Evaluation of expected maximum values of forces acting on containers and lashing rods on a container ship

The appearance of a number of large container ships in the 8000 TEU range raises the importance of a plan for container lashing arrangements on deck in relation to the design of the ship. Therefore, it is expected that a new method for evaluating the lashing arrangements on deck will be introduced which is applicable regardless of the ship's size and the lashing pattern, instead of using the standards of several different societies, as happens at present. To evaluate the lashing arrangements on deck, the expected maximum values of the forces acting on the containers and lashing rods should be evaluated. This paper presents a new method of evaluating the container lashing arrangements on a container ship using an "acceleration ellipsoid." The applicability of the acceleration ellipsoid to an evaluation of the expected maximum values of the forces was examined by comparing the expected maximum values of the forces calculated by the long-term distribution calculation known as the "Fukuda method," to those calculated using the acceleration ellipsoid. By comparing these results, it was confirmed that the expected maximum values of the forces calculated using the acceleration ellipsoid were not less than those calculated through by the long-term distribution calculation. It is concluded that the acceleration ellipsoid can be used to evaluate the expected maximum values of the forces acting on containers and lashing rods. Received: December 14, 2000 / Accepted: March 22, 2001     

恶劣海况下拼装式机库受力和绑扎加强研究

为便于在动员民船上快速加装,某型直升机机库采用集装箱拼装结构。针对恶劣海况下机库的整体稳定性和安全性问题,研究通过采用绑扎的方式进行加强。本文首先分析了组成机库的单个集装箱、机库侧壁等组件在非绑扎和绑扎状态下的受力与变形；然后输入恶劣海况下的极端工况数据进行计算,结果显示机库部件受力和变形将对机库安全造成不利影响,应进行绑扎加强；最后通过绑扎后机库整体稳定性和抗侧力计算,结果显示机库整体和侧壁的受力可完全被绑扎杆拉力抵消,绑扎加强能够提高机库的安全性。     

FPSO内孤立波载荷实验观测及理论预报模型研究

利用大型密度分层水槽开展了下凹型内孤立波作用在FPSO上的载荷特性系列实验;并依据实验工况,考虑KdV、eKdV和MCC内孤立波理论的适用性条件,数值研究了FPSO内孤立波载荷成分构成;基于实验结果和载荷成分构成,建立了FPSO内孤立波载荷的理论预报模型.研究表明:FPSO内孤立波水平载荷由粘性力和Froude-Krylov力组成,而垂向载荷主要为垂向Froude-Krylov力;Froude-Krylov力可通过动压力沿FPSO浮体湿表面积分得到,粘性力则通过经实验回归的摩擦系数Cf、形状修正因数K乘以内孤立波诱导水质点切向速度沿FPSO浮体湿表面积分得到.系列实验结果得出:摩擦系数Cf和形状修正因数K与雷诺数Re、KC数和流体层深度比h1/h有关;摩擦系数与Re呈自然对数关系;而形状修正因数K与KC数呈幂函数关系.理论预报模型预报的水平载荷、垂向载荷结果均与系列实验和数值结果吻合较好,并且发现随着内孤立波振幅的增加,载荷幅值近乎线性增加,而且上层流体深度对水平力幅值有明显的影响.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of lashing bridge and container stack dynamics using a scaled model test

Previously reported container losses were generally attributed to extremely violent motions of containerships due to adverse weather conditions. However, most existing specifications or standards adopted for containers and lashing equipment meet the requirement of static conditions. Hence, further researches on safer container shipping under heavy sea states are required. Consequently, an experimental study method is proposed to measure the dynamic response of 1/10 scaled lashing bridge and container stack. The scaled model of the lashing bridge is constructed based on the similarity theory. Based on two dimensionless numbers, Froude's number and Cauchy's number, eleven container scaled models are employed. A series of experiments with controlled parameters are performed using a three-degrees shaking table (roll, pitch, heave) to present sufficient data to verify the effectiveness of the numerical model. The results of experiments, numerical simulations and calculations of the VERISTAR procedure (developed according to the BV rule) are compared. This study aimed to explore the mechanical behavior of the lashing bridge and container stack under predetermined driving excitations (roll and pitch) which simulated heavy sea states. According to the results, the model can predict conditions similar to real situations of the lashing bridge and container stacks while storages on the weather deck.     

集装箱系固计算综述

针对集装箱船航行过程中集装箱的运输安全,探讨了集装箱系固的计算方法。以德国劳氏规范和中国CCS规范为依据,分析了集装箱的受力及力的传递与分配,重点阐述了集装箱堆重计算的原理。并以堆重计算为基础,介绍了捆扎计算的基本方法。希望对集装箱船的结构设计以及舾装设计有参考作用。     

Investigations of vehicle securing without lashings for Ro-Ro ships

To reduce the area on deck occupied by each car and the labour and time required for lashing and unlashing cars, it has been proposed by the author that in some conditions, cars on decks could be transported without lashing. To evaluate cargo securing based on this “lashing-free” concept, computational code was developed to calculate the vehicle–deck interactions for various ship motions. The code was structured by incorporating a vehicle model into a piece of ship motion calculation code. A series of time-domain simulations were conducted to evaluate vehicle securing. It was found that for a target ship consisting of a 6000-unit Ro-Ro vessel, vehicle securing is mainly influenced by the ship's rolling motions and is highly dependent on the wave height and loading conditions. It was suggested from the analysis that vehicles could be secured without being lashed in a large area of the ship in specific weather conditions and on some routes with less adverse sea states. However, it is still suggested that conventional lashing holes should be constructed on the deck because in severe sea states the cars will still need to be lashed. The limitations of the current investigations are also presented. The relevant research work was carried out at the Division of Ship Design and Engineering, Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology.     

两种大型集装箱船绑扎桥结构强度的对比计算浅析

以大型集装箱船常见的剪力墙式绑扎桥和A型斜撑式绑扎桥为研究对象,基于通用大型有限元分析软件PATRAN/NASTRAN及CCS规范的相关要求,对两种绑扎桥的结构强度进行了对比计算分析。结果表明：两种型式的绑扎桥在结构强度方面相差不大,相比而言,剪力墙式绑扎桥略优于A型斜撑式。     

热老化对热塑性聚氨酯水润滑轴承材料的性能影响

为了探究老化对水润滑轴承材料摩擦性能的影响,本文选用典型的水润滑轴承材料热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）作为研究对象,依照GB/T3512-2014热加速老化标准对材料进行老化处理。所有的摩擦磨损试验均在CBZ-1船舶轴系摩擦磨损试验机上进行,综合运用超景深显微镜、接触式表面轮廓仪、电子扫描显微镜等多种表面测试技术手段探讨了磨损过程中热塑性聚氨酯试样表面的磨损特征,探讨了不同老化状态试样的磨损机理。试验结果表明：70 ℃老化120 h热塑性聚氨酯的平均摩擦系数降低了57.5%;90 ℃老化600 h热塑性聚氨酯的平均摩擦系数上升了32%;通过FT-IR和Raman分析,随着老化进行,氢键化氨酯基增多,少量氨酯基的C-N键断裂。复杂的化学变化改善了热塑性聚氨酯的有序结构,增加次晶和结晶度,摩擦系数降低;进一步老化造成大分子在应力集中处断裂,使部分柔性分子链脱离基体,摩擦性能恶化。     

大型集装箱船绑扎桥结构优化设计

为有效降低大型集装箱船的空船重量,针对绑扎桥结构轻量化设计进行研究。以某14500TEU集装箱船为研究对象,根据船级社规范要求针对结构设计方案进行有限元计算分析,依次从剪力墙布置、立柱设置和局部尺寸优化等三个层次对原始方案进行优化设计。研究结果表明,优化方案在满足船级社规范要求、保证堆重指标的同时有效降低了绑扎桥的结构重量。本文的设计思路和优化方法可以为今后大型集装箱船绑扎桥的结构设计提供一定参考。     

大型集装箱船甲板堆重的影响因素

以某14 500 TEU集装箱船为对象,基于DNV GL规范对影响集装箱船甲板堆重的主要因素进行分析。首先介绍新规范采用的横向加速度系数计算方法,对比新旧方法对甲板许用最大堆重的影响;然后对比分析绑扎形式以及绑扎桥层数对甲板许用最大堆重和系固系统设计的影响。结果表明:随着规范的更新,集装箱横向加速度系数明显降低;同时,由于采用外绑形式和3层绑扎桥,大型集装箱船甲板堆重能力明显提高,但这也对集装箱系固系统设计带来了一些新的影响。     

弯道航行时集装箱侧翻落水事故防范

对某船弯道航行时船载集装箱侧翻落水事故建立力学分析模型,提出防范该类事故的技术路线为降低集装箱绑绳的拉力和提高其许用负荷,提出了四种改进措施,数据分析表明,综合采取四种改进措施后,可有效避免绑绳崩断所导致的集装箱侧翻落水。     

集装箱绑扎和紧固技术及产业发展浅析

介绍了集装箱绑扎和紧固技术,梳理了集装箱绑扎件行业的标准现状、技术现状,系统地回顾了集装箱绑扎和紧固件的制造发展历程及市场分布,最后分析了集装箱运输产业的发展现状及趋势,为产业的优化改进提供方向,也为绑扎和紧固技术的发展提供参考。     

基于CATIA V6的绑扎桥三维设计方法

在集装箱船逐步大型化的大趋势下，对绑扎桥的设计要求逐渐凸显。本文基于CATIA V6软件平台，提出了一套绑扎桥三维设计方法。综合考虑了绑扎桥的实际设计需求以及三维模型化的技术难点，通过利用参数化定义，EKL二次开发手段，以及CATIA V6中片体模型转实体模型，片体模型转FEM模型等强大的原生功能有效地解决了快速建模、CAD/CAE一体化、BOM数据与出图信息集成等一系列难题，充分利用了三维技术减少设计流程中的信息孤岛现象，基于高度集成的参数化模型来提高设计响应速度与准确性。最后通过实践案例予以验证并分析了该方法的工程实用价值。     

超大型集装箱船甲板最大堆重研究

德国劳氏船级社规范(GL-2013)对集装箱船尤其是超大型集装箱船的横向加速度系数计算进行了调整,大幅度提高了甲板上集装箱堆重。文章根据绑扎计算结果,将规范变化前后的横向加速度系数和最大堆重进行对比,以及对2层箱高绑扎桥和3层箱高绑扎桥的最大堆重进行对比。结果显示,随着规范的更新及绑扎点高度提高,集装箱甲板最大堆重显著增加,堆重分布更加优化合理,为今后超大型集装箱船甲板面堆重设计参数的合理选取提供了一定的参考。     

超大型集装箱船绑扎桥强度校核与结构优化

随着超大型集装箱船的发展,绑扎桥的结构设计越来越复杂。文章在21000TEU超大型集装箱船典型绑扎桥设计的基础上,利用ANSYS软件计算了绑扎桥结构的强度和刚度。通过研究不同浮态,装箱条件以及最大设计载荷条件下结构的总体应力和变形情况,分析了关键位置的应力集中现象。并用这些分析结果指导结构优化,为绑扎桥结构的分析及结构设计提供具指导意见。     

An experimental/numerical approach for evaluating skin friction on full-scale ships with surface roughness

For an accurate evaluation of the increase in skin friction due to various surface topographies on ships, i.e. plate roughness, coatings, or bio fouling, both experimental measurements and a numerical evaluation of those measurements are necessary. The measurements are necessary as no other practical method exists to evaluate the skin friction coefficient on most surface topographies, and numerical evaluation is required to compute the roughness effects of varying ship types and speeds. Therefore, a method for measuring the skin friction coefficient for bio-fouled and structured surfaces at full-scale friction velocity is presented, and a validation of the design and measuring procedures is given. For the ship frictional resistance calculations, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code ShipFlow has been modified to take the added friction into account.     

橡胶阻滑板与抛石基床摩擦系数统计特性与影响因素

长江口工程北导堤NⅡB标段采用在半圆形沉箱底板设置橡胶阻滑板的方法提高沉箱与抛石基床之间摩擦系数，作为抗地基土动力软化的工程措施。利用该项目试验数据，分析橡胶阻滑板与抛石基床的摩擦系数的统计特性与影响因素。分析结果表明，同一基床应力下摩擦系数试验值的概率分布接近于正态分布，摩擦系数的总体平均变化趋势随基床应力的增加略有降低，但全部试验数据的统计假设检验不支持这一观点，摩擦系数随基床应力的变化规律需要进一步研究。     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of slotted breakwaters under regular waves

The performance of a slotted breakwater consisting of one row of vertical slots was investigated theoretically and experimentally under normal regular waves. A simple theoretical model based on an eigenfunction was developed. The wave transmission, reflection, energy loss, and hydrodynamic force exerted on the breakwater were calculated for different values of the wave and structure parameters. The validity of the theoretical model was examined by comparing its results with theoretical and experimental results obtained from different studies. It was found that the transmission coefficient decreases with increasing dimensionless wavenumber (kh), increasing wave steepness (H _i/L), and decreasing breakwater porosity (ε). The reflection coefficient showed the opposite trend to the transmission coefficient. Also, about 20–50% of incident wave energy was lost due to the effect of the breakwater. In addition, the proposed theoretical model can be used for predicting the performance of slotted breakwaters and the hydrodynamic forces exerted on these structures using the friction coefficient f = 1.5.     

液压联轴节静摩擦特性分析

提取材料的表面特征信息,建立特征指标与摩擦副间静摩擦系数的关系,能够更加深刻的揭示摩擦的本质,为工艺技术和最优工况的选择提供依据或参考。本文通过多因素耦合分析的方式,探讨摩擦系数与影响因素(载荷、粗糙度、硬度)之间的关系。研究结果表明,材料表面粗糙度是影响静摩擦系数的核心因素,对于干摩擦工况,粗糙度对摩擦系数结果的影响占据了主导地位,硬度与工作载荷对摩擦系数的影响相当。     

6200车位滚装船汽车绑扎件安装分析

分析6200车位滚装船汽车绑扎件在安装阶段存在的问题,研讨对策并提出改进方案.通过比较改进方案前后的数据,验证该方案的有效性.该方案实现了节约材料、能源,减少现场作业工时,可提高现场综合施工效率.