Residual circulation in the Ría de Muros (NW Spain): A 3D numerical model study

The residual circulation of the Ría de Muros, a large coastal embayment in NW Spain, are studied using a three-dimensional baroclinic finite-difference model. The driving forces considered by the model include the tide, winds, river inflows and density forcing at the open boundary. In situ data of current velocity and direction, water level, wind velocity and direction, river discharge, and temperature and salinity are used for model validation. Simulated and observed time series of water level and current velocity are in good agreement. Once validated, the model is applied to compute the residual circulation induced by the relevant agents of the ría hydrodynamics—the tide, an upwelling-favourable wind characteristic of spring and summer, a downwelling-favourable wind typical of winter, and freshwater inflows associated with high river runoff. The resulting residual circulation differ notably. The tide does not generate significant residual flows except in the inner ría. By contrast, winds and river discharges induce important residual flows throughout; in the middle and outer ría they generate a 3D residual circulation pattern which renders the conventional two-layer scheme of estuarine circulation too simplistic in this case. Thus, this first application of a 3D numerical model to the Ría de Muros sheds new light on its fundamental hydrodynamics.     

Resolving the impact of short-term variations in physical processes impacting on the spawning environment of eastern Baltic cod: application of a 3-D hydrodynamic model

Variations in oxygen conditions below the permanent halocline influence the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea through a number of mechanisms. In this study, we examine the effects of physical forcing on variations in the volume of deep oxygenated water suitable for reproductive success of central Baltic cod. Recent research has identified the importance of inflows of saline and oxygenated North Sea water into the Baltic Sea for the recruitment of Baltic cod. However, other processes have been suggested to modify this reproduction volume including variations in timing and volume of terrestrial runoff, variability of the solubility of oxygen due to variations in sea surface temperature as well as the influence of variations in wind stress. In order to examine the latter three mechanisms, we have performed simulations utilizing the Kiel Baltic Sea model for a period of a weak to moderate inflow of North Sea water into the Baltic, modifying wind stress, freshwater runoff and thermal inputs. The model is started from three-dimensional fields of temperature, salinity and oxygen obtained from a previous model run and forced by realistic atmospheric conditions. Results of this realistic reference run were compared to runs with modified meteorological forcing conditions and river runoff.From these simulations, it is apparent that processes other than major Baltic inflows have the potential to alter the reproduction volume of Baltic cod. Low near-surface air temperatures in the North Sea, the Skagerrak/Kattegat area and in the western Baltic influence the water mass properties (high oxygen solubility). Eastward oriented transports of these well-oxygenated highly saline water masses may have a significant positive impact on the Baltic cod reproduction volume in the Bornholm Basin.Finally, we analysed how large scale and local atmospheric forcing conditions are related to the identified major processes affecting the reproduction volume.     

Hydrological changes in the Mediterranean Sea in relation to changes in the freshwater budget: A numerical modelling study

The response of the Mediterranean Sea and the various sub-basins to changes in the freshwater budget are investigated in a process-oriented study, using the POM model. The model is first integrated using values of the Nile and Ebro rivers runoff, as well as of the Dardanelles freshwater input, typical of the fifties. The model reaches a steady state representative of that existing in the Mediterranean prior to the major damming period after 90 years of integration. Then the model is integrated using the reduced river runoff values typical of the after-damming period. The additional impact of decadal scale trends in the precipitation rate as well as of intense surface cooling periods/events on the thermohaline circulation during the last 40 years were also examined. The model results show that the dramatic reduction of the Nile freshwater input and to a lesser extent the reduction of the freshwater input from the Dardanelles Straits induced a large increase in the sea surface salinity in the Aegean and Levantine basins in the late sixties/early seventies, in agreement with observations. Furthermore, the Ebro runoff reduction during the same period further enhanced the salinity increase in the Levantine basin as higher salinity surface waters of the western basin reached the eastern basin via the Atlantic Water circulation. This saltier surface layer in the vicinity of the Rhodes Gyre favoured the preconditioning for the formation of the Levantine Intermediate Water, resulting in about 40% increase of its formation rate. This in turn resulted in the production of saltier and larger amounts of deep waters in the various deep-water formation sites. According to the model, the river damming and decreased precipitation since the eighties explain about 95% of the observed salinity increase in the Western Mediterranean Deep Water over the last 40 years. The major contributor to this increase was proved to be the Nile damming. The salt increase in the surface layer is proved to be insufficient to produce alone the two climatic transient events in the deep waters of the Eastern Mediterranean in the late sixties and early nineties, respectively. Surface cooling was found to be important, resulting in large deep water formation and thus allowing the propagation of the increased surface salinity signal to the deep layers. However, model results demonstrate that the river damming played an important role in the long-term salt preconditioning of the surface/intermediate layers, thus contributing in triggering the two events.     

Summer hypoxia adjacent to the Changjiang Estuary

Changjiang, the third largest runoff in the world, empties into the East China Sea from Shanghai, the fastest developing area of China. With the increasing nutrient load from the river, a severe hypoxia zone was found to about 2  10⁴ km². The mechanism of hypoxia formation adjacent to the Changjiang Estuary receives more and more attention from both scientists and managers. This paper discusses the relationship between hypoxia and the water masses, primary production, particulate material transport and the density stratification in these areas according to data obtained from a cruise in September, 2003. Hypoxia is formed by organic detritus decay. The particulate organisms do not mainly come from the Changjiang river, or from the dead algal deposed locally, but from the local benthic algae or particles advected from the south. Maintenance of hypoxia is due to the large density stratification caused by the significant salinity difference between the fresh plume and salty water from Taiwan Strait. This applies also to other estuaries with large runoff and rapid economic growth drainage, such as the Pearl River. It is suggested that the hypoxic zone here is much more sensitive than that outside Mississippi River. More cruises over different weather and tide conditions are needed to prove this hypothesis. Interdisciplinary research should be further developed in the future.     

三峡水库运用后荆江河道断面形态变化及对航道条件的影响

利用三峡水库运用后水沙、地形资料,分析了荆江河道水沙、河道冲淤、宽深比、断面形态变化的规律,并在此基础上研究了断面形态变化对荆江航道条件的影响.结果表明:三峡水库运用后荆江不同类型河道断面形态呈现不同的变化规律,同时也存在共同特点,即上游水沙条件变化引起边滩冲刷,河宽增加,束水能力下降,同流量下河道水流弯曲度有所减小;受长期清水下泄的影响,以上变化将会进一步持续和发展,边滩冲刷、河宽增加仍将是未来一段时期荆江特别是下荆江河道变化的主要形式和特征,这些变化将对荆江的航道条件产生一定的不利影响.     

瓯江口水文泥沙特征分析

在大量实测资料的基础上,对瓯江口海区的地貌特征、河道径流特征、河道输沙特征、潮汐特征、潮流特征、余流特征、波浪特征、含沙量特征、泥沙来源、盐度特征、悬沙粒径和底质粒径特征、瓯江南北口的分流和分沙特征、中水道和北水道的分流和分沙特征进行了分析,根据实测资料分析得到了瓯江口挟沙力公式,得到了平衡水深公式,为瓯江河口的工程开发建设和科学研究提供了基础资料。主要研究成果表明:(1)瓯江口的潮汐属正规半日潮类型,平均潮差在4 m以上,属强潮河口;(2)潮流属正规浅海半日潮流类型,呈往复流动,潮流动力强;(3)瓯江为少沙河流,多年平均年悬移质输沙量为205.1万t;(4)瓯江南北口的平均涨潮分流比为21%和79%,落潮平均分流比为26%和74%;(5)瓯江南北口的平均涨潮分沙比为20%和80%,落潮平均分流沙比为22%和78%。     

长江中游戴家洲河段河床演变分析及趋势预测

戴家洲河段来水来沙特点分析表明,本河段具有明显的平原河流特征,水流易受地形影响,河段年际间来水来沙存在较大的变化,来沙以流域产沙为主,河段内造床起主导作用的是悬移质泥沙运动.河段演变特点主要表现为:洪水河势基本稳定而中低水滩地则冲淤变化不定;池湖港心滩基本稳定;巴河边滩发育和冲蚀交替;戴家洲洲头不断变化;直港直水道和微...     

长江下游南京至浏河口河段沿程设计最低通航水位分析*

随着长江口12.5 m深水航道上延至太仓,为充分发挥长江口深水航道治理工程的效益,更好地发挥长江下游港口和航道的作用,促进长三角地区经济社会协调发展,深水航道上延至南京迫在眉睫。南浏河段河道条件复杂,受径流和潮汐共同作用,现状条件下,要对长江中下游主航道进行经济合理的整治开发必须以确定合理的设计最低通航水位为保证。不受潮汐影响或是受潮汐影响不明显的河段,设计最低通航水位应该用综合历时曲线法来计算取值,受潮汐影响明显的地方采用低潮位累计频率曲线90%来取值,南浏河段受径流、潮汐共同作用,两种方法的适用范围需深入研究。     

Environmental changes in the western Black Sea related to anthropogenic and natural conditions

The Black Sea northwestern shelf (NWS) ecosystem has been subjected to the strongest anthropogenic pressure of the entire Black Sea as about 80% of the freshwater runoff is discharged there.This paper presents a review of the global environmental changes related mainly to increased eutrophication in the western Black Sea basin.A case study (CoMSBlack 92a cruise) attempts to highlight the interaction of some natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for specific chemical and biological features in the western Black Sea environment. The significance of processes located near the Danube river mouth, which, due to their relatively small space scale, have not been recognized before, is clarified. Hydrological processess of specific importance to the distribution and transformation of antropogenic inputs are river plume dynamics, coastal upwelling and mixing and downwelling over the shelf break and slope in this part of the basin. A layer of low hydrological variability (“conservative layer”) appears to be a natural feature of the area, hypothesized to precondition specific biological and chemical processes there.The results suggest that the interplay between the Danube anthropogenic nutrient load with the natural hydrological fronts and gradients provides opportunities for enhanced biological activity thus contributing to the global environmental changes in the Black Sea NWS.     

长江徐六泾河段白茆小沙近期演变特征分析

从河床冲淤、断面变化等方面,对白茆小沙近年来的演变、变化趋势及其影响进行分析。研究认为,受来水来沙条件变化、涨落潮水流流路分离影响和人为干扰等因素的作用,近年来白茆小沙的演变特征为上沙体滩面高程降低、尾部冲刷上提、下沙体冲失;预计白茆小沙将处于自然变化状态,但其变化将逐渐趋缓。白茆小沙的整治作为规划治理中的一部分,在下沙体的冲失后,已经失去治理的最佳时机。建议加强观测,以便分析其演变对河势及周边涉水工程的影响。     

长洲枢纽坝下河段水沙变化及河床变形分析

分析梧州水文站1955-2010年近50年的水沙系列数据及长洲枢纽建设前后2002-2011年间坝下近坝段的地形变化.结果表明:西江径流变化相对平稳,而来沙变化经历了3个时段,自2003年起梧州水文站输沙量及含沙量急剧减小,虽然其变化的时间在长洲枢纽建设前后,但长洲枢纽的建设并非是造成坝下梧州水文站输沙量和含沙量减小的主要原因;长洲枢纽建设前后河床的剧烈变形,主要为河道采砂和航道升级整治所造成.     

岷江龙溪口航电枢纽施工期通航问题试验研究

岷江龙溪口航电枢纽是一座以航运为主、航电结合的大(2)型综合利用水利枢纽工程。该工程施工期通航条件的好坏,将直接关系到岷江乐山至宜宾段航道能否满足大件船舶安全畅通的运输要求,意义重大。根据龙溪口航电枢纽工程施工导流模型试验成果,分析了各施工导流期的通航水流条件,并针对施工通航存在的问题特别是二、三期围堰区段流速超标、流态较差、通航流量较低等相关问题,提出了改善施工期通航水流条件、提高通航流量的综合性工程措施,较好地解决了本枢纽工程施工期的通航问题,其研究成果可作为类似工程借鉴和参考。     

A numerical transport model for predicting the distributions of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the southern North Sea: the sensitivity of model results to the uncertainties in the magnitudes of metal inputs

A new transport model for metals (named NOSTRADAMUS) has been developed to predict concentrations and distributions of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the southern North Sea. NOSTRADAMUS is comprised of components for water, inorganic and organic suspended particulate matter transport; a primary production module contributes to the latter component. Metal exchange between dissolved (water) and total suspended particulate matter (inorganic + organic) phases is driven by distribution coefficients. Transport is based on an existent 2-D vertically integrated model, incorporating a 35 × 35 km grid. NOSTRADAMUS is largely driven by data obtained during the Natural Environment Research Council North Sea Project (NERC NSP). The sensitivity of model predictions to uncertainties in the magnitudes of metal inputs has been tested. Results are reported for a winter period (January 1989) when plankton production was low. Simulated ranges in concentrations in regions influenced by the largest inflows, i.e. the NE English coast and the Southern Bight, are similar to the ranges in the errors of the concentrations estimated at the northern and southern open sea boundaries of the model. Inclusion of uncertainties with respect to atmospheric (up to ± 54%) and riverine (± 30%) inputs makes little difference to the calculated concentrations of both dissolved and particulate fractions within the southern North Sea. When all the errors associated with the inputs are included there is good agreement between computed and observed concentrations, and that for dissolved and particulate Cd, Cu and Zn, and dissolved Ni and Pb, many of the observations fall within, or are close to, the range of values generated by the model. For particulate Pb, model simulations predict concentrations of the right order, but do not reproduce the large scatter in actual concentrations, with simulated concentrations showing a bias towards lower values compared to those observed. A factor which could have contributed to observed concentrations, and which is not included in the model, is considered to be a substantial benthic input of dissolved lead during this winter period, coupled to a rapid and extensive scavenging of the dissolved lead to particles. Significant reductions in riverine and aeolian inputs of total Cd and Cu of 70% and 50%, respectively, consistent with aims of North Sea Conferences, are predicted to lead to minor decreases (~ 10%) in water column concentrations of dissolved and particulate Cd and Cu, except near river sources, where maximum reductions of ~ 30–40% may occur.     

黄河下游河南段航运开发对策研究

通过分析黄河下游航运的历史和现状,结合黄河下游河道调水调沙实践,探讨了黄河下游通航的主要问题,并提出了黄河下游通航的对策。黄河水系的航运历史悠久、曾经十分发达,后来由于黄河天然径流量的大幅度减少、泥沙含量剧增,大量泥沙沉积于河床,航运受到很大影响,特别是受黄河防汛和闸坝影响,黄河航运发展较慢,与公路、铁路运输相比,水运发展滞后。因河势险恶、部门沟通不足、建设资金短缺等原因,目前黄河河南段只有库区和部分区间通航,通而不畅,未构成水运通道,水路运输的优势也未能体现。分析表明:只有河道治理与航运开发等部门统一规划、密切协作,优化水沙调控方案,进一步稳定河势、束水攻沙、固定中水河槽、改善通航条件,才能实现黄河下游河南段全线通航。     

山区河流航道整治施工对水生态环境的影响

山区河流航道整治一般采取筑坝、疏浚、炸礁、护岸等工程，在施工中不可避免对现状水生态环境造成扰动。以岷江下游航道整治一期工程为例，通过对代表性河段施工前后的水质、浮游生物、底栖动物、鱼类等种类和资源量开展现场监测，研究发现：施工前后水体化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、总磷、石油类、悬浮物的浓度有所升高，但均未超过相关标准限定值；藻类、水生维管束植物、浮游动物、底栖动物、鱼类等施工前后无明显减少。因此通过合理的时间、空间的施工避让，航道整治施工对山区河流水生态环境的影响较小。     

Patchiness in the Fly River plume in Torres Strait

Oceanographic studies were carried out from August 1994 to March 1995 on the intrusion of the Fly River plume in Torres Strait. Measurements at offshore coral reefs revealed an event of decreased salinity (≈24) while salinity of the water over the reefs fluctuated between 30–34 the rest of the time. Modelling suggests that this event resulted from the reversal of longshore currents advecting old river plume water back past the river mouth. There the new river water mixed with the old river plume water generating a patch of low-salinity water. While such events may be infrequent, they have the potential to leave a terrestrial signature on offshore coral reefs, in terms of (1) an input of terrigenous sediment and (2) the possible incorporation of riverine particulate metal into the food chain. The impact during an intrusion event may be significant. In the long term the riverine material is diluted in calcareous sediment produced throughout the year by bio-erosion of coral reefs.     

内河航运项目效益分析

内河航运的明显优势是运量大、能耗低、环保、安全,内河航运建设项目在提高内河航道通过能力的同时,对防洪、灌溉、城市建设等各方面都有贡献。虽然水运的社会效益有目共睹,但当涉及到项目投资评估时,却一直缺乏将这些效益量化的手段,因此内河航运项目在项目筛选和投资决策阶段失去了竞争力。文章对内河航运项目效益分析和经济评价的现状和现有的一些方法做以介绍,提出改进现行内河航运项目效益分析和经济评价的一些建议。     

Modelling nutrient fluxes from sub-arctic basins: Comparison of pristine vs. dammed rivers

The deterministic Riverstrahler model of river functioning is applied for the first time to sub-arctic catchments. Seasonal nutrient (N, P, Si) deliveries to the coastal zone are simulated, and nutrient annual fluxes are established for the nearly pristine river Kalix (hereafter called Kalixälven) and the heavily dammed river Lule, (hereafter called Luleälven) both located in Northern Sweden and draining into the Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea.For Kalixälven simulations are performed with a runoff calculated from precipitation, evapo-transpiration and temperature data for the period 1990–1999, using a hydrological model calibrated on observed monthly discharges at the river outlet. The same hydrological parameters are used to calculate specific runoff for the Luleälven basin in absence of dam regulation. Reservoir filling and emptying are simulated using a simplified representation of their management rules. Diffuse sources of nutrient are evaluated according to land cover of the catchment. The simulated seasonal trends are within the range of the observed data, in particular for discharge, dissolved silica, total phosphorus, inorganic nitrogen and total organic carbon. Specific runoff is 50% higher in the Luleälven than in the Kalixälven watershed due to higher altitudes and precipitations. Average silica, nitrate and phosphorus concentrations are much lower in Luleälven than in Kalixälven. Comparison of model results for the Luleälven with and without dams shows a reduction of respectively 25% and 30% in silica and phosphorus fluxes delivered at the outlet, while nitrogen delivery is increased by 10% in the dammed vs. undammed river system. The model allows assessing the respective role of reservoir trapping of nutrient in the reservoir through algal uptake and sedimentation, and of changes in the vegetation induced by flooding the valley formerly covered by forests and wetlands.     

江河海统筹一体化在海事政务中的探索及应用

江河海统筹一体化在海事政务的应用研究对于适度超前顺应和促进水运现代化、推动海事治理现代化和高质量发展有着重要意义。文中通过对南通海事局江河海海事政务统筹一体化实践的分析,认为应重点推进政务标准一体化、政务服务一体化、政务功能一体化、政务资源一体化,创造性地开展相关工作,提高海事行政能力、服务能力和社会影响力。     

On the fresh balance of the Adriatic Sea

The long-term mean fresh water balance of the Adriatic Sea is studied by ananalysing evaporation, precipitation and river runoff. Evaporation is computed from May latent heat flux and by means of bulk formula. In the latter case two wind speed data sets are used, namely those from the NMC and May. The sea surface temperature is taken from a historical Adriatic data set, and the air temperature and relative humidity come from the NMC data set. Two precipitation data sets are considered, namely the Legates and Willmott climatology and a data set consisting of data measured at 62 rain-gauge stations located on the Adriatic coasts. Runoff contribution to the fresh water balance is estimated from the long-term average flow rates of 39 rivers and the horizontal distribution of salinity in the upper mixed layer.The spatial distribution of the fresh water balance, as well as of its components, is analysed by means of monthly objective maps, from which averages and standard deviations are computed. The results obtained from the different computations are not always univocal, particularly in the evaluation of Summer evaporation, and are affected by relatively large statistical errors. Significant spatial and seasonal variability occurs, with a noticeable fresh water gain along the coastline of the northern and middle basins, while small areas of fresh water loss are found in the middle and southern basins. Nevertheless, on an annual basis, the difference between the fresh water losses by evaporation and the gains by precipitation and runoff is clearly negative, indicating that, unlike the whole Mediterranean, the Adriatic Sea is generally a dilution basin.