船舶操纵性自航模试验不确定度分析

船舶操纵性自航模试验是评估船舶操纵性能的重要技术手段,试验的不确定度是检验模型试验结果的重要标尺,是模型试验数据分析的一部分。国际上尚未形成完整的操纵性自航模试验不确定分析方法。论文以ITTC推荐的操纵性自航模试验不确定度分析导则为基础,采用ISO-GUM方法构建操纵性自航模试验不确定度分析方法,并以一艘集装箱船为研究对象,给出了操纵性自航模试验的不确定度水平,包括回转试验和Z形试验。     

基于ISO GUM的螺旋桨敞水试验不确定度分析方法研究

基于国际标准和国家计量规范中的ISO GUM不确定度分析体系开展了螺旋桨敞水试验不确定度分析方法研究,梳理了敞水试验的主要不确定度源并建立了测量模型.对各输入量的灵敏系数进行了推导,形成了完整的敞水推力扭矩测量不确定度分析方法.在此基础上,结合典型螺旋桨标准模型敞水基准检验试验开展了不确定度分析,同时采用蒙特卡洛不确定度法对分析结果进行了对比,结果表明两者吻合较好,证明了GUM不确定度分析流程的适用性与可靠性.     

考虑浅水影响的航速测量不确定度分析

受实船试航水域水深的影响,对于深吃水的大型船舶航速测量结果必须采用适当的方法进行航速的浅水修正.本文采用GUM测量不确定度分析方法,以某大型油轮为例,对考虑浅水影响的航速测量进行了不确定度分析.     

考虑波浪影响的船速测量不确定度分析

试航时,对于在2级海况以上测得的船速数据,必须进行波浪修正.针对柏林水池(VWS)提出的波浪修正办法,以某油轮为例,采用GUM测量不确定度分析方法,对考虑波浪影响的船速测量进行了不确定度分析.     

基于蒙特卡洛法的实船功率性能试验不确定度分析

针对实船功率性能测量与分析涉及因素多,难以通过传统GUM法对修正得到的理想状态功率与航速结果进行不确定度评价的问题,提出基于蒙特卡洛法的实船功率性能不确定度分析方法,分析实船功率性能试验中的主要不确定度源,依据ISO15016数据处理方法建立测量模型,以大连海事大学教学实习船“育鲲”轮为对象分析实船功率性能试验与不确定度,获得了功率和航速测量的不确定度水平与主要影响量,验证了不确定度分析方法的适用性。     

船模水动力学试验中几何参数的不确定度分析研究

自从1992年ITTC-QS工作组致函ITTC技术委员会提请ITTC各成员单位依照ANSI/ASME PTC 19.1开展测量不确定度评定以来,不确定度分析一直是热门议题.AIAA于1999年发布了风洞试验不确定度分析的指南.ITTC从1999年起逐步发布了一系列关于船模试验不确定度分析的规程.在这些规程中,由模型加工误差引起的水动力系数不确定度分量一般是通过水动力系数的(无量纲)表达式进行分析计算的.这种分析,从数学上是合理的,但从物理上分析和依据工程判断,有些则是相当不合理的,甚至是分析中的一个误区.文章列举了若干实例对此进行了阐述,并提出:对于因水动力无量纲化而引入的几何参数,其不确定度影响分量不能简单地依据所采用的无量纲表达式进行分析评定,而是要基于水动力学的分析进行合理的评定.     

阻力和流场的CFD不确定度分析探讨

为了解并研究CFD中不确定度分析的整个过程和细节,依照ITTC推荐规程,针对SUBOFF潜艇阻力和流场的数值模拟结果,进行了CFD中的不确定度分析和探讨.数值计算中采用了5套网格,网格加细比rc=√2.在此基础上,进行了验证分析,评估了数值误差和数值不确定度,验证过程全部完成.而后进行了确认分析,评估了对比误差和确认不确定度,确认过程全部完成.     

拖曳水池船模阻力校准技术研究

以国内某拖曳水池船模阻力校准为应用示范,提出拖曳水池船模阻力精确校准方法。首先,研究建立阻力标准模型,并将国际拖曳水池会议(ITTC)介绍的重复性试验拓展至不等精度的多组试验,以加权算术平均值作为测量结果的最佳估计,确定精确的船模阻力基准数据。其次,开展船模阻力总阻力系数不确定度的分析,并结合二因次换算法,提出基于"测量不确定度表示指南"(GUM)的总阻力系数不确定度评估方法。最后,利用与国内水池船模阻力的比对而获取修正值,实现船模阻力参量的校准;同时,开展国际比对,进一步验证了拖曳水池船模阻力精确校准方法的可操作性和合理性。     

拖曳水池船模阻力试验不确定度分析

为了提高拖曳水池船模试验精度和便于相互交流与比较,第22届和23届国际船模试验池会议(ITTC)都推荐世界各国水池在给出试验结果的同时,也给出试验结果的不确定度.文中给出一艘玻璃钢标准船模在江苏科技大学拖曳水池进行重复阻力试验的情况,采用了ITTC建议的不确定度估计方法,对该船模的船型因子(1+K)、湿面积(S)、傅汝德数(Fr)进行了不确定度分析,给出了分析结果.并且计算出在试验速度下各阻力系数Ci的偏差限、精度限和总不确定度,对试验结果进行了综合分析.     

二维平底结构砰击载荷数值计算的不确定度分析

依照ITTC推荐规程,针对二维平底结构入水砰击最大压力系数的数值模拟结果,进行了CFD中的不确定度分析。数值计算中选取中间尺度的时间步长,验证不同粗细三套网格。然后进行了验证分析及确认分析,评估了对比误差和确认不确定度,确认过程全部完成。     

考虑算法的实船试航船速测量不确定度分析

实船试航中影响船速测量结果的因素很多,对其进行测量不确定度分析时应考虑的不确定度来源也有很多。采用“测量不确定度表示指南”规定的方法,将船速算法作为不确定度源,对其测量结果进行了不确定度分析。不确定度分析以某油船为例,分别考虑了实际航速平均法和逐点法两种算法,并对两种算法得到的结果作了讨论。     

Study on the form factor and full-scale ship resistance prediction method

To consider the resistance component due to hull geometry, the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) adopted the resistance test method in 1978, introducing the form factor concept with two basic assumptions, i.e., the form factor of a model ship is the same as that of a full-scale ship and the form factor is independent of ship speed. However, it is not only very difficult to determine the form factor using the ITTC ’78 method, but also there have been questions regarding the basic assumptions. Therefore, the authors carried out three basic studies on the form factor concept and proposed a new extrapolation procedure for the prediction of full-scale ship resistance performance. The validity of the proposed procedure is being investigated by comparing sea trial and model test results. The results of this investigation will be presented in the near future.     

基于船舶兴波能量守恒的形状因子算法

为了拓展传统的根据船模阻力试验数据确定形状因子计算方法的适用测量速度范围,文章提出了基于船舶兴波能量守恒的形状因子计算方法。该算法以兴波阻力系数的理论近似表达式取代ITTC（1978）方法的兴波阻力系数近似表达式,采用梯度下降最优算法对船模阻力试验数据进行数值拟合计算求得形状因子。以4250 TEU集装箱船作为算例,将文中算法同传统的普鲁哈斯卡法和ITTC（1978）方法的计算结果进行了比较,验证了该算法的合理性和精确性。     

基于CFD的中低速Wigley船模黏性阻力

船舶阻力性能对船型参数的确定、船体结构的设计有重要影响。本文以Wigley船模为研究对象，采用CFD方法建立了行船阻力分析系统，以实际海况数据为依据，确定较准确的参数和边界条件，分析了不同航速（傅汝德数）下的低速行船阻力，并与理论公式对比分析。仿真测试结果表明：在实际海况数据下，CFD数值模拟阻力与理论ITTC公式计算的阻力误差在2%以内且发展趋势一致。本文的研究为采用CFD研究行船阻力奠定基础。     

Uncertainty due to discretization on the ALE algorithm for predicting water slamming loads

Numerical uncertainty due to discretization on the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) Finite Element method is investigated in the study. The paper quantifies uncertainty using two ITTC recommended methods, and also applies a constant Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) number based discretization approach, instead of performing the independent grid and time-based discretization recommended by ITTC. As a case study, water entry of a flat bottom rigid and flexible plate is simulated considering various entry velocities. The total slamming loads and structural responses on both the rigid and elastic bottom plates are predicted and validated against available experimental data. Results indicate that numerical errors due to discretization differ in the various parameters and from case to case. They do affect the analysis of slamming loads and associated structural responses, and the hydroelasticity analysis as well. The hydroelasticity effects on the slamming force generally increase as the entry velocity increases, however, the quantitative results differ much for models with different grids. For example, when the hydroelasticity effect is estimated using the finer model, the deviation of the total slamming force on the elastic plate relative to the one on the rigid body are 56%, 57%, and 63% respectively for the three constant entry velocities, whereas the estimations are −27%, −4% and 3% with the coarser model. The study concludes that the uncertainty due to discretization in ALE is not just case-specific, but also parameter specific. The uncertainty quantification procedures with a constant CFL number based refinement are recommended to investigate the uncertainty comparing to the individual grid and time step study, in particular for the ALE solution where the time step is adjusted automatically as the grid changes. Thus, consideration should be given to updating the ITTC guidelines to incorporate the constant CFL based discretization approach.     

从ITTC看国际船舶水动力学研究重点方向的演进

简要介绍了ITTC发展的历史和现状,对2008年召开的第25届ITTC大会主要技术信息进行了解读,并分析了ITTC所反映的国际船舶水动力学研究重点方向,同时阐述了对于加强国内船舶水动力学科技创新工作的几点思考.     

Assessment of uncertainty in the CFD simulation of the wave-induced loads on a vertical cylinder

The paper addresses different uncertainty analysis methods commonly used for uncertainty quantification in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies and compares a constant Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) number based approach for uncertainty estimation to the ITTC recommended grid and time-independent procedures. Four different uncertainty estimation procedures are presented and discussed. To compare their performance and better understand CFD related uncertainty quantification in wave load simulations on offshore structures, the methods are applied to a case study of the wave loads on a fixed vertical cylinder. The numerical or CFD wave tank is generated using the open-source CFD toolkit OpenFOAM. Uncertainty is assessed for the case study using four different uncertainty estimation procedures for verification and later, validation is attempted by comparing the CFD results with experiments. The study concludes that a constant CFL number based uncertainty study provides more stable results and is better suited for uncertainty estimation in CFD than the ITTC recommended individual grid and time step uncertainty study.     

Response-based extreme value analysis of moored offshore structures due to wave, wind, and current

Floating moored offshore structures have a significant future in offshore operations as an attractive economic alternative to fixed structures in deep waters and/or in areas where there is no existing infrastructure. This paper describes an analysis procedure based on the structure variable approach to estimate load and response values of a moored offshore platform at a given return period by taking into account the joint occurrence of wave, wind, and current. The results show that the most severe mooring loads may not occur when wind, wave, and current are collinear and are at their maximum design values, i.e., the 50- or 100-year case. It is recommended that the extreme mooring design loads for moored offshore systems should be determined through a range of physical or numerical simulations where wave, wind, and current are noncollinear and act with less severe magnitudes than the 50- or 100-year case. This recommendation has also been adopted in the ITTC/Ocean Engineering Committee recommendations to the ITTC Conference held in September 1996.