海底管道腐蚀后的剩余强度评价

海底管道通常会因腐蚀而形成各种不同类型的缺陷,影响管道的承载能力和使用寿命。本研究在准确掌握管道缺陷发展情况的基础上,分别根据行业规范和采用有限元方法对海上油田含有腐蚀缺陷的原油管线进行剩余强度评价,判定海底管道修复的必要性和修复的紧迫程度,以确定最终的管线修复方案,可供类似海底管道修复工程参考。     

Propagating buckles in corroded pipelines

Rigid–plastic solutions for the steady-state, quasi-static buckle propagation pressure in corroded pipelines are derived and compared to finite element predictions (ABAQUS). The corroded pipeline is modeled as an infinitely long, cylindrical shell with a section of reduced thickness that is used to describe the corrosion. A five plastic hinge mechanism is used to describe plastic collapse of the corroded pipeline. Closed-form expressions are given for the buckle propagation pressure as a function of the amount of corrosion in an X77 steel pipeline. Buckles that propagate down the pipeline are caused by either global or snap-through buckling, depending on the amount of corrosion. Global buckling occurs when the angular extent of the corrosion is greater than 90°. When the angular extent is less than 90° and the corrosion is severe, snap-through buckling takes place. The buckle propagation pressure and the corresponding collapse modes also compare well to finite element predictions.     

Reliability-based design of subsea light weight pipeline against lateral stability

The application of non-metallic light weight pipeline (LWP) in subsea oil/gas transmission system is subject to subsea pipeline on-bottom stability problem because of their light weight. Additional weight required for the stabilization of subsea LWP is a critical item to consider when decreasing the cost of the pipeline system. This paper presents an effective approach to determine the additional weight by utilizing a reliability-based assessment of subsea LWP against on-bottom stability. In the approach, a dynamic non-linear finite element model (FEM), including a model of fluids-pipe-soil interaction for the subsea pipeline, is used to study the pipeline displacement response. In-place analysis of a flexible pipe is presented as an example of the authors' methodology. Results show that displacements are largely affected with and without considering the lift force. Additionally, the uncertainties of all parameters used in the model are considered. With 145 cases of FEM calculations being the samples, a response surface model (RSM) is developed to predict the pipeline lateral displacement using the software Design-Expert. Combing with the RSM equation, the Monte Carlo simulation method is employed to estimate the probability of exceeding pipeline stability. To calculate the reliability of LWP for different submerged weights, the method introduces a calibrated factor into the serviceability limit state (SLS) function. The proposed approach can be used to determine the additional weight required for the on-bottom stability of subsea pipelines while considering the uncertainties of all relevant parameters.     

Symmetric and anti-symmetric buckle propagation modes in subsea corroded pipelines

Solutions for the steady-state buckle propagation modes and pressures in a corroded pipeline subjected to external hydrostatic pressure are presented. The buckle propagation pressure of a corroded pipeline is obtained analytically with a rigid-plastic analysis and numerically from finite element analysis (ABAQUS). Both the rigid-plastic analysis and ABAQUS program reveal symmetric and anti-symmetric buckling modes, depending on the depth and angular extent of the corrosion. Snap-through and global buckling of the pipeline are also distinguished in both solutions. The rigid-plastic solutions for buckle propagation pressure and corresponding collapse modes are found to be within 15% with numerical solutions.     

Finite element analyses of corroded pipeline with single defect subjected to internal pressure and axial compressive stress

This paper describes the application of finite element method (FEM) and the development of equations to predict the failure pressure of single corrosion affected pipes subjected to internal pressure and axial compressive stress. The finite element analysis (FEA) results were verified against full-scale burst tests and theoretical calculations. Material non-linearity, which allow for large strains and displacements, were considered. In addition, true UTS instead of engineering UTS was used to determine the point of failure. The pipes used in the FEA was modelled based on API 5L X52 modified steel with a length of 2000 mm, a nominal outer diameter of 300 mm, and a nominal wall thickness of 10 mm. The results obtained from FEA were compared to that of existing comprehensive corrosion assessment method, known as DNV-RP-F101. Six equations, utilizing the Buckingham's π theorem and multivariate non-linear regression techniques, were developed for predicting the failure pressure of corroded pipeline with single defect subjected to both internal pressure and axial compressive stress. These equations provide improved failure pressure predictions with good margins of errors (less than 10%).     

含缺陷海底管道横向屈曲理论研究

考虑了初始几何缺陷对管道屈曲临界载荷的影响,基于经典热屈曲理论,推导了平坦海床上裸铺管道横向屈曲临界载荷的理论公式,给出了无限远处管道轴向力的计算公式及临界温度的计算公式。建立了平坦海床上裸铺管道的非线性有限元模型,并将有限元结果与解析结果进行了对比,验证了解析公式的合理性。     

组合应力作用下含腐蚀缺陷海管安全工作压力评价方法

在较高温度和压力作用下,由于土壤的摩擦阻力,海管会产生很大的轴向压力,以及由侧向屈曲引发的弯矩。因此对含腐蚀缺陷管道安全工作压力的评价,须考虑轴向压应力的影响。对目前工程界的评价方法进行对比分析,在内压和轴向压应力组合作用下,含腐蚀缺陷海管的安全压力评价方法还很不完善,尤其是复杂缺陷,目前的规范还不完全适用。通过对许用应力法安全系数的讨论和分析,基于Von Mises准则和有限元分析,提出了组合应力作用下含腐蚀缺陷海管的安全工作压力评价方法。通过该方法对某运行了近三十年的管道进行了安全工作压力的评估,同时考察了轴向压应力对安全工作压力的影响。此方法对应的轴向压应力限值和安全等级以及安全系数相关,当安全等级低时,其值和DNV-RP-F101规范值基本一致,当安全等级高时,其值比DNV-RP-F101规范值大。     

Modelling upheaval buckling in marine buried pipelines by coupling the shear stresses and soft soil stiffness

Buried marine pipelines employed in the Oil & Gas industry are subjected to pressure and temperature gradients, which cand produce local high compression loads leading to the onset of upheaval buckling failure. Upheaval buckling occurs when the localized stresses across the pipeline are high enough to induce constant deformation due to the low soil restriction in the upward direction. Therefore, models to predict upheaval buckling in buried marine pipes caused by high pressure and high temperature (HP/HT) and soil stiffness have been developed based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory (EBT). However, this theory does not consider stresses and strains due to shear stresses which can play an important role in upheaval buckling failure. Therefore, in this work an analytical model that takes into account Engesser-Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) and considers the shear effects on pipelines was developed to predict upheaval buckling in buried marine pipelines. Furthermore, equations that govern vertical buckling of buried pipelines considering a plastic soil with initial imperfection were considered. Analytical results were compared with finite element models of buried pipeline and other models reported in the literature, and it was observed that analytical results fall in the range of those reposted in the literature. It was also observed that the incorporation of shear stresses in buried marine pipelines has low effect on upheaval buckling onset and propagation, but the soil stiffness has a strong influence on upheaval failure in buried marine pipelines.     

含单腐蚀和群腐蚀缺陷高强钢管道失效压力

腐蚀是引起油气管道破坏的重要原因,群腐蚀是常见的缺陷形式。文章基于非线性有限元,对单腐蚀缺陷高强钢油气管道的失效压力进行了分析,回归了单腐蚀管道失效压力计算公式,考虑群腐蚀轴向和环向未腐蚀区域的影响,提出了群腐蚀管道失效压力计算方法,给出了群腐蚀缺陷高强钢管道失效压力计算实例,并与实验结果和有限元计算结果对比分析,证明计算方法的合理性,为复杂腐蚀缺陷高强钢油气管道剩余强度评估提供了参考。     

Laboratory tests and thermal buckling analysis for pipes buried in Bohai soft clay

Upheaval buckling of submarine pipelines occurs due to relative movement of pipeline and surrounding soil and is often triggered by high operational temperature of the pipeline, initial imperfection of the pipeline, or a combination of both. Since buckling can jeopardize the structural integrity of a pipeline, it is a failure mode that should to be taken into account for the design and in-service assessment of trenched and buried offshore pipelines. In this study, a series of vertical (uplift) and axial pullout tests were carried out on model pipe segments buried in soft clay deposit similar to that present in Bohai Gulf, China. Pipe segments with three different diameters (= 30 mm, 50 mm and 80 mm) were buried in different depth-to-diameter ratios ranging from 1 to 8. Based on the results of laboratory tests, nonlinear force–displacement relations are proposed to model soil resistance mobilized during pipeline movement. The proposed nonlinear soil resistance models are employed in finite element analysis of buried pipelines with different amplitudes of initial geometric imperfections. Thermal upheaval buckling behavior of pipelines operating at different temperatures is studied. Results show that the capacity of pipeline against thermal buckling increases with the burial depth and decreases with the amplitude of initial imperfection.     

水下管道连接器设计研究及应用

随着全球海洋石油天然气开发从浅水走向深水,由于潜水员下潜深度有限,海底油气管道的连接必须通过水下机器人代替潜水员完成此项工作。因此各种管道连接技术也越来越多地应用于海洋石油开发中。水下管道连接器作为一种重要的自动安装连接装置,涉及到机械、液压、材料、防腐、密封等各个方面,具有免潜水员操作、安装便捷、可靠性高等特点,可广泛应用于水下油气管道连接。本文对已成功应用于南海某气田中水下采气树跨接管连接的水平机械式管道连接器和水下管汇发球器连接的垂直液压式管道连接器,从密封结构、导向结构、锁紧结构的设计进行了深入的阐述,并在连接器样机型式试验、产品防腐、水下安装等方面也进行了详细的说明。     

海底管道巡检船研发设计

简要介绍自主研发设计的"海底管道巡检船"船型的主要技术性能和技术特点。该船定位为国内首艘海底管道巡检船,搭载专业声学探测装置,抗风浪性能良好,能够持久巡线并应急响应,其各项功能均针对渤海海域海底管道运维需求进行设计,能够保障海底管道安全运营,排除隐患以避免或最大限度降低管道泄漏造成的损失。     

用于预报离岸管线膨胀的简化技术（英文）

In this study, we propose a method for estimating the amount of expansion that occurs in subsea pipelines, which could be applied in the design of robust structures that transport oil and gas from offshore wells. We begin with a literature review and general discussion of existing estimation methods and terminologies with respect to subsea pipelines. Due to the effects of high pressure and high temperature, the production of fluid from offshore wells is typically caused by physical deformation of subsea structures, e.g., expansion and contraction during the transportation process. In severe cases, vertical and lateral buckling occurs,which causes a significant negative impact on structural safety, and which is related to on-bottom stability, free-span, structural collapse, and many other factors. In addition, these factors may affect the production rate with respect to flow assurance, wax, and hydration, to name a few. In this study, we developed a simple and efficient method for generating a reliable pipe expansion design in the early stage, which can lead to savings in both cost and computation time. As such, in this paper, we propose an applicable diagram, which we call the standard dimensionless ratio(SDR) versus virtual anchor length(LA) diagram, that utilizes an efficient procedure for estimating subsea pipeline expansion based on applied reliable scenarios. With this user guideline,offshore pipeline structural designers can reliably determine the amount of subsea pipeline expansion and the obtained results will also be useful for the installation, design, and maintenance of the subsea pipeline.     

Welding-induced residual stresses and distortions of butt-welded corroded and intact plates

The welding-induced residual stresses and distortions of butt-welds between non-corroded and corroded steel plates are studied experimentally and numerically, simulating a repair in an aged structure. Butt welds are made between plates with different corrosion levels and intact ones, and temperature distributions and distortions have been measured. Finite element analyses of the butt-welded corroded and non-corroded plates are performed to estimate the welding-induced distortions and residual stresses for different levels of corrosion degradation. The environmental conditions during the welding repair process are also accounted for. Experimentally evaluated mechanical properties of corroded steel plates as a function of the temperature during the welding process are employed in non-linear finite element analyses. The importance of the material properties as a function of the severity of the steel plates' corrosion degradation on the welding-induced distortions and residual stresses is also quantified. This study shows the importance of considering the ageing of steel in the repair process. The developed methodology allows critical operational decisions to be made with greater ease and confidence in analysing the welding-induced distortions and residual stresses when ageing structures are repaired to extend their service life. Furthermore, different welding sequence scenarios may be analysed to identify the most appropriate repair solution in minimising the repair cost.     

Simplified Technique for Predicting Offshore Pipeline Expansion

In this study, we propose a method for estimating the amount of expansion that occurs in subsea pipelines, which could be applied in the design of robust structures that transport oil and gas from offshore wells. We begin with a literature review and general discussion of existing estimation methods and terminologies with respect to subsea pipelines. Due to the effects of high pressure and high temperature, the production of fluid from offshore wells is typically caused by physical deformation of subsea structures, e.g., expansion and contraction during the transportation process. In severe cases, vertical and lateral buckling occurs, which causes a significant negative impact on structural safety, and which is related to on-bottom stability, free-span, structural collapse, and many other factors. In addition, these factors may affect the production rate with respect to flow assurance, wax, and hydration, to name a few. In this study, we developed a simple and efficient method for generating a reliable pipe expansion design in the early stage, which can lead to savings in both cost and computation time. As such, in this paper, we propose an applicable diagram, which we call the standard dimensionless ratio (SDR) versus virtual anchor length (L_A) diagram, that utilizes an efficient procedure for estimating subsea pipeline expansion based on applied reliable scenarios. With this user guideline, offshore pipeline structural designers can reliably determine the amount of subsea pipeline expansion and the obtained results will also be useful for the installation, design, and maintenance of the subsea pipeline.     

非线性管土耦合条件下悬跨管道涡激振动响应时域预报

海底悬跨管道与海床耦合呈现高度非线性,使得发展一种时域预报方法成为需要.文章运用有限元法对输液张紧悬跨管道进行空间离散,并应用Facchinetti等改进的尾流振子模型和切片假定模拟每个有限单元上的涡激振动水动力,发展了一种悬跨管道-海床-流场多场耦合的非线性时域预报方法.在合理选取尾流振子模型附加水动力阻尼参数的基础上,时域预报了线性、理想塑性和张力截断弹簧模型下悬跨管道的涡激振动响应.研究结果表明,基于尾流振子的时域预报方法能够合理地描述非线性管土耦合边界下VIV响应;非线性边界条件下,锁定产生的最大响应幅值低于线性结果.     

柴油机耐压排气管段材料优选及结构优化设计分析

考虑到在保证耐压排气管段的承压能力和耐腐蚀性能的前提下尽可能降低管段的重量是潜艇柴油机排气系统耐压管段材料优选及结构优化设计的主要目标,针对多种材料配套体系和多结构设计方案,用有限元计算方法对耐压排气管段的强度分布及稳定性进行计算分析,提出材料优选和结构优化设计方案,形成柴油机排气系统耐压管段材料优选和结构优化设计准则。     

Predictive analyses of the integrity of corroded pipelines based on concepts of structural reliability and Bayesian inference

In this paper, structural reliability concepts are used in conjunction with limit state functions proposed in the Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F101 (2010) to evaluate the probability of failure of corroded pipelines during their lifetimes. The model takes into account the natural spread of material properties, geometric and operational parameters, and the uncertainties associated with the sizing of eventual corrosion defects. Bayesian reliability concepts are used to estimate the evolution of a pre-defined distribution of defects obtained, for instance, from an inspection campaign. By comparing the predicted probability of failure with the reliability acceptance criteria, the operator can schedule defect repairs and establish inspection intervals with more confidence. This proposed methodology can provide the basis to develop a risk based maintenance strategy of pipeline systems.     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土大偏心受压柱的数值模拟

基于锈蚀钢筋混凝土偏心受压构件承载力试验研究结果,运用ANSYS有限元分析软件,对锈蚀钢筋混凝土大偏心构件进行分析,通过温度场模拟钢筋锈蚀作用,得到锈蚀构件破坏特征及承载力随锈蚀程度的变化规律。经对比试验结果,该有限元模型数值计算与试验结果能较好吻合,温度场模拟钢筋锈蚀较理想。对不同直径钢筋影响受压柱承载力和裂缝分布规律进一步分析,结果表明:同等条件下,随着钢筋直径增加,钢筋锈胀力减小,裂缝开裂分布区域发生变化。     

基于有限元法的海底管道埋深计算

基于有限元分析程序ANSYS/LS-DYNA分析应急抛锚贯入海床的动态响应过程,并分析不同锚重、水深、抛锚高度、海底底质等因素对锚在海床中贯入量的影响,最终确定锚机影响作用下管道的最佳安全埋深。