基于有限元法的小水线面双体船结构优化

小水线面双体船结构复杂,需要有效的工具对其进行优化设计,在满足强度刚度要求的情况下控制结构重量.本文利用优化软件Altair.OptiStruct、Msc.Nastran、iSIGHT对一艘小水线面双体船结构进行了尺寸优化、形状优化、和拓扑优化.结构优化基于有限元法完成,以结构重量作为目标函数,结构应力作为约束条件.优化结果表明,通过选择适当的设计变量,能够在结构应力不超过规定上限的条件下使结构重量显著降低并达到最小值.     

超大型浮体模块水弹性响应和结构强度分析

水弹性方法针对超大型浮体的刚度特点,充分考虑了结构变形与流体运动的相互作用,是进行结构安全性分析的有效手段。文章采用水弹性分析方法研究了超大型浮体单模块总体波浪载荷以及结构应力响应。首先基于三维有限元方法分析了模块在真空中的总振动模态,然后结合模态叠加法和边界元法计算了模块在流场里面的谐振和模态响应。在此基础上,研究了各模态下结构的应力响应以及总应力响应,并分析了危险载荷工况,评估了超大型浮体单模块的结构强度,研究结果对超大型浮体单模块结构优化设计和安全性评估具有一定的指导意义。     

Development of simplified method for prediction of structural response of stiffened plates under explosion loads

During their lifetime, marine structures may be exposed to accidental loadings such as from collisions or explosions, as well as environmental loadings such as from slamming, sloshing and green water. Such loadings can cause damage to structures. Therefore, to minimize such damage, advanced and robust design guidelines should be formulated. Among those loads, in this study, explosions imparting an impulsive pressure loading containing a rapid increase in pressure and a short duration that can cause serious casualties, property losses, and marine pollution were considered. In this paper, a practical and robust method for damage assessment of marine structures exposed to explosion loads based on a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system and numerical simulations is proposed. The SDOF method was improved by introduction of new and better idealization resistance for the system and consideration of the effect of strain-rate, and subsequently was verified by a numerical method developed using the commercial ABAQUS software package. The numerical method was itself validated by comparison with relevant pulse pressure test data available in the open literature (good correlation was shown). Based on the validated numerical models, a rigorous parametric study of the structural response of stiffened plates having actual scantlings of offshore structures was performed. The numerically obtained maximum deformations were compared with the results from the improved SDOF method in a parametric study, and the variation of both methods was verified. Finally, simple yet accurate and reliable formulations for prediction of structural response were empirically derived. These formulations are expected to be usefully employed as a first-hand tool for prediction of damage extent of marine structures (including offshore structures) due to explosion loads.     

Simulation-based fatigue crack management of ship structural details applied to longitudinal and transverse connections

It is of continuing importance for ship structural design to establish a system to compute the growth behavior of fatigue cracks propagating in structural details. In the present paper, a simulation program is developed for multiple fatigue cracks propagating in a three-dimensional stiffened panel structure, where it can predict fatigue crack lives and paths by taking into account the interaction of multiple cracks, load shedding during crack propagation and welding residual stress. Various fatigue crack propagations in longitudinal stiffeners of ship structures are investigated by both the present simulation method and experiments. From these results, it is found that the crack propagation may considerably change, depending on the loading conditions, structural details and residual stress distributions. This means that one could possibly manage to avoid fatal damage of the skin-plate by properly designing the structural details. Furthermore, these results may imply a possibility to realize a rational fatigue crack management if one can estimate the fatigue crack-propagation behavior during the ship lifecycle. The present simulation program may offer a useful numerical tool for this purpose.     

饱和冲量及其等效方法在舱室内爆炸中的应用

[目的]对于受到爆炸脉冲载荷冲击作用的船体结构,基于饱和冲量现象的相关研究表明,仅根据最大载荷幅值和脉冲总冲量来设计船体结构是不合理的,需探究工程应用中的饱和冲量现象。[方法]首先,总结饱和冲量概念的提出及研究发展;然后,以舱室内爆炸为典型算例,分析内爆炸载荷的曲线特性及结构响应特征;最后,基于饱和等效方法将复杂的内爆炸载荷等效为矩形脉冲载荷,采用理论及数值方法对等效载荷进行计算。[结果]结果表明:在舱室内爆炸准静态超压情况下普遍存在饱和冲量现象,实际工程应用中爆炸载荷会对结构造成较大的塑性变形,通常超过10倍板厚;而运用基于饱和冲量的等效方法分析,所得结果与数值仿真结果的误差小于10%。[结论]运用此方法可更准确地得出结构塑性动力响应结果,在结构抗冲击设计优化时,还可减少繁琐的复杂非线性数值计算,使设计更高效。     

Strength of ship plates under combined loading

Strength of ship plates plays a significant role in the ultimate strength analysis of ship structures. In recent years several authors have proposed simplified analytical methods to calculate the ultimate strength of unstiffened plates. The majority of these investigations deal with plates subjected to longitudinal compression only. For real ship structural plating, the most general loading case is a combination of longitudinal stress, transverse stress, shear stress and lateral pressure. In this paper, the simplified analytical method is generalized to deal with such combined load cases. The obtained results indicate that the simplified analytical method is able to determine the ultimate strength of unstiffened plates with imperfections in the form of welding-induced residual stresses and geometric deflections subjected to combined loads. Comparisons with experimental results show that the procedure has sufficient accuracy for practical applications in design.     

Experimental and numerical modelling of ductile crack propagation in large-scale shell structures

This paper presents a combined experimental–numerical procedure for development and calibration of macroscopic crack propagation criteria in large-scale shell structures. A novel experimental set-up is described in which a mode-I crack can be driven 400 mm through a 20(+) mm thick plate under fully plastic and controlled conditions. The test specimen can be deformed either in combined in-plane bending and extension or in pure extension. Experimental results are described for 5 and 10 mm thick aluminium and steel plates. By performing an inverse finite-element analysis of the experimental results where the simulated crack growth is forced to correspond to the experimental observations, empirical criteria for ductile crack propagation emerge very clearly. Using the experiments with edge crack specimens (ECS) in combined in-plane bending and extension, crack propagation criteria are developed for steel and aluminium plates, mainly as curves showing the critical element deformation versus the shell element size. These derived crack propagation criteria are then validated against a separate set of experiments considering centre crack specimens (CCS) which have a different crack-tip constraint. The applicability of the often-used equivalent strain criterion is discussed versus a more rationally based criterion which takes into account the stress tri-axiality. A large-scale grounding experiment is also simulated showing very good agreement with measurements. The performance of the proposed model is in general good and it is believed that the presented results and experimental–numerical calibration procedure can be of use in practical finite-element simulations of collision and grounding events with the use of shell elements. As discussed, the paper provides a clean framework for further development of macroscopic crack propagation criteria in large-scale plate structures.     

Multi-scale modeling of fatigue crack propagation applied to random sequence of clustered loading

Fatigue crack propagation in marine structures is obviously governed by mechanics of the considerably different four levels of multi-scale problems. Problems of structural response to environmental loads have length scale of several hundred meters, whereas possible detectable size of cracks from initial defects in a weld is of the order of millimeters. Once a fatigue crack initiates, crack tip plasticity is of the order of several grain sizes, while the resulting fatigue crack growth in each load cycle is of the order of nanometers. In our previous work, the first author and their associates have developed the so-called CP-System, which can treat the first two multi-level problems as an integrated system. Furthermore, we have incorporated the third level of mechanics by using the stress intensity range corresponding to the repeated tensile plastic deformation ahead of the crack tip. In the present paper, we shall discuss a more rational integral equation-based formulation in order to integrate the third and fourth levels of micro-mechanics to the first two levels of continuum mechanics.The method is then applied to fatigue crack propagation under the effects of random sequence of clustered loading. As an example of the random sequence of clustered load, we shall use the so-called “storm model”. In the crack propagation simulation, we have to take into account of the plastic wake on the crack surfaces, whose thicknesses are influenced by the material parameters involved in the crack growth model. These parameters are first identified by the fatigue tests under combined constant and random loading using a CT specimen. Then, fatigue crack growth is investigated by numerical simulation and fatigue tests for various random sequences of clustered loading. The experimental and numerical results agree quite well with each other, and fatigue crack propagation is found to be considerably retarded under random sequence loading, so that the conventional equivalent stress approach may provide rather conservative results to the real seaway loading.     

基于剪流分布规律的节点力加载方式在船体结构有限元分析中的应用

船体结构强度评估是船舶建造与设计过程中的重要环节.本文在总结研究现有的船体结构有限元分析加载方式的基础上,提出基于剪流分布规律的节点力加载方式.对于为模拟船体梁载荷而在各剖面处施加的集中力以及为进行强度计算需在各剖面处施加的调整载荷,使用本文方法将其离散至单元网格节点处并于与加载,得到的结果符合船体梁弯曲时的应力分布规律,这对于正确进行船体结构强度评估具有重要意义.给出适用于计算机实施的规格化加载过程,以实现船体结构有限元分析的自动加载过程.     

肋骨许用应力对环肋圆柱壳结构设计的影响

[目的]旨在研究不同肋骨的许用应力对圆柱壳结构设计的影响.[方法]采用全因子试验设计和信息熵方法,建立基于综合裕度的环肋圆柱壳多目标优化模型,并利用宽容度排序法对建立的多目标优化模型进行优化求解,以及通过改变肋骨许用应力安全系数,分析肋骨许用应力对圆柱壳各属性均匀度的影响.[结果]结果表明,圆柱壳肋骨应力为主要设计约束...     

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation under biaxial tensile loadings with phase differences

Fatigue crack propagation under the biaxial tensile loading, which loading directions are normal and parallel to the initial crack position, is highlighted in this study. Most of in-service structures and vessels are subjected to many types of loading. Generally, these loadings have different axial components with different phases. However, the structural integrities of structures and vessels are evaluated according to design codes based on theoretical and experimental investigations under a uniaxial loading condition. Most of these codes are based on the S–N curves approach. An approach that does not use S–N curves has been favored by researchers, with the fracture mechanics approach preferred for evaluating the fatigue life of structures. An advanced fracture mechanics approach was developed based on the Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating (RPG) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation. In this study, fatigue crack propagation tests under biaxial loading with six different phase and loading conditions are performed and the effect of the phase difference under biaxial loading is evaluated. A numerical simulation method of fatigue crack propagation based on the RPG stress criterion under different biaxial loading phase conditions is presented and compared to measured data.     

Comparison of different structural stress approaches for fatigue assessment of welded ship structures

The structural stress approach, which considers the stress increase due to the structural configuration, allows the fatigue strength assessment of welded ship structures with various geometries on the basis of an S–N curve depending only on the type of weld. However, a unique definition and the numerical calculation of the structural stresses are problematic, which has resulted in the development of different variants of the approach. These are discussed and compared with each other in the present paper. The application to three examples shows the variation and differences in the analysed stresses and predicted fatigue lives, which are compared with those derived from fatigue tests.     

Determination of structural stress for fatigue assessment of welded aluminum ship details

The main objective of this paper has been to review and to verify already published hot-spot stress extrapolation procedures for plate structures, and to develop and verify a new and general method for the structural stress extrapolation to be used together with a hot-spot design S-N curve for aluminum ship structures. The proposed extrapolation method has been based on the asymptotic behavior of the stresses adjacent to an idealized notch (‘singularity’). On basis of the fatigue test S-N data obtained in this study, relevant S-N curves to be used together with a proposed extrapolation procedure and with already published extrapolation methods have been suggested. A hot-spot design S-N curve with a characteristic strength of 32 was suggested as a suitable choice for the fatigue assessment of profile ground fillet welded stiffener/bracket connections while a design hot-spot design S-N curve with a characteristic strength of 25 was suggested for as-welded stiffener/bracket connections.     

The intelligent use of finite element methods

The structural analysis based on application of numerical methods used in the solution of complex structural problems, when applied correctly, is a powerful tool leading to rational structural design of ships. This paper discusses the practicalities of its application and indicates that in order to achieve the stated objective, the following are essential pre-requisites: a) full understanding of the problem; b) ability to solve the problem using currently available methods; and c) ability to interpret the results of the analysis correctly. Whilst there is still a lot of discussion on whether the structural analysis represents a structural design or a structural verification tool, the view expressed in this paper is that the structural analysis should mainly be used in the latter context. This means that a sound engineering solution ought to be established in the first phase of the analysis and used as a basis. The final results will then only be used to perfect the structural detail and modify the areas where rapid stress gradients occur. Any other approach would invariably require repetitive, time consuming and costly iterations which under normal circumstances may prove to be counter-productive. This paper presents a few examples of practical application, the methodology of achieving the solution and the way of interpreting the results.     

一种复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法

风暴模型是Tomita等提出的用来评估船舶结构疲劳强度的一种随机波浪载荷简化模型,它能表达波浪载荷是与时间相关的随机过程。文中介绍了风暴模型及波浪诱导应力短期分布的基本特征。将风暴模型和裂纹扩展率单一曲线模型及焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法结合起来,探讨了复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法。并用权函数法计算了给定残余应力分布的表面裂纹应力强度因子。预报了对接焊接接头焊趾处表面裂纹在风暴波浪载荷作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,结果表明风暴的大小、顺序,初始裂纹尺寸及残余应力对裂纹扩展行为影响明显。合理的风暴模型参数及初始裂纹尺寸的确定对船舶结构的疲劳寿命预报是非常重要的。     

矿砂船舱口间甲板结构的可靠性评估

文章针对一艘舱口间甲板发生屈曲破坏的矿砂船,对其舱口间甲板结构进行横向压缩强度分析和可靠性评估。为建立一套初步的可靠性评估方法,首先,采用半解析公式计算舱口间甲板结构在不同破坏模式下的压缩极限强度,其最小值即为结构的临界应力,为强度评估提供依据。其次,基于改进的一次二阶矩法编写FOR⁃TRAN子程序,计算结构的可靠性指标,建立了基于舱口间甲板的横向压缩强度的可靠性分析程序。综合评估结果表明,舱口间甲板结构的强度储备不足以抵抗外部载荷,屈曲破坏发生起始于檐板和舱口间甲板,这与目标船的事故分析报告中的屈曲现象吻合。根据舱口间甲板结构的强度和可靠性评估结果,采取三种加强方案,权衡结构安全因子和结构重量从而得出较优的修复加强方案。     

无粘结柔性管抗拉伸层结构分析

柔性管抗拉伸层是复杂的空间螺旋线结构,其结构响应分析对柔性管疲劳分析、强度分析和屈曲分析有重要作用。文章基于曲梁理论,应用斜驶螺旋线假设和测地线假设两种空间曲线公式,以空间细长杆理论及胡克定律本构方程为基础,采用格林应变张量与第二Kirchoff应力张量度量,对深海无粘结柔性管抗拉伸层螺旋形钢缆结构平衡方程进行了推导,编写了分析程序。利用该程序,分析了抗拉伸层钢缆在轴对称载荷下和弯矩作用下的曲率变化和结构响应;同时利用三维直梁有限元模型与曲梁有限元模型建立数值模型,将程序结果与数值模拟模型结果进行了对比,证明了结果可行性。该结果可为柔性管抗拉伸层结构设计提供快速的预估计方法。     

Full-scale fatigue tests of ship structures to validate the S–N approaches for fatigue strength assessment

Ships belong to those welded structures which are prone to fatigue due to high cyclic loads. Different approaches exist for the fatigue strength assessment which are varying between the industrial sectors. Therefore, deeper fatigue strength investigations were performed in Germany within an industry-wide joint research project aiming at the harmonization of the approaches. Regarding ship structures, two types were selected for full-scale tests. The first concerned web frame corners being typical for roll-on/roll-off ships (ro/ro) ships, from which three models were tested under constant amplitude loading. The second type was the intersection between longitudinals and transverse web frames, which recently showed fatigue failures in containerships. Five models were tested, three under constant and two under variable amplitude loading. All tests showed a relatively long crack propagation phase after first cracks had appeared, calling for a reasonable failure criterion. For the numerical analysis, the structural hot-spot stress as well as the effective notch stress approach have been applied. The latter allows the consideration of the weld shape which could partly explain differences in the observed and calculated failure behaviour. Another factor is the distribution of welding-induced residual stresses, which obviously affected the failure behaviour in the web frame corner as well. Insofar the investigations give a good insight into the strength behaviour of complex welded structures and into current problems and opportunities offered by numerical analyses.     

在ANSYS中开发用响应面法求解结构可靠度的专用程序

ANSYS用于对结构作概率分析,可求得复杂结构的可靠度.但ANSYS采用的随机变量分布类型中无极值型分布,而工程结构所承受的实际载荷大多为极值型分布.为处理此类情形,该文用ANSYS自带的二次开发工具APDL语言开发了用响应面法求解结构可靠度的专用程序.与ANSYS的另一开发工具UPDFs相比,文中开发的程序完全独立于ANSYS核心程序,不用对其修改,不会影响其稳定性,故适用范围更广.为了方便使用,文中用VB程序编制了输入随机变量的类型及控制参数的交互界面,并自动生成可用于ANSYS以Batch mode方式运行所需的控制文件.对于计算中各随机变量相应设计点的变动过程,特别是非正态变量在验算点处的当量正态化,用AutoCAD中Visual LISP语言编制了相应的显示程序,部分实现了计算过程的可视化.     

基于奇异强度理论的疲劳特性评估方法

疲劳是海洋结构物破坏的重要因素,为简化舰船结构疲劳评估方法,基于线弹性断裂力学和切口应力强度理论,针对典型薄板结构研究拐角节点处的应力强度,分析结构形式,利用ANSYS有限元模拟和MathCAD函数拟合,分别给出计算应力强度因子的＂奇异权函数法＂和＂奇异等效裂纹法＂的研究方法,同时给出简便算法和经验公式。进而应用Paris裂纹扩展法则进行结构奇异强度疲劳特性评估,并结合S-N曲线分析拐角节点处的应力集中,得到与结构尺寸相关的＂奇异应力集中系数＂函数。最后,针对切口应力,提出有限元分析所需要的＂奇异应力等效取值点＂的参考位置。希望能将奇异强度理论纳入船舶结构疲劳强度校核规范中做参考。