某船用柴油机SCR尿素喷射系统结构参数仿真优化

在建立的SCR系统三维仿真模型基础上,首先通过仿真性能分析,初步确定了尿素喷嘴位置、喷孔直径、喷孔数目及喷射方向等尿素喷射结构参数范围,然后采用正交试验法确定尿素喷射结构参数仿真试验方案。以NO_X转化率为优化目标,通过极差分析和方差分析得到优化的尿素喷射结构参数方案为:喷嘴与催化剂入口距离为7倍管径,喷嘴孔数为6孔,喷嘴孔径为0.6 mm,喷射锥角为30°。     

6135型柴油机SCR催化器结构优化分析

以船用国产6135型柴油机为研究对象。使用AVLBOOST软件建立柴油机模型,添加选择性催化还原仿真装置,研究催化器的长度、体积、孔密度等结构参数对柴油机尾气脱硝率、尾气压降的影响。通过研究发现随着SCR催化器长度的增加,尾气脱硝率和尾气压降同时升高;随着催化器体积的增大,尾气脱硝率逐渐提高而排气压降减少;随着催化器孔密度的增加,尾气脱硝率和尾气压降均上升。     

船用柴油机SCR系统控制策略研究

SCR技术是排气净化的有效措施之一,为满足国际海事组织提出的船用柴油机NOX排放要求,针对某型船用柴油机,开展SCR系统控制策略研究,对尿素理论喷射量进行计算,利用Matlab分别建立催化器、开环控制与闭环控制模型,根据仿真结果对柴油机SCR系统的控制策略进行研究分析。     

某船用柴油机SCR系统混合器结构参数仿真优化

在某船用柴油机SCR反应器及尿素喷射系统结构参数优化的基础上,建立SCR混合器三维仿真模型,研究SCR混合器叶片角度和安装位置对SCR系统的混合均匀性、压力损失、NH₃逃逸、NOx转化率的影响。仿真结果表明：混合器叶片角度为15°、安装位置离喷嘴下游75mm时,可使催化剂进口截面的NH₃分布均匀性系数提高4.5%,NOx转化率提高6%。     

某柴油机SCR系统的设计计算与优化

文中应用STAR—CD对某型柴油机尾气SCR系统不同方案的流动和压力损失、湍动能分布，以及对催化器内部不同方案的化学反应进行了计算与分析．结果表明：综合考虑催化结果和实际安装，4种方案中第2种方案的效果较好．它为同类柴油机采用SCR系统进行NO，的排放控制提供了参考．     

SCR反应器对船用柴油机性能影响仿真分析

以某船用中速柴油机为仿真对象,利用AVL_Boost软件建立带有SCR反应器的整机模型,分析SCR反应器对柴油机性能影响。结果表明,在E3和D2工况下,SCR反应器所产生的压降随转速和负荷率的增大,呈线性化增大。加入SCR反应器对柴油机的经济性和动力性均有所降低,除E3额定况点外,其余工况点降低幅度均小于5%。通过对SCR反应器的仿真分析,可对该型柴油机SCR反应器的选型设计有一定指导意义。     

基于AVL BOOST的柴油机SCR催化剂尺寸优化设计

以潍坊华东6105AZLD型柴油机的选择性催化还原(Selective Catalytic Reduction,SCR)系统为研究对象,以试验数据为基础,利用AVL BOOST软件建立目标柴油机SCR催化剂模型。进行SCR化学反应动力学参数的优化,分析催化剂体积、截面布置形式、孔密度以及布置层数对催化剂性能的影响,最终确定催化剂体积为0.072 m3,截面布置形式为2×2,孔密度为30×30,布置层数为2,每层高度为0.4 m。优化设计后的催化剂脱硝率、压降和氨逃逸率分别为82%,237 Pa,0.007 5‰。     

船舶内装板耐火分隔结构设计与性能研究

设计一种以气凝胶和铝蜂窝材料为主的船舶内装板结构。介绍了船舶內装板耐火分隔定义及设计方法。根据耐火分隔标准试验,设计以电加热板模拟加热炉温升的耐火分隔小尺寸样件模拟试验。根据小样模拟试验原理,建立耐火分隔有限元模型,结果表明,仿真和试验结果较为接近,仿真计算方法可以为耐火分隔结构优化提供手段。通过仿真分析计算,得到船舶内装板中气凝胶的最小厚度为5mm,內装板结构整体重量较50mm厚复合岩棉板轻25%。研究方法可以为新型耐火分隔结构的设计提供参考。     

燃油系统参数匹配优化对船用柴油机性能影响及试验研究

采用试验与仿真结合的方法研究电控化改造对柴油机性能的影响。分别用AMESim和AVL_FIRE仿真软件建立燃油喷射系统模型与柴油机缸内燃烧高压循环模型,以喷油压力为优化目标对喷油参数进行匹配,并将优化结果代入到燃烧模型中计算分析。以优化结果为基础进行台架试验,分析电控化改造对柴油机经济性和排放性的影响。研究结果表明,对于15mm×2.5mm×0.40 mm/°CA×0.30mm×900mm(柱塞直径×油管直径×凸轮型线速率×喷孔直径×油管长度)的组合(试验号8),喷油压力相对于原机提高了40.2%。试验号8的台架试验表明:油耗率有所降低,且在低速低负荷工况下油耗率降低较显著;对于NOx排放,电控化改造后试验号8的NOx排放浓度在负荷特性工况和推进特性工况下相对于原机平均降幅分别在50%以上。     

仿真技术在集装箱码头交通规划中的应用

为保证集装箱码头交通组织畅顺,针对梧州港赤水圩集装箱码头的3个典型事件,基于离散事件系统仿真理论,运用仿真软件WITNESS分别从系统结构和环境输入等2方面进行建模仿真试验。通过分析试验结果,对集装箱码头道路规划和资源配置进行优化。     

Determination of t8/5 cooling times for underwater local dry welding of steel

Knowledge of thermal history is the basic condition for studying the structure - properties of welded joints. The determinant of thermal history is the thermal cycle, whose in-situ measurements are still a big challenge. Water as the welding environment complicates this issue even more. The article presents a method to determine an equation for calculating t_8/5 cooling times for underwater gas metal arc welding of unalloyed steels using the local dry cavity method. The work uses the contact method of temperature measurements with the use of thermocouples to obtain the temperature changes of the points of welded joints covered by the thermal field. On this basis, the values of the t_8/5 cooling times were determined. A regression analysis of the Response Surface Method was used to determine the equation, which resulted in a second-order model with interactions. Statistically significant factors were determined (thickness of welded elements and heat input value) and the model veracity was confirmed as the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance (homoscedasticity) of the residuals were met. The t_8/5 cooling time values depend on the thickness of the welded elements and heat input value in a nonlinear way. In terms of the test conditions, the cooling times ranged from 3.0 to 7.7 s. The equation allowed for the calculation of t_8/5 cooling times during underwater welding of unalloyed steels using the local dry cavity method based on the variability of the experimental conditions with satisfactory accuracy.     

某船用柴油机SCR系统匹配性能试验分析

针对某船用柴油机,在D2试验循环模式下进行原机和加装SCR系统后的性能对比试验,分析SCR反应器在无尿素喷射时对柴油机排气特性和经济性的影响,同时还分析按氮氨比为1∶1进行尿素喷射时SCR系统的工作性能。试验结果表明:柴油机安装SCR系统后,排气背压和排气温度均有所上升;经济性略有下降,额定工况下降低幅度在1%左右;虽然增压器后NOX排气浓度增大,但NOX质量流量下降幅度较大,额定工况下降幅度为12.3%,尿素基本喷射量标定计算应以加装SCR反应器后的柴油机排气参数为依据;NOX加权比排放由原机的12.63 g/k Wh降低到11.52 g/k Wh,降低了8.7%。按氮氨比为1∶1的比例进行尿素喷射时,SCR系统能满足Tire III的NOX排放限值要求。研究结果可为SCR系统设计和尿素喷射量的标定提供一定的指导依据。     

B型独立LNG液货舱漏热量及蒸发率影响因素模拟分析

以50000m~3 B型LNG独立液货舱为研究对象,采用CFD数值模拟方法,建立B型液货舱传热数学模型,确定其边界条件;分析不同绝热层厚度、绝热材料导热系数、舱外环境温度、绝热层破损等因素对液货舱漏热量及蒸发率影响;最后,获取了绝热层破损、绝热材料导热系数和舱外环境温度等因素变化对B型液货舱漏热量及蒸发率的影响规律,为B型独立液货舱绝热设计提供重要的依据。     

A systemic review of shipboard SCR installations in practice

Growing customer demands and more stringent regulations to reduce harmful air emissions from ships have resulted in an increased interest for the installation of shipboard abatement technologies. Specifically, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) was early adopted by several Swedish shipping companies. The potential NO_x reduction efficiency of the SCR is well established, but the practical experiences of shipboard installations have been less documented. This paper reviews from a systems perspective the practical experiences of marine SCR installations in Swedish shipping. The aim is to identify important not only technical but also human and organizational conditions necessary for safe, efficient, and sustainable SCR operations at sea. Further, to investigate to what extent the capabilities and limitations of human operators and maintainers are taken into account in the design and installation phase of the systems. Two focus group interviews (n?=?10) and five individual interviews were held with relevant stakeholders in the industry, following a semi-structured schedule on the themes installation, operation, maintenance, and training. The results show that deficiencies in the overall system design—with a combination of technical issues, maintenance access problems, and untrained operators with inadequate understanding of the SCR process—have led to inefficient, costly, and unsafe operations. It is concluded that installations and operations of marine SCR systems, and possibly other forthcoming abatement technologies, would benefit from the use of traditional ergonomic principles and methods. This would in turn contribute towards increased sustainability and a reduced environmental impact from shipping.     

Study on the maneuverability of a large vessel installed with a mariner type Super VecTwin rudder

The suitability of the Mariner type Super VecTwin rudder (hereinafter, the MSV rudder) for a large vessel is assessed in this article. Several experiments in a maneuvering pond were carried out and their results analyzed and summarized. Free-running tests such as turning, zigzag, and stopping tests were carried out with a 4-m free-running model of a very large crude carrier (VLCC) ship with the MSV rudder and the Mariner rudder. The results were compared to validate the maneuverability of a VLCC-sized a ship installed with the MSV rudder. A mathematical model of an MSV rudder is proposed for maneuvering simulation of a large vessel. To develop a maneuvering simulation for the model ship that was used in the free-running tests, hydrodynamic coefficients were estimated based on Kijima's regression formula. The coefficients of interaction between the hull and rudder (t_R, a_H, x_H) were obtained from a self-propulsion test in a towing tank. The complicated flow around the rudders is simplified to model the flow speed around the rudders. This simplified flow speed is utilized to compare the time histories of the free-running tests with the simulations. The mathematical model of the MSV rudder was further improved using the results of this comparison.     

柴油机氮氧化物排放预测

为了减少柴油机SCR系统标定的试验量，基于NOx转化效率与氨氮摩尔比之间的关系以及法规中NOx比排放的计算规范，探讨预测发动机ETC测试时NOx比排放的方法，试验结果表明该方法比较准确，可以不通过白架试验获得SCR系统标定的效果。     

H∞ control design to include nonlinearities. Second report: nonlinearities in equations of motion

In our first report, a method to deal with the nonlinearity of saturation was proposed. A method of dealing with nonlinearity in equations of motion is proposed in this paper. The nonlinear equations of motion are expressed as variations of linear equations of motion. The nonlinear equations can be linearized around a specific point with a tangential plane or line. Accordingly, nonlinear equations effective in a certain domain can be obtained by variations in this tangential line. A control system with varying elements can be designed using the general H _∞ control theory. As an example, we present a speed and heading changing system for large vessels at low speeds during berthing maneuvers, where the equation will vary during motion. The nonlinearity of the equations is caused by the speeds. The control system is essentially designed to be robust in disturbance and noise. In this example, the saturation in the propeller is also considered using the method proposed in the first report. The results show that the method proposed in this paper is effective. Received: February 20, 2001 / Accepted: December 11, 2001     

纳米MoS2颗粒对海洋平台铝合金钻探管表面微弧氧化膜的性能影响

为了使海洋平台铝合金钻探管具有优异的耐腐蚀性能,试验采用微弧氧化技术,在海洋平台钻探管用2A12铝合金表面制备氧化铝陶瓷膜。本试验研究了纳米颗粒添加量对微弧氧化膜的微观形貌、组织结构和耐腐蚀性的影响。试验得出：MoS₂纳米颗粒添加量对微弧氧化膜的制备影响较大,随着MoS₂纳米颗粒添加量的增加,微弧氧化膜的厚度有增大的趋势,孔径先增大后减小,膜表面越来越致密光滑;随着MoS₂纳米颗粒添加量的增加,微弧氧化膜的耐腐蚀性能提高,当MoS₂纳米颗粒添加量由0.5g/L增加到2g/L时,腐蚀速率由0.00032g.(dm₂)_-1.h_-1降低至0.00024g.(dm₂)_-1.h_-1。