集装箱港口建设项目环境影响经济评价研究

为了对集装箱港口建设项目环境影响进行经济评价,首先给出集装箱港口建设项目对大气环境、水环境、声环境、土壤环境以及生态环境的环境影响因子及其对环境和社会的影响,并分析港口建设项目环境影响经济评价方法,然后运用费用效益分析方法对环境影响因子进行经济评价。     

集装箱港口建设项目环境影响经济评价

为了对集装箱港口建设项目环境影响进行经济评价,首先给出集装箱港口在建设期和营运期对大气环境、水环境、声环境、土壤环境以及生态环境的环境影响因子及其影响,然后运用费用效益分析方法对环境影响因子进行经济评价,得出的结论可以引起港口规划当局和管理者的重视,有助于将环境影响经济评价纳入项目的国民经济评价。     

港口建设项目环境影响因素的确定及其危害的评价

阐述港口建设项目环境影响评价的意义,从港口水环境、港口大气环境和港口声环境3个方面分别确定港口项目影响因素,最后评价这些影响因素的危害性。所得结论可作为港口建设项目环境影响经济评价的基础。     

基于费用效益分析法的港口建设项目环境影响经济评价

探索了费用效益法在港口建设项目环境影响经济评价中的应用,提出了该方法的应用程序、环境影响的价值评估技术和环境影响的货币化定量方法,在此基础上计算净现值和现值比,综合评价港口建设项目环境经济可行性,实现了对港口建设项目环境影响的经济量化评估。最后通过案例分析证明该方法的可行性。     

港口建设项目环境影响经济评估体系的建立

环境影响因子作为各种工程建设项目的可行性分析和项目评估的重要内容,越来越来受到建设部门的重视。而工程建设项目会引起自然环境、社会环境和生态环境的变化,从而产生不同程度的影响与损害。本文仅从上述三个方面对港口建设项目做出相应的经济评估体系,希望所得结果将有助于形成绿色GDP核算体系下的港口建设项目国民经济评价。     

港口建设对自然保护区的环境影响

处理好港口建设项目与自然保护区的相互关系是可持续发展的重要要求,本文综合分析了港口建设项目对自然保护区的环境影响,并列举烟大铁路轮渡项目港口工程对蛇岛老铁山国家级自然保护区的环境影响分析,提出了相关环保措施。     

港口项目的社会影响分析与评价

以系统观点分析港口与社会和交通运输的相互作用与影响，探讨港口建设项目社会影响分析与评价的概念和特点及必要性，提出港口与社会环境两相适应和协调发展，正确处理港口建设和运营中与社会相关利益，集团和群体，个人的利益问题，以及地港口建设项目进行社会经济影响，社会环境影响和对外关系影响分析，评价的具体内容及方法。     

港口规划环境影响核查制度的建立

针对我国在重大不良环境影响的核查内容框架、技术方法等方面尚缺乏统一规范等问题,从完善规划环境影响评价制度体系、动态优化调整港口规划的角度,对建立港口规划环境影响核查制度进行研究探讨。从强化规划实施过程中环境影响的事中事后监管、防治规划长期性和累积性环境影响、解决港口环保问题促进绿色发展等方面,分析建立港口规划环境影响核查制度的必要性。研究提出港口规划产生的重大不良环境影响的概念界定和启动港口规划环境影响核查工作的指标体系,探讨核查工作的管理架构和工作流程等工作机制,从探索港口规划环境影响核查技术、加强相关部门沟通合作、与跟踪评价形成良性互动等角度提出建议。     

港口建设项目经济评价风险分析研究

经济评价是港口建设项目重要的前期工作之一,其结果对正确决策关系重大。通常得到的经济评价结果一般表现为确定性的结论,这与实际情况有较大的差别。实际上,影响项目经济评价的因素繁多,有的基础数据具有随机性特征,因此其结果必然存在不确定性。研究这一特征,对防范风险,提高决策水平有着重要意义。     

上海港口经济驱动因素和演化过程分析

港口经济系统演化过程遵循着一般产业的生命周期模式。基于港口经济发展的演化模式和动力机制,提出上海港口经济评价指标体系,运用因子分析法并在SPSS的帮助下提取因子,分析1991～2005年上海港口经济的主导驱动因素,得出上海港口经济主要是由腹地经济、国际贸易、港口运作规模以及港口投资和经营能力等因素决定,在此基础上进而计算综合因子得分,考察上海港口经济演化过程。分析结果与1991～2005年间上海港口经济实际运行状况吻合,这说明该经济评价指标和分析方法具有实用性。     

Environmental assessment in the Prc: Third phase of the Qinhuangdao coal port

Abstract

The use of environmental impact assessment (EIA) is relatively recent in the People's Republic of China (PRC). China is committed to a reversal of the environmental degradation resulting from its industrialization and the central government has initiated a requirement for environmental planning and assessment for large development projects. Today large scale harbor developments are subject to the requirements of the National Environmental Protection Law (1979) and the Marine Environmental Law (1982). Because the third phase expansion of the coal port of Qinhuangdao would increase the ports’ capacity to handle coal by 30 to 50 million tons, an EIA was required.

Since 1981, the Environment and Policy Institute of the East‐West Center (EWC), Honolulu, has had a program of research focusing on the environmental impacts of coal transportation. On the basis of workshops in China that centered on the problems associated with planning coal transportation projects, the Ministry of Communications of the PRC invited the EWC to participate in the environmental assessment for the third phase coal port expansion at Qinhuangdao. A 10‐member team with specialities in environmental assessment and port environmental problems from five countries representing the EWC worked with a 25‐member team from four different agencies of the PRC Ministry of Communications.

This article describes the environmental regulations in the PRC that affect this harbor expansion, discusses the process by which the EWC assisted the PRC in the preparation of the environmental assessment and evaluates the assessment product against PRC regulations and U.S. standards. The most important contribution of the EWC was the provision of guidelines adapted from the EIA experience in several countries which will assist the PRC in the environmental evaluation of future pon expansion projects.     

两种水质现状评价方法在港口环境影响评价中的应用

根据对水质的监测结果和取水口附近底栖动物的调查结果,分析南通港两个通用散货泊位工程建设对下游狼山水厂取水口水质的影响。用综合生物指数法对取水口附近水域水质评价的结果显示:狼山水厂取水口的综合水质评价等级为轻污,与水质理化指标的评价结果相吻合。综合生物指数评价法与水质理化指标评价法的结果相互印证,这两种水质现状评价方法可在港口环境影响评价中应用,并互为补充。     

Assessment of port economic impacts on regional economy with a case study on the Port of Lisbon

This article presents a method of assessing the economic impacts of ports at both regional level and national level, through application of input–output analysis. To this end, a methodology for data collection is proposed, which combines a top-down with a bottom-up approach which should help in surpassing some of the difficulties commonly faced in port economic impact studies. The presented methodology allows port planners and policymakers to assess the economic significance and geographic reach of port investments. This study considers the economic impacts of the port cluster and the socio-economic significance of port user industries. The several layers of the analysis are kept separate to allow a better grasp of direct and indirect impacts. The proposed methodology is demonstrated in a study of the Port of Lisbon, which confirms the significance of this port to the Portuguese economy, and also demonstrates that the influence of the Port of Lisbon is mostly limited to an area in close proximity to the port. Therefore, results suggest that investments for the development of logistic infrastructures associated with the port should concentrate in the immediate hinterland of the port.     

Examining stakeholder participation and conflicts associated with large scale infrastructure projects: the case of Tema port expansion project,Ghana

ABSTRACT

Balancing economic activities with socio-environmental considerations has become a global standard for the construction of large scale infrastructure projects, including ports. In this discourse, stakeholder participation and environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) have been stressed as important tools that can help port managers to co-create values, avoid conflicts and promote inclusive growth. Drawing on qualitative research tools and stakeholder theory, this paper explores whether and to what extent local stakeholders’ inclusion has substantial influence on addressing their socio-cultural concerns and interest. This is illustrated with a case study of an ongoing port expansion project at Ghana’s largest port of Tema. The findings suggest that although the port authority conducted an ESIA and engaged local stakeholders as part of the planning process, this did not translate into preventing the loss of valuable cultural resources of the local communities. The port authority did not place ‘value’ on cultural resources of the local communities that cannot be expressed in monetary terms. Further, lack of good faith engagement with local stakeholders led to conflicts in some cases that triggered a court action and delays. The paper concludes that stakeholder participation if not applied well, can become a ‘post-political’ tool.     

我国经济发展阶段性特征及对沿海港口影响的分析

在系统整理改革开放30多年来我国经济、港口发展数据的基础上,将我国经济历程划分为6个发展阶段,探讨不同阶段经济发展特征及对沿海港口的影响。展望未来20年我国经济发展趋势,预测港口吞吐量发展水平,提出2025年左右港口吞吐量发展将出现拐点,并对沿海港口发展与建设提出意见与建议。     

Determinants of container port choice in Spain

For the economic and financial evaluation of port investment projects, it is important to know the demand function of a port's services. The objective of this study is to establish such a demand choice function for the Spanish container port services. The function is derived from the coefficients of a port choice model, for which a multinomial logit model is used and of which the coefficients are estimated with regression analysis. The variables tested concern inland transport cost, ocean transport costs and broad proxy variables for quality of service. Information on container import and export flows for 2007 is obtained from the Spanish Treasury Department. The linear regression analysis is based on differences of utilities of alternative routings of containerised cargoes compared to those routed via the port of Valencia. The obtained results are satisfactory in terms of model fit. The estimated coefficients can be used to assess the impact of changes in costs of container flows routed via a port on a port's market share. A demand choice function for the port can be derived by systematically doing so. An example is presented for the port of Valencia.     

Green port project scheduling with comprehensive efficiency consideration

ABSTRACT

Ports are an important driving force for world economic growth, but they consume considerable energy. The marine sector has proposed the development of green ports to achieve low-carbon sustainable development. This paper presents a green project scheduling model of port construction to optimize comprehensive economic and environmental efficiency. Various realistic constraints are considered, including investment scale, energy savings, emissions reduction, and project priority. Comprehensive efficiency involves cost reduction, energy savings, emissions reduction, and other efficiency goals. The problem is formulated as an integer program and is solved using CPLEX in a general algebraic modeling system (GAMS). We use a representative port in China as a case port in solving its green project scheduling. The results show that the port can save 6,527 tons of standard coal, reduce 40,875 tons of CO₂, and save 49 million yuan per year in the five-year implementation period. The payback in investing in these green projects is less than six years. From an economic and environmental perspective, the comprehensive efficiency achieved is significant.     

The California Coastal Act and Ports: The Unintended Environmental Justice Implications of Preserving California's Coastline

Consistent with the policies set forth in the Coastal Zone Management Act, the California Coastal Act seeks to balance the utilization and conservation of coastal resources, taking into account the social and economic needs of the citizens of California. One way the statute pursues this balance is through its provisions for ports. These provisions have functioned as a type of smart growth planning for ports, encouraging densification of existing port districts and possibly averting maritime commercial and industrial sprawl along the California coast. One unintended consequence of the encouraged consolidation of port activities, when combined with the rapid growth in international trade over the last four decades, has been disproportionally large environmental and health impacts on low-income and minority communities surrounding ports. This article examines how the Port of Long Beach's conformance with the California Coastal Act has resulted in ongoing environmental justice concerns. It discusses approaches employed by the Port of Long Beach to reduce environmental justice concerns resulting from significant and unavoidable environmental impacts and offers suggestions for how to address this issue.