我国部分港口规划存在的环境问题分析及对策建议

“十五”期间,我国港口建设飞速发展,港口吞吐能力大幅增加,但仍难以满足港口物流、客流的需求。“十一五”时期,我国港口交通仍将快速发展,如何体现“预防优先,保护为主”的环境政策,协调港口发展与环境保护之间的关系,是我国各港口总体规划亟待解决的问题。本文从目前港口总体规划入手,分析其存在的环境问题,并提出解决这些问题的对策和建议。     

浅谈港口建筑环境艺术

阐述了环境艺术在港口设计中的作用，并从总体规划到建筑单体，研讨了港口环境设计的方法论。     

上海港船舶引航风险的分析与预控

船舶引航本身就是一种具有高风险的工作,而上海港船舶通航密度和环境的特点使该港引航的难度和风险更为严重和突出.根据上海港船舶航行区域和引航操作的实际情况,介绍了上海港引航风险的分析的方法与内容,论述了近年来上海港因通航密度过大、码头泊位外移和引航人员难以满足被引船舶数量剧增等因素而带来的风险;根据上海港引航风险分析所得到的结论、结合港口引航安全操作的需求,有针对性地提出了上海港引航风险的预控方法与措施.     

港口石油仓储企业HAZOP分析应用实践

为提升港口石油仓储企业风险管控的系统性、科学性,采用危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP分析)方法对卸油、装油、搅拌、倒罐等生产工艺进行风险辨识、评价和控制。不同专业、不同岗位的人员以"头脑风暴"的方式共同参与分析,全面系统地辨识生产工艺风险,科学量化风险评价,合理审查安全措施的充分性、有效性。在舟山某港口石油仓储企业的应用结果表明,该风险分析方法能够精准实现风险分级管控,有效加强港口石油仓储企业的安全管理。     

新形势下的内河港口总体规划编制

为使内河港口总体规划编制适应新形势,分析我国高质量发展、交通强国建设、国土空间体系建立、行业治理能力提升等对港口总体规划编制的要求,提出内河港口总体规划的编制要点：注重港口与城市、产业的相互关系研究,注重港口空间布局方案的合理性研究,注重港口资源利用效率研究。     

新时代沿海港口总体规划方向与对策

正随着新时代政策、经济、社会、技术的变革,港口总体规划的关注内容与重点也发生变化;同时《全国沿海港口布局规划》正在修订,后续沿海各市港口总体规划也将逐步展开新一轮修订党的十八大以来,我国沿海港口大型化、专业化、智能化水平不断提升,已经跻身世界港口建设先进行列。在这个发展历程中,港口总体规划见证着港口的发展与成长,成为港口发展的领航人与指路人。随着新时代政策、经济、社会、技术的变革,港口总体规划的关注内容与重点也发生变化,同时《全国沿海港口布局规划》正在修订,后续沿海各市港口总体规划也将逐步展开新一轮修订。在这一背景下,有必要讨论今后一个时期港口总体规划的重点与方向,为后续开展相关工作提供参考。     

新时期港口总体规划关键内容编制思路创新研究

港口总体规划属于国土空间规划体系中的专项规划，其核心作用是研究和明确港口资源空间开发与保护的合理方案，促进港口资源的有序开发和有效保护，并为自然资源部门开展国土空间规划、统筹协调相关行业的空间需求提供基础。《港口规划管理规定》《港口总体规划编制内容及文本格式》自2007年前后施行以来，有效指导了一批港口总体规划的编制工作。新的历史时期，国家及区域重大战略相继实施，国土空间规划体系、国家综合立体交通网等加速构建，均对港口总体规划提出了新的要求。以北部湾港、天津港等港口为例，对新时期港口总体规划的编制任务、研究思路、指导思想、规划原则、现状评价、性质功能、岸线利用、港区划分、功能分工、空间布局等内容均进行了有益探讨，结合时代要求，提出了上述港口总体规划关键内容的创新研究思路，为新时期更加与时俱进地编制港口总体规划提供技术参考。     

基于决策过程的港口总体规划环境影响评价研究

对港口总体规划的编制过程进行了深入分析,识别了可能对环境产生显著影响的决策环节,提出了相应的环境影响信号,以期在规划编制初期就将这些环境影响信号予以考虑,从而从源头上控制环境污染和生态破坏等环境问题的产生,为我国即将开始的"十二五"港口总体规划编制提供参考,同时为其它战略决策的制定提供借鉴.     

港口规划评价方法研究

本文基于新发展理念，将层次分析法和模糊综合评价法融合，建立一种定性定量相结合的港口总体规划方案评价模型，进一步完善港口总体规划方案评价理论，使港口总体规划编制更具科学性和规范性。并以我国某重要港口的总体规划为例进行了实证研究，用评价模型对该方案进行了综合评价，取得了方案评价结果。本评价模型基于专家经验和定量分析而建立，可用于单方案编制的评价，还可对同一港口总体规划进行多个方案对比，也可对不同港口总体规划方案进行评分和比较，得出港口总体规划多层面的比较，从而有利于提高港口规划编制水平。     

落实绿色发展理念的港口空间规划实践——以北部湾港总体规划为例

以北部湾港总体规划编制为例，探讨绿色发展理念融入港口总体规划各方面和全过程的思路和方法。在岸线利用规划中充分考虑环境敏感区的避让和远离；结合绿色发展等原则，提出分层次的港区布局体系；在重要货类运输系统布局中加强生态环境因素的考量；基于减缓环境影响、提高资源利用效率等原则，优化港口平面布置方案；在集疏运方案规划中注重协调港口与城市交通组织以及运输结构调整；在环境保护章节中加强绿色港口发展指引。研究思路可为新时期新发展理念下的港口总体规划编制提供参考和借鉴。     

一种适用于港口的节能环保空调系统设计

地源热泵是一种利用浅层地能的空调系统,具有节能、环保、高效等优点,已逐步得到推广。简要介绍地源热泵的工作原理,针对港口的实际特点,提出一种适宜港口应用的空调系统设计方案,并分析采用地源热泵空调系统的经济性。     

Environmental assessment in the Prc: Third phase of the Qinhuangdao coal port

Abstract

The use of environmental impact assessment (EIA) is relatively recent in the People's Republic of China (PRC). China is committed to a reversal of the environmental degradation resulting from its industrialization and the central government has initiated a requirement for environmental planning and assessment for large development projects. Today large scale harbor developments are subject to the requirements of the National Environmental Protection Law (1979) and the Marine Environmental Law (1982). Because the third phase expansion of the coal port of Qinhuangdao would increase the ports’ capacity to handle coal by 30 to 50 million tons, an EIA was required.

Since 1981, the Environment and Policy Institute of the East‐West Center (EWC), Honolulu, has had a program of research focusing on the environmental impacts of coal transportation. On the basis of workshops in China that centered on the problems associated with planning coal transportation projects, the Ministry of Communications of the PRC invited the EWC to participate in the environmental assessment for the third phase coal port expansion at Qinhuangdao. A 10‐member team with specialities in environmental assessment and port environmental problems from five countries representing the EWC worked with a 25‐member team from four different agencies of the PRC Ministry of Communications.

This article describes the environmental regulations in the PRC that affect this harbor expansion, discusses the process by which the EWC assisted the PRC in the preparation of the environmental assessment and evaluates the assessment product against PRC regulations and U.S. standards. The most important contribution of the EWC was the provision of guidelines adapted from the EIA experience in several countries which will assist the PRC in the environmental evaluation of future pon expansion projects.     

Environmental efficiency measures for ports: an application of RAM-Tobit-RAM with undesirable outputs

In this paper, the environmental efficiency of the ports is measured. Labour, fund and infrastructure input are selected as the inputs, container throughput, cargo throughput and main business income are selected as the outputs, CO₂ emission is chosen as the undesirable output. A new model—RAM-Tobit-RAM (Range Adjusted Measure) with undesirable outputs is built to evaluate the environmental efficiency. Ten Chinese ports from 2004 to 2013 are taken as the samples to verify its rationality. The results suggest that it is not necessarily beneficial for environmental efficiency to expand the port scale.     

Socioeconomic Conditions and Perceptions of Environmental Risks in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

This study investigates the effects of sociodemographic and economic status on the differences in environmental awareness, risk perception, and stewardship of the Mekong Delta residents based on a survey conducted in person with 1,006 households across the delta system. Spatial visualization and a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) were performed on the survey results to discover underlying factors of the participants' responses. The study results revealed that public environmental awareness in the Mekong Delta is still limited. The level of environmental awareness, risk perception, and understanding of stewardship of local people varies by location. Furthermore, how the Mekong Delta dwellers perceive environmental risks and behave toward environmental protection is unlikely to be influenced by their demographic profiles. However, they are significantly affected by the economic status including income levels and sources. Poor economic status was found to significantly hamper pro-environmental behavior of Mekong Delta people regardless of their knowledge of environmental degradation and the related consequences. These findings provide key information to assist policymakers in developing a successful and sustainable disaster risk reduction mitigation plan for the Mekong Delta region. The implications may also be applicable for other coastal zones, which are composed of similar sociodemographic, economic, and environmental conditions.     

青岛港前湾集装箱港区总体规划探讨

介绍青岛港前湾港区的现状和发展集装箱港区的必要性,阐述总体规划修编的主要内容,探讨港池的合理宽度。     

Environmental risk evaluation criteria

This paper describes an approach to incorporating environmental risk evaluation criteria within IMO’s guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA). Such criteria are currently absent from FSA, and the discussion to include them has just started. Said criteria are relevant for evaluating on a cost-benefit basis Risk Control Options (RCOs) for reducing oil spill pollution risk. Oil pollution may comefrom any ship, including bunker spills from non-tank vessels. RCOs are not necessarily ship-based, and may include vessel traffic management information systems (VTMIS) and other options. The proposed approach may be useful in extending FSA to cover environmental risk evaluation criteria and combines such criteria with criteria already in use in FSA. It can also readily be extended to environmental consequences other than oil pollution. Recent IMO developments on this matter are also reported.     

唐山港曹妃甸港区某煤码头堆场封闭大棚设计

为了解决煤码头堆场煤尘问题,唐山港曹妃甸港区某煤码头堆场采用封闭大棚,项目建成投入使用后,产生了很好的抑制煤尘外溢的环保效果.封闭大棚建设方案可适用于通用码头煤堆场和专业化码头堆场,有效替代现阶段的防风网抑尘设施,控制粉尘污染效果明显,能极大改善和保护环境,环保效益特别显著,可使企业每年免缴大额排污费.     

曹妃甸中区一港池口门拓宽方案研究

曹妃甸中区一港池是曹妃甸港区的重要作业区,港池内已建有20万t级泊位,现状航道等级规模为10万t级,限制了整个港池的发展,而航道等级的提升,口门尺度成为了最重要的制约因素。考虑到港池内的掩护效果,本文提出了在不拆除既有防波堤的前提下,口门位置处的拓宽改造方案,并结合模型试验,验证口门改造方案的合理性。     

利用数学模型进行港内长周期波浪风险分析

针对港内长周期波风险问题,使用MIKE 21 BW模型建立了港内波浪传播数学模型。模型的构建使用了白噪谱和天然波况作为入射波浪条件。基于白噪谱的模拟结果,使用数字滤波技术分析了港池固有共振周期,并给出了相应共振周期下的水面高程和能量密度分布;基于天然波况的模拟结果,提取了泊位处的波高时间序列,以30 s为界限,分离出了长周期波。以西非某港为例,探讨了港池的长波风险,模拟结果可作为港池布局的参考依据。     

基于实用LCA的绿色江海直达船型环境负荷分析与方案比选

提出应用于船舶的实用化LCA方法,构建环境评价指数CE,通过不确定性分析计算500 TEU江海直达集装箱船及其改进方案的环境影响。计算结果表明:原船型方案在船舶营运阶段产生的环境影响最大,采用LNG双燃料发动机和超规范干舷设计的船型方案能显著提高该船型的环保性。