气对改善生物柴油发动机的经济性和排放性具有良好的潜力。     

矿料级配对多孔沥青混合料空隙分布特性的影响

通过将X射线CT技术、数字图像处理技术与分形理论相结合,分析了矿料级配对多孔沥青混合料空隙率、空隙直径、空隙数量、空隙分维数等参数的影响规律。结果表明:随着空隙率的逐渐减小,空隙等效直径范围从空隙率为18.8%时的3.9～4.8mm减少到空隙率为4%时的1.5～2.9mm,空隙等效直径平均值从4.3mm降低到2.0mm;空隙数量、空隙率与等效直径沿试件高度方向分布规律较为一致;空隙轮廓分维数随着空隙率的不断减小而逐渐增大,且空隙轮廓分维数与空隙率呈现出显著的函数关系;多孔沥青混合料与普通沥青混合料空隙率的分界值约为14%;多孔沥青混合料空隙数量并不多,而是空隙等效直径较大。