A00铝锭配置A356铝液工艺研究

摩托车铝合金车轮对力学性能有严格的要求.目前,采用A356铝锭熔化后重力铸造的方式生产,材料成本较高.将价格相对低廉的工业纯铝A00直接配置成A356铝液,增加除气、除渣及静置工序,以获得符合车轮力学性能要求的重力铸造工艺,来满足降低铸造成本的要求.     

Kinematics of a smart variable caster mechanism for a vehicle steerable wheel

The lateral force of a tyre is a function of the sideslip and camber angles. The camber angle can provide a significant effect on the stability of a vehicle by increasing or adjusting the required lateral force to keep the vehicle on the road. To control the camber angle and hence, the lateral force of each tyre, we can use the caster angle of the wheel. We introduce a possible variable and controllable caster angle ? in order to adjust the camber angle when the sideslip angle cannot be changed. As long as the left and right wheels are steering together according to a kinematic condition, such as Ackerman, the sideslip angle of the inner wheel cannot be increased independently to alter the reduced lateral force because of weight transfer and reduction of the normal load F _z . A variable caster mechanism can adjust the caster angle of the wheels to achieve their top capacity and maximise the lateral force, when needed. Such a system would potentially increase the safety, stability, and maneuverability of the vehicles. Using the screw theory, this paper will examine the kinematics of a variable caster and present the required mathematical equation to calculate the camber angle as a function of suspension mechanism parameters and other relevant variables. Having a steered wheel about a tilted steering axis will change the position and orientation of the wheel with respect to the body of the car. This paper provides the required kinematics of such a suspension and extracts the equations in special practical situations. The analysis is for an ideal situation in which we substitute the tyre with its equivalent disc at the tyre plane.     

电动轮驱动-转向集成结构设计

目前最常用的电动轮--轮毂电机驱动型电动轮是在电动轮内安装轮毂电机,这将增加电动车的簧下质量,从而降低悬架响应的敏感度;汽车重心发生改变,汽车转向定位参数、制动滑移率的控制参数等都会发生改变,对车辆的平顺性和乘坐舒适性带来不利的影响。针对这些问题,文章设计出驱动-转向一体化的电动轮,将轮毂电机、轮内悬架、转向电机、电机悬挂装置和轮毂集成在车轮上,有效提高电动轮汽车的性能。     

某大客车转向轮摆振及影响因素的分析

考虑侧偏角和侧偏力之间的非线性关系,建立4自由度某大客车转向轮摆振模型。运用非线性动力学理论,确定转向轮发生自激摆振的Hopf分岔点：通过MATLAB＆Simulink软件建立大客车转向轮摆振仿真模型。通过仿真结果检验理论分析,并得到车速、转向系参数、横拉杆参数、质心位置、主销后倾角与转向轮自激摆振幅值或频率的关系曲线．找出影响自激摆振的敏感参数及敏感参数的适取范围,能有效减小或消除客车的自激摆振。     

公共电动自行车系统运营模式设计模型

当前对传统公共自行车系统运营模式的研究主要是定性分析,各种方法标准不一,且研究结论与实际差别较大,不能直接用于资金、设施等要求更高的公共电动自行车系统的运营模式设计问题.因此,提出了一种定量设计模型,利用0-1混合整数规划模型对系统的经营主体进行筛选,再利用动态规划模型分配资源.利用算例进行模拟分析,结果表明:①与以资金多和收益好为优的常规的定性分析法相比,定量模型能更合理配置系统构成要素,降低政府的财政负担,分别为政府节省18.68%和23.09%的资金.②在公共电动自行车系统建设和运营过程中,宜采用政企合作模式.③相对于系统运营而言,系统建设期间对政府投入的资金反应更灵敏,因此政府有必要加大建设期的资金投入.      

Roll stabilisation of road vehicles using a variable stiffness suspension system

A variable stiffness architecture is used in the suspension system to counteract the body roll moment, thereby enhancing the roll stability of the vehicle. The variation of stiffness concept uses the ‘reciprocal actuation’ to effectively transfer energy between a vertical traditional strut and a horizontal oscillating control mass, thereby improving the energy dissipation of the overall suspension. The lateral dynamics of the system is developed using a bicycle model. The accompanying roll dynamics are also developed and validated using experimental data. The positions of the left and right control masses are sequentially allocated to reduce the effective body roll and roll rate. Simulation results show that the resulting variable stiffness suspension system has more than 50% improvement in roll response over the traditional constant stiffness counterparts. The simulation scenarios examined is the fishhook manoeuvre.     

混凝土搅拌运输车行驶稳定性分析

针对混凝土搅拌运输车在行驶过程中,由混凝土偏心力矩引起整车重心位置变化,从而对车辆的行驶稳定性、车辆两侧轮胎所受载荷及拐弯行驶侧翻临界速度造成的影响进行分析,得到车辆在各种行驶状况下左右轮的承载百分比、车辆在拐弯状况下的侧翻临界速度和安全车速。结果表明：在行驶过程中,右旋搅拌车左右轮胎负荷较均匀;在拐弯半径一定的条件下,左旋车左拐弯最易翻车,右旋车右拐弯次之,拐弯时应在安全车速范围内行驶。     

模数式桥梁伸缩缝水平向动力学响应分析

运用有限元分析软件对模数式桥梁伸缩缝进行水平向动力学研究,建立了其水平向有限元动力学模型,研究了车轮对中梁的水平冲击以及车速、中梁弹性支承刚度及预压量、滑动摩擦系数和剪切弹簧刚度的变化对中梁水平位移的响应特性。研究表明,当车速高于100 km/h,中梁弹性支承刚度小于70 000 N/mm时,应考虑车轮对中梁的水平冲击,当车速低于120 km/h,中梁弹性支承刚度及预压量分别大于80 000 N/mm和0.3 mm,滑动摩擦系数大于0.03,剪切弹簧刚度大于400 N/mm时,此时中梁水平位移小于0.5 mm,且车轮对中梁的水平冲击也可不考虑。     

考虑斜拉索抗弯刚度的矮塔斜拉桥索导管安装角度修正方法

文中针对短斜拉索实际抗弯刚度较大的情况,推导了考虑斜拉索抗弯刚度的索导管安装角度计算公式,以方便地计算出拉索在重力作用下的两端倾角变化值,该推导公式表明,两端倾角变化值除了与斜拉索索力、自重集度、索长有关外,还与拉索自身弹性模量、截面特性等因素有关。通过将索导管修正角度计算式应用于阿蓬江特大桥中,比较计算了不同索导管安装角度结果计算的差异。     

电动汽车锂电池组充电均衡控制方法研究

锂电池组是电动汽车的主要驱动能源,然而尚不成熟的电池均衡充电技术成为制约电动汽车普及化的最大瓶颈。本文针对锂电池组中因单体电池性能差异造成能量不一致性的不良影响,以各单体电池电压为控制变量,提出一种基于模糊控制的锂电池组充电均衡控制方法。并通过MATLAB仿真分析得出:在充电均衡过程中,利用模糊控制方法调节PWM的占空比,电池组能够较好地完成各单体电池间的能量均衡,证明了该方案的可行性。     

列车荷载对衡重式挡土墙土压力及稳定性影响研究

利用FLAC-3D建立起三维有限差分衡重式挡土墙模型,研究分析了在墙后填土自重荷载和列车动荷载作用下,挡土墙墙背土压力变化规律,并分析了挡土墙水平作用力、抗滑和抗倾覆稳定系数随车速的变化规律。结果表明:荷载对挡土墙的影响主要集中在上墙的中下部,车速对水平土压力作用点位置以及挡土墙稳定性影响不大。     

A combined use of phase plane and handling diagram method to study the influence of tyre and vehicle characteristics on stability

This paper deals with in-curve vehicle lateral behaviour and is aimed to find out which vehicle physical characteristics affect significantly its stability. Two different analytical methods, one numerical (phase plane) and the other graphical (handling diagram) are discussed. The numerical model refers to the complete quadricycle, while the graphical one refers to a bicycle model. Both models take into account lateral load transfers and nonlinear Pacejka tyre–road interactions. The influence of centre of mass longitudinal position, tyre cornering stiffness and front/rear roll stiffness ratio on vehicle stability are analysed. The presented results are in good agreement with theoretical expectations about the above parameters influence, and show how some physical characteristics behave as saddle-node bifurcation parameters.     

低滑移率条件下轮速传感器脉冲数相对差值的影响因素研究

通过对捷达轿车的道路试验,研究了汽车行驶速度、载荷及轮胎气压对轮速传感器脉冲数相对差值的影响。试验结果表明,当车速增大时,从动轮(或驱动轮)之间的脉冲数相对差值较小,而驱动轮与从动轮之间的相对差值较大;在正常载荷范围内,载荷对脉冲数相对差值影响较小;脉冲数相对差值与轮胎气压差值的变化近似成线性关系。进行间接轮胎气压监视系统设计时,可以利用脉冲数的相对差值监测轮胎气压的变化。     

基于自适应模型预测的智能汽车横向轨迹跟踪控制

当路面附着情况和车辆行驶状态不断变化时,基于恒定侧偏刚度的模型预测控制(MPC)不能考虑轮胎非线性特性的影响,难以保证车辆轨迹跟踪的适应性。为此,提出一种考虑轮胎侧向力计算误差的自适应模型预测控制(AMPC),以提高智能汽车在不确定工况下的轨迹跟踪性能。分析了路面附着系数和垂向载荷对轮胎侧向力的影响,基于平方根容积卡尔曼滤波(SCKF)算法,设计了利用侧向加速度和横摆角速度作为测量变量的前后轮胎侧向力估计器。利用轮胎侧向力线性计算值与估计值的差值计算得到侧偏刚度修正因子,设计了前后轮胎侧偏刚度的自适应修正准则,进而提出了一种基于时变修正刚度的AMPC控制方法。基于CarSim与MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真和硬件在环测试平台,对AMPC控制的有效性和实时性进行了验证。研究结果表明：在不同的路面附着情况和车辆行驶状态下,AMPC控制都能够降低横向位置偏差和航向角偏差,有效提高车辆的轨迹跟踪精度,其控制效果明显优于基于恒定侧偏刚度的标准MPC控制。尤其在低附着工况下,标准MPC控制会因为线性轮胎力的计算误差过大而导致车辆在轨迹跟踪时严重失稳,而AMPC控制通过估计轮胎力修正侧偏刚度依然能够保证车辆稳定有效的跟踪参考轨迹。所提出的AMPC控制在保证控制精度的同时具有良好的实时性,对智能汽车控制系统的设计与优化具有重要参考价值。     

四轮转向汽车自适应模型跟踪控制研究

使用单点预瞄驾驶员模型，针对确定性汽车模型探讨了４ＷＳ汽车在单移线行驶过程中后轮的最优转向控制规律。通过引入状态反馈，改善了整车的转向特性，将实际汽车的前后轮胎侧刚度及外界干扰视为有界的不确定性参数，采用自适应模型跟踪变结构控制方法，使得不确定的实际汽车模型能够很好地跟踪确定的最优理论模型，仿真结果表明该方法的可行性，控制系统能够有效地克服参数摄动及外界干扰对系统稳定性的影响。     

基于有限元的某轻卡车架刚度分析

建立汽车车架的CAE模型,利用有限元方法对汽车车架进行弯曲刚度计算、扭转刚度计算与校核。通过4点约束进行弯曲刚度计算。在计算扭转刚度时,对后轮和右前轮约束、左前轮施加力。在校核扭转刚度时,对车架前、中、后三部分分别算出对应扭转刚度。通过分析计算,验证该汽车车架的弯曲刚度和扭转刚度是否符合设计要求。     

Heave-Pitch-Roll Dynamics of Flexible Vehicle in Variable Velocity Run

Analysis for response statistics evaluation of a flexible vehicle travelling with variable velocity over nonhomogeneously profiled flexible track is presented with a heave-pitch-roll model. The vehicle body is idealised as a flexible member with variable cross-section, inertia, damping and stiffness distributions. The vehicle may also have variable section slender elastic attachments. Coupled dynamics with rigid body heave-pitch-roll modes and elastic bending-torsion modes of the vehicle body along with coupled bending-torsion modes of the attachments are considered. Equivalent linear suspension system characteristics are employed for developing the analysis. Numerical results are presented for an aircraft with tricycle landing gear arrangements and comparison is made with other models.     

Heave-Pitch-Roll Dynamics of Flexible Vehicle in Variable Velocity Run

Analysis for response statistics evaluation of a flexible vehicle travelling with variable velocity over nonhomogeneously profiled flexible track is presented with a heave-pitch-roll model. The vehicle body is idealised as a flexible member with variable cross-section, inertia, damping and stiffness distributions. The vehicle may also have variable section slender elastic attachments. Coupled dynamics with rigid body heave-pitch-roll modes and elastic bending-torsion modes of the vehicle body along with coupled bending-torsion modes of the attachments are considered. Equivalent linear suspension system characteristics are employed for developing the analysis. Numerical results are presented for an aircraft with tricycle landing gear arrangements and comparison is made with other models.     

结构面对岩体边坡动力响应的影响研究

运用离散元软件3DEC,通过研究结构面在地震波作用下,其产状、起始位置、刚度以及密度与岩体边坡PGA放大系数峰值变化关系,揭示岩体边坡中的结构面对地震动力响应特征的影响规律。结果表明:结构面倾角增大,岩体边坡的动力稳定性变差;结构面起始位置越高,岩体边坡的地震动力响应则越强,反之则越弱;结构面刚度能影响地震波的能量分配关系,但不能改变其传播路径;结构面发育越密集,岩体边坡地震动力响应越强烈,动力稳定性也就越差。     

Large motion mountain biking dynamics

A bond graph model of a mountain bike and rider is created to develop baseline predictions for the performance of mountain bikes during large excursion maneuvers such as drops, jumps, crashes and rough terrain riding. The model assumes planar dynamics, a hard-tail (front suspension only) bicycle and a rider fixed to the bicycle. An algorithm is developed to allow tracking of a virtual tire-ground contact point for events that separate the wheels from the ground. This model would be most applicable to novice mountain bikers who maintain a nearly rigid relationship between their body and the bicycle as opposed to experienced riders who are versed in controlling the bicycle independent of the body. Simulations of a steep drop are performed for various initial conditions to qualitatively validate the predictions of the model. Results from this model are to be compared to experimental data and more complex models in later research, particularly models including a separate rider. The overarching goals of the research are to examine and understand the dynamics and control of interactions between a cyclist and mountain bike. Specific goals are to understand the improvement in performance afforded by an experienced rider, to hypothesize human control algorithms that allow riders to perform manoeuvres well and safely, to predict structural bike and body forces from these maneuvers and to quantify performance differences between hard-tail and full suspension bicycles.