驾驶员方向控制模型及在汽车智能驾驶研究中的应用

分析了驾驶员开车行为特性，利用模糊决策理论介绍了汽车预期行驶轨迹驾驶员模糊决策模型，并结合驾驶员预瞄最优曲率模型建立了一个新的驾驶员方向控制模型，同时也论述了该驾驶员方向控制模型在汽车智能驾驶研究中的应用。仿真结果表明所提出的模型可以描述驾驶员对汽车行驶方向的控制行为，并为汽车智能驾驶的研究提供了一条可行途径。     

驾驶员轨迹决策行为影响因素的仿真研究

通过分析包括前方道路可行区域、驾驶员体力负担及道路交通法规在内的众多因素对驾驶员开车的影响，利用模糊决策理论建立了驾驶安全性、驾驶轻便性和驾驶合法性3个评价指标，并进行了在几种典型路况下的驾驶员-汽车-道路闭环系统仿真计算，有效地描述了驾驶员在开车时动态决策汽车预期轨迹的行为。     

驾驶员最优预瞄纵向加速度模型

利用预瞄跟踪理论、模糊决策理论和非线性系统描述函数法建立了一个驾驶员速度控制模型，即加强员最优预瞄纵向加速度模型，仿真结果表明，该模型通过对驾驶安全性、合法性、轻便性、驾驶员自身滞后特性及汽车动力学系统强非线性特性的考虑，可以有效地模拟驾驶员控制汽车速度的行为特性，为人-车-路闭环系统中速度控制研究提供了一条可行途径。     

基于驾驶特征学习的自动驾驶车辆换道轨迹规划

针对自动驾驶车辆换道过程中存在的车辆规划轨迹与人类驾驶员决策轨迹偏差较大问题,开发了一种基于驾驶员轨迹特征学习的换道轨迹规划算法。采集驾驶员换道轨迹曲线函数特征,在轨迹采样及成本优化相结合的轨迹规划基础上,采用最大熵逆强化学习策略迭代更新成本函数权重,并依据学习的成本函数筛选备选采样轨迹,生成反映驾驶员轨迹特征的自动驾驶车辆换道轨迹。试验结果表明,进行驾驶员特征学习后的换道轨迹基本包含在驾驶员换道轨迹区域内,且轨迹特征更为接近人类驾驶员换道轨迹特征,更能反映驾驶员主观感受。     

汽车驾驶员车速控制模式的模拟研究

系统地对汽车驾驶员在一定行车环境中的安全性认知与车速控制的决策、推理过程进行了定量研究,通过进行一系列勘测、测试和心理评价试验,应用模糊集合、模糊统计试验、模糊控制和模糊逻辑推理等分析方法,建立了描述汽车驾驶员在既定道路条件下行车时基于安全性考量的逻辑推理规则和车速控制模型,最后进行了相应的实测验证。模拟预测结果与实测结果吻合较好,证明了研究所采用方法和建立模型的正确性。     

汽车覆盖件模具数控加工刀具运动轨迹优化评估研究

应用系统评价方法，建立了汽车覆盖件模具数控加工刀具运动轨迹的评价指标体系结构和优化评估模型。介绍了系统评价中常用的层次分析法和模糊综合评价方法，提出了完整的刀具轨迹生成优化评估与决策方法。以粗加工为例详细说明了刀具轨迹各因素权重和模糊综合评价时隶属度向量的确定方法等。     

基于模糊神经理论的驾驶员控制模型的研究

把横向预瞄偏差作为模糊神经驾驶员控制模型的输入变量之一，解决了由于输入变量较多，神经网络节点数巨大的问题，从而设计并实现了模糊神经驾驶员控制模型网络拓扑结构，并用BP网络实现了控制规则的模糊映射。仿真的结果表明：所建立的模糊神经驾驶员模型是正确和可行的。这种模型的核心思想是利用神经网络对汽车驾驶员驾驶知识的表达机理，通过学习训练来实现控制规则的记忆，在一定程度体现了驾驶员的智能行为。     

发展中的汽车倒车雷达

倒车雷达是汽车泊车安全辅助装置，能以声音或更为直观的显示告知驾驶员周围障碍物的情况，解除了驾驶员泊车和起动车辆时前后左右探视所引起的困扰，并帮助驾驶员扫除了视野死角和视线模糊的缺陷，提高了驾驶的安全性。     

基于Markov决策过程的驾驶员行为模型

将驾驶员-汽车看作统一的人机系统,利用驾驶员驾驶过程的本质是决策过程的性质,通过确定系统的决策时刻、决策报酬、状态转移速率和概率、抽象驾驶员的行为集合等建立了基于Markov决策过程的驾驶员行为模型,最后对所建模型进行了计算机仿真.     

驾驶员行为模型的研究

针对采用定量仿真方法建立驾驶员模型的不足，应用GPS技术，采用定性仿真方法中的归纳推理方法建立驾驶员行为模型；该模型能够模拟驾驶员在驾驶过程中的决策判断过程，预测各种输入情况下的驾驶员行为输出，在建立驾驶员-汽车-道路系统仿真模型时将会得到广泛应用。     

基于驾驶员行为模拟的ACC控制算法

基于驾驶员最优预瞄加速度模型建立了一种适用于多种典型行驶工况的ACC控制算法。该算法采用基于多目标模糊决策方法的驾驶安全性、工效性、轻便性与合法性评价指标以及基于预瞄跟随理论的微分校正函数，描述了ACC控制系统对自由工况、跟随工况和切入工况等不同行驶条件及汽车动力学系统强非线性特性的考虑。     

A new shared control for lane keeping and road departure prevention

In recent years, the driver's active assistances have become important features in commercialised vehicles. In this paper, we present one of these features which consists of an advanced driver assistance system for lane keeping. A thorough analysis of its performance and stability with respect to variations in driver behaviour will be given. Firstly, the lateral control model based on visual preview is established and the kinematics model based on visual preview, including speed and other factors, is used to calculate the lateral error and direction error. Secondly, and according to the characteristics of the lateral control, an efficient strategy of intelligent electric vehicle lateral mode is proposed. The integration of the vehicle current lateral error and direction error is chosen as the parameter of the sliding mode switching function to design the sliding surface. The control variables are adjusted according to the fuzzy control rules to ensure that they meet the existence and reaching condition. A new fuzzy logic-based switching strategy with an efficient control law is also proposed to ensure a level of continuous and variable sharing according to the state of the driver and the vehicle positioning on the roadway. The proposed control law acts either at the centre of the lane, as a lane keeping assistance system to reduce the driver's workload for long trips, or as a lane departure avoidance system that intervenes for unintended lane departures. Simulation results are included in this paper to explain this concept.     

融合预瞄与势场栅格法的紧急避撞驾驶人模型

紧急避障工况下的驾驶人操作具有响应快且动作幅值较大的特点，传统预瞄驾驶人模型已不能适应紧急避障工况的需求，故考虑实际避撞场景开发相应的驾驶人模型就显得尤为必要。针对此种状况，基于驾驶模拟器，结合紧急避撞工况实际驾驶人操纵数据，提出了一种融合预瞄与势场栅格法的紧急避撞驾驶人模型。首先针对紧急避撞工况下车辆运动特点，建立车辆横、纵向耦合非线性动力学模型，并给出其状态空间方程描述；其次，离线仿真分析紧急避撞系统特征，并结合线性二次型最优控制，建立最优曲率预瞄+跟踪误差反馈驾驶人模型；再者，基于紧急避撞工况下真实驾驶人经验转向行为数据，开发基于势场栅格法的驾驶人模型，为进一步提高驾驶人模型对避障行驶工况的适应性，将基于势场栅格法的驾驶人模型与最优曲率预瞄+跟踪误差反馈驾驶人模型进行融合，并基于Sigmoid函数实现两者输出的权重分配；最后，针对所提出的融合预瞄与势场栅格法的驾驶人模型，开展基于避撞台架的驾驶人在环仿真试验以及实车试验。研究结果表明：在紧急避撞工况下，对比最优曲率预瞄+跟踪误差反馈驾驶人模型，融合预瞄与势场栅格法的驾驶人模型输出的转向动作与实际驾驶人行为较为接近，可在保证避障安全性的前提下，兼顾避障路径跟踪精度与车辆行驶的稳定性。     

驾驶员稳态预瞄动态校正假说

针对汽车运动学和动力学自身的特点及驾驶员对其的理解和认识，基于预瞄跟随理论和预测控制理论，在驾驶员行为建模中作出了汽车运动学和动力学特性的分隔处理，提出了驾驶员稳态预瞄动态校正假说，并结合仿真计算和驾驶模拟器实验论证了假说的合理性和有效性。     

An adaptive lateral preview driver model

Successful modelling and simulation of driver behaviour is important for the current industrial thrust of computer-based vehicle development. The main contribution of this paper is the development of an adaptive lateral preview human driver model. This driver model template has a few parameters that can be adjusted to simulate steering actions of human drivers with different driving styles. In other words, this model template can be used in the design process of vehicles and active safety systems to assess their performance under average drivers as well as atypical drivers. We assume that the drivers, regardless of their style, have driven the vehicle long enough to establish an accurate internal model of the vehicle. The proposed driver model is developed using the adaptive predictive control (APC) framework. Three key features are included in the APC framework: use of preview information, internal model identification and weight adjustment to simulate different driving styles. The driver uses predicted vehicle information in a future window to determine the optimal steering action. A tunable parameter is defined to assign relative importance of lateral displacement and yaw error in the cost function to be optimized. The model is tuned to fit three representative drivers obtained from driving simulator data taken from 22 human drivers.     

应用模糊自适应PID和预瞄策略的自主车辆转向控制

文中结合智能车辆路径跟踪过程中转向控制方面的特点，提出了一种将模糊逻辑、预瞄规律和自适应PID控制相结合的控制策略，建立起了相应的模型，验证了该方法的可行性和有效性，并提出了进一步改进的方向。     

eTS fuzzy driver model for simultaneous longitudinal and lateral vehicle control

In this paper, evolving Takagi-Sugeno (eTS) fuzzy driver model is proposed for simultaneous lateral and longitudinal control of a vehicle in a test track closed to traffic. The developed eTS fuzzy driver model can capture human operator’s driving expertise for generating desired steering angle, throttle angle and brake pedal command values by processing only information which can be supplied by the vehicle’s on-board control systems in real time. Apart from other fuzzy rule based (FRB) models requiring human expert knowledge or off-line clustering, the developed eTS driver model can adapt itself automatically, even ‘from scratch’, by an on-line learning process using eTS algorithm while human driver is supervising the vehicle. Proposed eTS fuzzy driver model’s on-line human driver identification capability and autonomous vehicle driving performance were evaluated on real road profiles created by digitizing two different intercity express ways of Turkey in IPG© CarMaker® software. The training and validation simulation results demonstrated that eTS fuzzy driver model can be used in product development phase to speed up different tests via realistic simulations. Furthermore eTS fuzzy driver model has an application potential in the field of autonomous driving.