双舷侧散货船结构可靠性研究

以一艘散货船为例,采用按随机过程确定的载荷组合弯矩,对单、双舷侧两种结构分别计算船舶的极限弯矩和最大剪应力,进行可靠性评估,结果表明双舷侧结构可以大幅减小舷侧的剪应力,但对总纵强度的影响不明显;最后分析了双舷侧宽度对极限弯矩和最大剪应力的影响,提出了选取双舷侧宽度值的建议.     

单双舷侧散货船结构可靠性分析

采用按随机过程确定的载荷组合弯矩,对单、双舷侧两种结构分别计算船舶的极限弯矩和最大剪应力,进行可靠性评估,结果表明双舷侧结构可以大幅减小舷侧的剪应力,并在一定程度上提高了总纵强度;最后分析了双舷侧宽度对极限弯矩和最大剪应力的影响,提出了选取双舷侧宽度值的建议.     

内河双壳船极限强度分析

对内河双壳船达到极限状态时剖面上的应力分布情况进行假设,采用直接法对极限强度计算的公式进行推导,并对一条内河双壳实船在完整和破损状态的结构极限承载力进行计算与比较.结果表明,所假设的应力分布对这一类型船舶的极限强度的计算结果具有较高的精度,可以用来估算此系列船舶在完整和破损状态下的极限强度.     

Reliability analysis of a bulk carrier in ultimate limit state under combined global and local loads in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition

The alternate hold still-water loading in hogging combined with wave loading is critical for the safe design of bulk carriers. The ultimate longitudinal strength of the hull girder of bulk carriers in this condition has been found to be considerably reduced by the action of local lateral pressure loads. In the present paper, an interaction equation based on the ultimate hull girder strength assessment obtained by nonlinear finite element analyses is adopted to consider the relationship between ultimate longitudinal bending capacity and average external sea pressure over the bottom. This interaction equation is used as the basis for the failure function. The annual probability of failure is obtained by FORM analysis considering two typical load cases, namely, pure longitudinal hogging bending moment and combined global hogging bending moment and local lateral pressure loads. The effect of heavy weather avoidance on the failure probability is evaluated. The results show that the local lateral pressure has a significant influence on the annual probability of failure of bulk carriers in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition.     

复合材料船体纵向极限强度可靠性分析

把船体甲板或船底板结构视为是一系列加筋板单元的组合，然后利用复合材料梁柱理论计算船体加筋板单元构件的极限承载能力，最后用Smith法计算复合材料船体的极限承载能力。由于复合材料船体纵向极限强度的极限状态方程不能简单地用船体各参数显式表达，故将近年发展起来的响应面法与JC法相结合，对复合材料船体纵向极限强度进行了可靠性分析。并讨论了影响船体纵向极限强度可靠性各变量的敏感性。     

纵向弯矩下材料随机特性对复合材料船体可靠性的影响

The effects of stochastic characteristics of materials on the reliability of ship hulls made of composite materials under longitudinal moment were extensively studied using reliability and sensitivity calculations of a composite ship hull which was sagging.The reliability indices and failure probabilities of the ship in three kinds of failure modes (buckling,material failure,and ultimate collapse) were calculated by the surface response method and JC method.The importance factors of random variables in stochastic models,such as the model errors in predicting the ultimate longitudinal strength of ship and the longitudinal bending moment that the ship withstands,as well as the stochastic characteristics of materials in the models used,were calculated.Then,the effects of these random variables,including the stochastic characteristics of materials on the reliability index and the failure probability of ships which were sagging,were discussed with their importance factors.The results show that the effects of stochastic characteristics of materials on the reliability of ship hulls made of composite materials should be considered during the reliability assessment of composite ships.Finally,some conclusions and recommendations were given for high-speed ship design and safety assessment.     

船舶结构极限波浪弯矩统计特征的一致性定义

在船舶结构界可靠性方法已得到越来越广泛的应用。在进行现有船舶的可靠性分析或对新船制订可靠性设计规范时，必须要首先确定能力与载荷的统计特征。对于船舶结构来说，波浪弯矩是主要的载荷，极限波浪弯矩的统计特征对极限强度的可靠性分析十分重要。但是，通过研究发现，不同的文献中给出的用于确定极限波浪弯矩统计特征的概念和方法并不一致，这一差别可能对了随后的船舶结构可靠性分析和设计有一定的影响。本文旨在对船舶结构极限波浪弯矩统计特征的一致性定义作一些讨论，以期澄清一些概念。     

散货船碰撞损伤后的剪切极限强度

船体梁受到碰撞损伤后,必须有足够的剩余强度用以抵抗最大外弯矩,同时还需能够承受最大剪力.在众多类型的船舶中,散货船是一种抗剪能力较差的船型.对于其碰撞损伤后纵向剩余极限弯矩的研究已有较多的文献[2-7],而对于碰撞损伤后的剪切极限强度的研究目前还比较少.针对这一现状,本文的主要目的在于分析讨论散货船受到碰撞损伤后的极限承剪能力;分析结构几何尺寸,碰撞损伤形状以及边界条件等各种因素对碰撞破损船体抗剪能力的影响.为了方便起见,文中也给出了相应的回归经验公式.本文同时还推导了一个船体梁碰撞损伤后的初始屈服剪力计算公式.最后,本文以一艘散货船为例,计算分析其碰撞损伤后的抗剪能力,从中得出一些有益的结论.     

船体在疲劳和腐蚀损伤下的可靠性

在疲劳和腐蚀作用下，船体梁舯剖面模数折减，导致极限承载能力下降，在此基础上进行可靠性分析。文中腐蚀率是一个有常数平均值的随机变量，疲劳裂纹根据Paris公式计算，当静水弯矩和波浪弯矩的组合值超过船体梁极限承载能力时，发生船体梁失效。以一艘散货船为例，计算其可靠性随时间的变化。计算结果可为船东和船级社评估船舶营运期间疲劳和腐蚀对船舶可靠性的影响提供参考。     

破损散货船剩余极限强度的评估与分析

船体发生破损后.其剩余有效剖面是非对称的,船体还可能倾斜.根据IACS共同规范(CSR),采用逐步破坏分析法计算船体梁在不同破损情况下的剩余极限强度,同时编制了计算程序.对1艘散货船在完整和不同破损状态下的船体结构安全性进行了系统评估,并得到了一些有意义的结论.     

Ultimate strength analysis of a bulk carrier hull girder under alternate hold loading condition,Part 2: Stress distribution in the double bottom and simplified approaches

This is the second of two companion papers dealing with nonlinear finite element modelling and ultimate strength analysis of the hull girder of a bulk carrier under Alternate Hold Loading (AHL) condition. The methodology for nonlinear finite element modelling as well as the ultimate strength results from the nonlinear FE analyses was discussed in the companion paper (Part 1). The purpose of the present paper is to use the FE results to contribute towards developing simplified methods applicable to practical design of ship hulls under combined global and local loads. An important issue is the significant double bottom bending in the empty hold in AHL due to combined global hull girder bending moment and local loads. Therefore, the stress distributions in the double bottom area at different load levels i.e. rule load level and ultimate failure load level are presented in detail. The implication of different design pressures obtained by different rules (CSR-BC rules and DNV rules) on the stress distribution is investigated. Both (partially) heavy cargo AHL and fully loaded cargo AHL are considered. Factors of influence of double bottom bending such as initial imperfections, local loads, stress distribution and failure modes on the hull girder strength are discussed. Simplified procedures for determination of the hull girder strength for bulk carriers under AHL conditions are also discussed in light of the FE analyses.     

A proposal of reliability-based design formats for ultimate hull girder strength checks for bulk carriers under combined global and local loadings

The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for the development of reliability-based design formats for ultimate hull girder strength checks for bulk carriers in hogging conditions under combined global and local loading and to estimate implied safety levels in current rule practices for hull girders. The effect of alternative definitions of characteristic still-water loads on the safety format and, hence, the safety factors is assessed. The effect of systematic (bias) model uncertainties associated with loads and strength on the reliability measures is investigated.     

试论散货船的安全管理

文中首先对影响散货船安全的各种因素进行了简要分析,在此基础上对国际海事组织为保证散货船的安全所采取的措施进行了介绍和分析。这些措施主要来自船舶结构强度、操作指南、救生措施和检查四个方面,文章最后还对国际海事组织在双壳散货船的进展上进行了简要介绍。     

核发电船堆舱破损状态极限强度分析

对于核发电船而言,考虑到核反应堆的安全性问题,船体结构即使发生破坏,也要保证整体的强度,所以有必要针对破损后的船体梁进行极限强度分析。在船体剩余极限强度分析中,核反应堆舱所处舱段的极限承载能力是整个核发电船极限强度分析的关键。文章研究的重点集中在核反应堆舱段,在该舱段选取危险剖面进行剩余极限强度分析。同时,采用中和轴偏转的Smith方法对反应堆舱段进行破损船体极限强度计算,并结合HCSR规范对其进行评估。根据该核电船作业海域的海况资料,对其遭遇的波浪载荷进行长期极值预报,进而得出该船破损情况下的设计极限弯矩。结果表明,该船的设计极限弯矩满足规范中的要求,为基于规范的特定海域中的特定船型剩余强度评估提供参考。     

联合弯矩作用下含裂纹船体结构剩余极限强度评估方法研究

裂纹损伤对于船体结构来说难以避免,将削弱结构的极限强度,所以研究含裂纹损伤船体结构的剩余极限强度意义重大.对于含裂纹舱段结构,现有的研究主要针对垂向弯矩作用下的剩余极限强度,对于联合弯矩作用下的研究还很欠缺.本文采用非线性有限元分析方法,研究了垂向弯矩和水平弯矩联合作用下含裂纹舱段的剩余极限强度.提出了计算含裂纹船舯舱段在联合弯矩作用下剩余极限强度的计算公式,通过对含裂纹箱型梁的有限元计算结果进行拟合,得到公式中待定系数的表达式.研究结果表明,本文提出的方法可以快速预测船体结构在联合弯矩作用下的剩余极限强度.     

船体总纵极限强度可靠性分析的拉丁超立方抽样法

本文将拉丁超立方抽样法与条件期望和对偶变数方差减缩技术组合用于分析船体总纵极限强度可靠性。在一系列不同的极限状态函数条件下，对随机抽样法和拉丁超立方抽样法以及是否使用方差减缩技术进行了比较研究，使用组合方法获得了稳定的结果和较大的方差减缩，最后，基于极限强度，将该组合方法用于评估散货船在极值弯矩作用下的船体梁安全性。     

超大型油船破损剩余强度可靠性分析

根据MARPOL公约,对CSR-H规定的破口范围进行概率分析。以一艘超大型油船为例,分别统计了单舱破损后各个肋位的静水弯矩概率特征和基于全球海况谱的一周波浪弯矩预报值;基于Smith法的船体梁极限弯矩计算软件,分别统计了各舱破损后极限弯矩的概率特征;采用改进一次二阶矩法,计算了各舱破损后的剩余强度可靠度。研究结果表明：机舱和首尾货舱发生破损后整船失效概率较低,中部货舱区域发生破损后整船失效概率较大,尤其在静水中垂破损工况下最危险,失效概率在10^-2量级。     

Evaluation of ultimate strength of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust

A series of collapse analyses is performed applying nonlinear FEM on stiffened panels subjected to longitudinal thrust. MSC.Marc is used. Numbers, types and sizes of stiffeners are varied and so slenderness ratio as well as aspect ratio of local panels partitioned by stiffeners keeping the spacing between adjacent longitudinal stiffeners the same. Initial deflection of a thin-horse mode is imposed on local panels and that of flexural buckling and tripping modes on stiffeners to represent actual initial deflection in stiffened panels in ship structures. On the basis of the calculated results, buckling/plastic collapse behaviour of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust is investigated. The calculated ultimate strength are compared with those obtained by applying several existing methods such as CSR for bulk carriers and PULS. Simple formulas for stiffened panels, of which collapse is dominated fundamentally by the collapse of local panels between longitudinal stiffeners, are also examined if they accurately estimate the ultimate strength. Through comparison of the estimated results with the FEM results, it has been concluded that PULS and modified FYH formulas fundamentally give good estimation of the ultimate strength of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust.     

船舶波浪弯矩短期预报研究

采用两种方法（一是利用WALCS软件，基于三维频域线性水动力理论；二是利用3小时波浪弯矩有义值MS，根据极值I型理论）进行船舶波浪弯矩短期预报，并分别计算得到16艘船舶（6艘散货船、10艘油船）的短期波浪弯矩。经比较发现，根据极值I型理论得到的短期波浪弯矩与WALCS软件短期波浪弯矩偏差较小，在工程实践中具有一定参考价值。     

极限强度校核中的几个问题

极限强度检查是船级社规范中的重要部分。就当前船舶结构设计中一些有争议的问题,诸如极限弯矩定义、极限强度条件以及砰击振动弯矩计算等问题进行了讨论。