渤海冬季冰区锚泊与航行安全的研究

文中分析了渤海冰况,冰况的特征以及海冰漂移等影响因素,解析海冰对船舶锚泊和航行会出现的问题,最后,结合工作实际,从船舶进入冰区的准备工作,航行和锚泊的注意事项,以及冰困的应急措施进行探讨。     

中国北方海域冰区航行船舶风险评估预警系统设计与开发

在深入调查研究海事主管部门和港航企业对海冰预警产品需求的基础上,根据自然灾害风险模糊综合评价理论和技术,建立可用于中国北方海域冰区航行船舶的风险预评估模型。使用ENVI软件对NASA的海冰卫星遥感实况和国家海洋局发布的海冰预报信息进行再处理,提取有关海冰密集度和厚度信息作为风险评估的背景场,进而提出冰区航行船舶风险状况动态评估预警系统的设计方案。仿真实例分析结果表明,该系统可动态、直观、有效地给出我国北方海域冰区航行船舶未来的风险状况,可作为保障船舶冰区航行安全的辅助决策产品,供海事主管部门、航运企业和港口生产调度部门使用。     

基于离散元模型的冰阻力数值研究

为了研究船舶冰阻力的预报方法,采用离散元模型对冰区航行船舶在平整冰中航行的冰阻力进行数值计算。船体结构由三角形网格离散,同时利用具有粘结-破碎特性的球体单元、三维拓展圆盘和拓展多面体单元构造海冰的离散元模型,并考虑拖曳力和浮力对海冰的影响。本文基于离散元方法,计算船模受到的总的冰阻力,研究海冰厚度、弯曲强度和航行速度对冰阻力的影响,并与Lindqvist经验模型计算的冰阻力进行了分析比较。研究结果可为冰区航行船舶冰阻力预报以及初步设计优化提供参考。     

冰区航行船舶推进系统设计的若干考虑

冰区航行船舶由于其特殊的工作环境与气候条件,其设计要求与传统的推进系统有着很大的不同。针对冰区航行条件下船舶推进系统所需要面临的问题,及这些问题所导致的冰区推进系统的特殊性进行了整理和分析,指出了推进系统设计过程中为应对冰区航行条件下的海冰、低温以及空泡噪声等问题所应采取的改进措施,为冰区航行船舶推进系统的设计提供了参考。     

海难再次提醒我们注意冰区航行

结合“埃德蒙顿”号在白令海冰困遇难的教训,建议船舶应谨慎进入冰区;同时对从事冰区航行的船舶应做的准备、冰区航行的方法以及冰困后的救助措施进行了论述。     

基于冰区快速性预报的极地小型邮轮通航信息细化方法

极地邮轮航线规划是冰区航行安全性和经济性的重要保障。面向极地小型邮轮航线规划的需求，基于冰水池模型试验进行了冰区航行快速性预报，提出细化的冰区航行风险评估方法，并给出不同海冰条件下的可达航速建议。据此建立了精细化的通航信息地图，为航线规划打好基础。     

破冰船de操纵

我国的黄海北部和渤海,每年冬季都要生成大量的海冰,对舰船的航行和海上设施的安全影响较大,随着此海区的港口和海底资源的不断开发和利用,使用破冰船、破冰引航和安全保障愈来愈重要。那么,破冰船在冰区航行,其特点及操纵方法又怎样呢?     

营口港冬季冰区拖轮领航

<正>船舶在冰区航行、锚泊由于受海冰影响操纵困难,走锚、航行受阻等情况极易发生,导致自身或与他船发生紧迫局面进而形成碰撞危险,在此种情况下,高效的拖轮领航至关重要,能够缓解冰对港口生产带来的不利影响和对进出港船带来的危害一、港口地理位置及港口冰情营口港核心港区是鲅鱼圈,位于冰情较严重的辽东湾东部、辽河口的南侧,岸型呈东北—西南走向,受冬季强北风和往复潮汐流的影响,     

海冰基础知识及船舶冰区航行的注意事项

海冰是冬季影响港口作业、海上运输、船舶安全的重要因素,作者介绍了海冰的类型及特点、中国海域海冰发展周期及冰情特征,最后就船舶在冰区航行的准备工作及注意事项加以总结,以期对冬季船舶防冰、抗冰工作提供帮助和参考。     

冰水池中海冰模拟技术现状与关键问题

冰水池模型试验对发展冰区船舶海洋工程和推进极地开发利用起到至关重要的支撑作用，其中完备的海冰模拟能力是进行冰区装备模型试验研究进而开展航行作业性能和安全性预报与评估的关键技术保障。本文总结了国内外冰水池海冰模拟技术现状，比较分析了两种类型制冰技术及其模型冰的物理力学特性，给出了冰水池海冰模拟能力发展趋势；同时，明确了冰水池中海冰模拟的关键问题，剖析了先进制冰技术研发面临的技术挑战，可为进一步开展相关基础研究、探索科学的模型冰制备方法提供引导。     

不同敏感性参数下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应

基于我国第七次北极科学考察获得的夏季北极海冰空间分布情况,模拟真实碎冰分布,采用LS-DYNA软件中的流固耦合方法,研究在船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度等因素影响下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应。结合试验数据得到船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力。结果表明：船舶-碎冰的主要碰撞区域为艏部及舷侧的水线附近;在船舶航行于碎冰域时,船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力的峰值随碎冰域的船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度的增加而增加,但分布情况不同。研究结果为船舶在极地冰区航行提供一定的安全性参考。     

Economic feasibility of an NSR/SCR-combined container service on the Asia-Europe lane: a new approach dynamically considering sea ice extent

The trend towards global warming and the rapid decline in the extent of summer Arctic sea ice over recent years has increased the feasibility of international Arctic shipping. In this study we propose a seasonal NSR (North Sea Route)/SCR (Suez Canal Route)-combined shipping service linking Shanghai and Rotterdam, using the Northern Sea Route during the economical navigable window but using the traditional Suez Canal Route at other times. Different from the previous literatures, this paper dynamically considers the sea ice extent in the model, which is more reasonable for the assessment of Arctic container shipping, because fuel consumption is highly related to ship speed, while ship speed is determined by the relative distances of ice-covered and ice-free route stages. A new approach is developed to predict the time points at which the ship enters and exits the ice-covered stage, given that both the ship position and the extent of sea ice are constantly changing. The results show that the NSR/SCR-combined Arctic container service can be more economical than the SCR, given lower NSR tariffs.     

海冰对港口作业的影响及应对措施

渤海和北黄海每年冬季都有结冰现象。海冰能够封锁港口、堵塞航道、破坏近海结构物、使航行中的船舶受损,给船舶进出港航行、操纵及靠离码头作业等带来极大困难,对港口运营也有较大的影响,严重情况会导致重大海难事故。从港口建设决策者及运营管理者的角度出发,多方面阐述了海冰对港口作业的影响,并重点论述了港口应对海冰灾害的措施,为冰况区港口能够延长作业天数及安全生产提供参考。     

海水腐蚀、海生物污损与船舶营运经济性

文章介绍了船舶由于海水腐蚀和海生物污损,使船体表面粗糙度增加及降低船舶营运的经济性,提出了降低船体表面粗糙度、提高营运经济性的防蚀措施。     

Protist entrapment in newly formed sea ice in the Coastal Arctic Ocean

Protist abundance and taxonomic composition were determined in four development stages of newly formed sea ice (new ice, nilas, young ice and thin first-year ice) and in the underlying surface waters of the Canadian Beaufort Sea from 30 September to 19 November 2003. Pico- and nanoalgae were counted by flow cytometry whereas photosynthetic and heterotrophic protists ≥ 4 µm were identified and counted by inverted microscopy. Protists were always present in sea ice and surface water samples throughout the study period. The most abundant protists in sea ice and surface waters were cells < 4 µm. They were less abundant in sea ice (418–3051 × 10³ cells L^− 1) than in surface waters (1393–5373 × 10³ cells L^− 1). In contrast, larger protists (≥ 4 µm) were more abundant in sea ice (59–821 × 10³ cells L^− 1) than in surface waters (22–256 × 10³ cells L^− 1). These results suggest a selective incorporation of larger cells into sea ice. The ≥ 4 µm protist assemblage was composed of a total number of 73 taxa, including 12 centric diatom species, 7 pennate diatoms, 11 dinoflagellates and 16 flagellates. The taxonomic composition in the early stage of ice formation (i.e., new ice) was very similar to that observed in surface waters and was composed of a mixed population of nanoflagellates (Prasinophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae), diatoms (mainly Chaetoceros species) and dinoflagellates. In older stages of sea ice (i.e., young ice and thin first-year ice), the taxonomic composition became markedly different from that of the surface waters. These older ice samples contained relatively fewer Prasinophyceae and more unidentified nanoflagellates than the younger ice. Diatom resting spores and dinoflagellate cysts were generally more abundant in sea ice than in surface waters. However, further studies are needed to determine the importance of this winter survival strategy in Arctic sea ice. This study clearly shows the selective incorporation of large cells (≥ 4 µm) in newly formed sea ice and the change in the taxonomic composition of protists between sea ice and surface waters as the fall season progresses.     

冰载荷下的船舶运动建模

随着极地航道的开辟以及极地海洋能源开发的需要,海冰与船体的相互作用以及极地船舶航行与作业安全越来越受到关注。本文主要针对破冰过程的几个典型阶段,对冰载荷对船舶的作用力进行了分析与计算,并考察了破冰船在不同的海冰密集度、冰厚以及船舶不同航速情况下的不同影响。     

渤海导管架平台的破冰锥体设计

主要阐述了渤海辽东湾重冰区海域锦州21-1 BOP和锦州9-3E WHPA平台导管架破冰锥体的设计实践,并对渤海重冰区平台导管架破冰锥体的设计提出了建议.     

锥体海洋平台结构冰荷载的离散单元分析

在冰区油气开发中,锥体结构可以有效降低冰力,避免强烈的冰激振动,是目前渤海油气平台的主要结构形式。为研究海冰与锥体结构的相互作用过程,文章建立了适用于模拟海冰破碎特性的离散单元模型。该模型将海冰离散为若干个具有粘接-破碎功能的颗粒单元,并通过海冰弯曲试验确定了单元间的粘接强度;然后对海冰与锥体结构的作用过程进行了数值计算,获得了相应的动冰荷载及冰振响应;在此基础上讨论了不同锥角影响下冰荷载及结构振动响应的变化规律。结果表明,水平方向冰荷载及结构冰振响应随锥角的增加明显增加,而竖直方向冰荷载则显著降低。该离散单元模型还可进一步应用于不同类型抗冰结构的冰荷载分析,有助于解决冰区结构物的抗冰结构设计和冰致疲劳分析。     

Examining quick delivery at an affordable cost by the NSR/SCR-combined shipping in the age of Mega-ships

ABSTRACT

The Mega-ships, the maximum containerships represented by 20,000TEU-class (LOA:400m, Breadth: 60m, Draft: 16m) which are able to transit both the Malacca Strait and the Suez Canal, have emerged in 2013, aiming at lower shipping cost by economy of scale. At the same time, they inevitably increased port calls in a rotation to collect more cargo demand, resulting in the longer transit time than ever before. Taking this trend into account, the authors proposed the quick delivery scenario between East Asia and Northwest Europe by the NSR (Northern Sea Route)/SCR (Suez Canal Route)-combined shipping, of which 4,000 TEU ice-class containership transits the NSR during the summer season and the SCR in the wintertime, based on a year-round scheduled operation. The quick delivery scenario gives the shorter transit time at an affordable shipping cost depending on the NSR navigable season length. However, the quick delivery scenario cannot avoid uncertainties in navigation especially via the NSR in the summer season, due to rough weather, sea ice, low visibility and icing in the icy water section of the NSR. The authors preliminarily concluded that a year-round scheduled operation of the NSR/SCR-combined shipping will be secured, if the practical navigation schedule is appropriately prepared.