海上溢油应急处理的仿真和三维可视化

为完善海上搜救模拟器中的溢油仿真模块,在对近海潮流进行数值模拟的基础上,通过对溢油扩展、漂移、蒸发和乳化数学模型的组合计算,首先实现了近海溢油运动过程的实时仿真.随后结合海浪的真实感绘制算法,使用OSG(Open Scene Graph)纹理烘焙和平面折射技术,实现了海上溢油扩散过程的三维可视化.对现有海上溢油应急处理...     

珠江口区域海上溢油动态预测信息系统的开发与应用

为了对《珠江口区域溢油应急计划》提供决策支持,在国内外相关研究成果基础上,针对珠江口海域的特点,研究开发了先进实用的"珠江口区域海上溢油动态预报信息系统",综合了三维潮流模型、三维溢油扩散模型、溢油风化模型、应急反应模型、以及电子海图、地理信息系统(GIS)、数据库等关键技术。该系统可以预测模拟并可视化显示海上溢油的漂移扩散和性质变化过程,同时显示环境敏感区和应急人员设备分布等相关信息。实际溢油应用案例表明,该系统的预报模拟结果与现场实际情况完全相符,能有效地提高海上溢油污染事故的应急决策效率。     

基于三维水动力模型的溢油扩展迁移规律的数值模拟

以长江常州段船舶溢油事故为例,采用无结构三角网格划分计算区域,采用有限体积法离散控制方程,构建了非稳态三维水动力模型,结合Fay溢油模式开展了河流中溢油扩展迁移过程的数值模拟研究.数值模拟结果表明,本文构建的模型更加精确地模拟了水流流态,并在此基础上预测了油膜在垂向上的分布规模,能够较好地模拟河流中溢油扩散迁移规律。可为溢油污染的防控、治理提供技术依据。     

长江宜都港区溢油风险数值模拟

内陆江河航道发生船舶溢油事故对沿岸生态系统与周边居民健康威胁大,为研究长江航道溢油的漂移扩散规律,建立宜昌市宜都港区二维水动力模型并对其流速、水位进行验证后,耦合油粒子模型模拟溢油的运动过程。模拟结果表明:在SSW风向、1.0 m/s风速条件下,丰水期油膜漂移扩散的速度较枯水期快,油膜面积小,对下游取水口以及水源保护区产生持续污染的影响时间短;枯水期油膜在沿岸发生聚集后对下游取水口与保护区产生持续污染影响。模型可为宜都港区的溢油事故应急响应提供理论依据,对模拟预测内陆江河航道的溢油漂移扩散现象具有一定的指导意义。     

基于GIS的三峡库区溢油模型研究

基于GIS平台,将RMA2的水动力模型与GNOME溢油预测模型相结合,构建了溢油漂移动态预测模型,模型中同时考虑了由风引起的波浪作用,以及溢油的降解、挥发作用,并实现了GIS全方位监控。以三峡库区重庆段为研究区域,对50吨轻油泄漏后的漂移扩散过程进行了模拟。     

基于GNOME和EFDC模型的溢油数值模拟研究——以湄洲湾为例

为了研究溢油发生后的扩散过程,尤其是在近海峡湾内的漂移扩散,采用EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Computer Code)模型架构了潮流场,采用国际流行的GNOME(General NOAA Oil Modeling Environment)模型读取计算流场并代入设计风速,计算了湄洲湾内湾某假想溢油点发生溢油后,不同工况下的溢油漂移扩散过程。研究结果表明:峡湾内溢油漂移扩散过程在一个潮周期中转流时刻油膜面积迅速扩大;溢油发生于高潮期间的扩散范围远大于低潮,湾底的溢油油膜可以在一个大潮过程遍布整个湄洲湾;风对溢油漂移的影响非常明显,5m/s的风速即能够明显改变溢油的漂移方向。建议在海湾海岸线利用整体规划中增加关键节点区域的溢油拦截设备储备研究,尤其需考虑到常风向的对岸面的溢油防护。     

天津港某液体化工码头船舶污染影响模拟研究

本研究以潮流计算结果和风场资料分析结果为依据,采用溢油模型对海上溢油的扩散、漂移和岸线吸附等物化过程进行模拟,分析研究预测油膜的演变,预测油膜漂移轨迹和归宿。计算结果表明当南港港池口门位置处发生溢油事故后,油膜均会漂出南港口门外,在风的作用下会对周边环境一定范围内产生一定影响。     

不同风况条件下码头溢油事故影响分析

由于溢油扩散漂移跟时间、地点、数量及相应的风、流等众多不确定的随机因素有关,油膜的漂移过程是极其复杂的。本文从油品装卸码头风险事故识别、溢油事故统计与概率以及源强确定等方面对拟建码头进行分析,针对不同风况条件下,对码头溢油漂移轨迹进行预测分析,结果显示,由风和海流(或河流)引起的油膜运动过程中,在流场、风速等条件一定时,风向是影响溢油运动轨迹的主要因素。为码头的运营以及管理提供技术依据。     

广西近海溢油扩散数值模拟

利用MIKE 21 HD模块模拟广西近海二维潮流特性,根据实测水文资料对广西近海二维水动力模型进行了验证。应用MIKE 21 OS溢油模块加载广西近海二维水动力数据,建立广西近海二维溢油扩散模型,对溢油事故进行影响预测。研究结果表明,风场、潮流场和溢油事故发生位置对溢油轨迹都有着重要影响。风场是油膜漂移方向的最大影响因素,在不同溢油事故发生位置的工况下,溢油的漂移轨迹和扫海范围可能完全不同。     

北海铁山港西港区5、6号码头溢油事故模拟仿真研究

为了科学、合理地评估北海铁山港西港区5#、6#泊位码头船舶溢油事故风险,从而为码头开展防治船舶污染海洋环境能力建设提供依据,论文对码头溢油事故进行了模拟仿真研究。论文建立了二维潮流模型用以模拟码头附近水域的潮流场,采用了OILMAP模型对15万吨级散货船10t燃料油N风和SW风特定情境下码头溢油事故进行了模拟仿真,具体包括对溢油的漂移、分散、扩展、蒸发、乳化、岸线沉积等系列过程,最后对模拟仿真结果进行了分析并为码头建设提出了相应建议。     

Modeling oil spills in a river—lake system

A general model shell, ROSS3, is developed for simulating oil spills in complex river systems using techniques which have not been previously exploited in oil spill models. ROSS3's new approach has several advantages over the approach to model oil spills in the past: (a) The use of a time-varying boundary-fitted coordinate system that allows accurate accounting for complex river/lake boundary as well as the river boundary changes as its water levels fluctuate; (b) The ability to confine two-dimensional hydrodynamic computations to a limited river reach; (c) The ability to interactively layout the channel networks for setting up the model, define extra cross sections to increase the accuracy if needed, in addition to the traditional data entry and visualization interfaces.ROSS3 is a two-layer two-dimensional oip spill model that can simulate the mechanism of advection, horizontal diffusion, mechanical spreading, shoreline deposition, evaporation, dissolution, vertical mixing, resurfacing and sinking. In ROSS3 spilled oil may be a surface slick or suspended oil droplets, or a combination of both. Both free surface and ice cover conditions can be simulated. The flow of conditions can be varied and the unsteady flow model can be run within ROSS3 to simulate the flow conditions in both the river and the lake. The ice conditions can be added or removed from the model input using easy interactive procedures.     

虚拟仿真技术在溢油回收装置结构性能评估和轻量化设计中的应用

针对传统设计方法依靠经验开展设计的缺陷,提出了基于虚拟仿真技术的结构性能评估和优化设计方法.针对某溢油回收船溢油回收装置,利用虚拟仿真技术对其结构性能进行评估,并利用拓扑优化技术开展溢油回收装置结构的轻量化设计,实现以仿真来驱动设计,以期为虚拟仿真技术在船舶设计特别是溢油回收船溢油回收装置设计中的应用提供参考.     

Simulation of the oil spill processes in the Sea of Japan with regional ocean circulation model

A simulation of the movement of spilled oil after the incident of the Russian tanker Nakhodka in the Sea of Japan, in January 1997, was performed by a particle tracking model incorporating advection by currents, random diffusion, the buoyancy effect, the parameterization of oil evaporation, biodegradation, and beaching. The currents advecting spilled oil were defined by surface wind drift superposed on the three-dimensional ocean currents obtained by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory modular ocean model (GFDL MOM), which was forced by the climatological monthly mean meteorological data, or by the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) daily meteorological data, and assimilated sea surface topography detected by satellite altimeter. A number of experiments with different parameters and situations showed that the wide geographical spread of oil observed is not explained by wind drift alone, and that including the simulated climatological currents gives better results. The combination of surface wind drift and daily ocean currents shows the best agreement between the model and observations except in some coastal areas. The daily meteorological effect on the ocean circulation model results in a stronger variability of currents that closely simulates some features of the nonlinear large-scale horizontal turbulent diffusion of oil. The effect of different parameterizations for the size distribution of model oil particles is discussed. Received for publication on July 26, 1999; accepted on Nov. 17, 1999     

基于多功能溢油回收船的线面式溢油回收技术研究

介绍长江首艘多功能溢油回收船“海特311”的结构和性能,分析围油栏的布设方法,提出“线面式”溢油应急技术。介绍该技术的工作原理及工作效率,提出结合双体围油栏的使用的构思,以期更大限度地发挥多功能溢油回收船的作用。     

多功能海上溢油处理装置设计

随着海上石油开采规模的日趋扩大,海上溢油事故频发,已成为目前急待解决的热点问题.传统的海上溢油处理装置效率低下、系统性差、应变能力弱.对此提出了一种新型多功能海上溢油处理装置,采用创新的堰吸式浮油收集方法、多层次一体化油水分离系统、新颖的外漂式浮油储存携带系统等,结合多套处理策略,不但能高效、周全地应对不同的溢油情况,还在装置中融入了节能环保的新创意.文章介绍了装置的设计思路和关键设备的参数,并对核心技术问题进行了具体阐述.     

红外光谱法在船舶溢油鉴别中的应用

本文介绍船舶溢油红外光谱鉴别工作,叙述了溢油的预处理、油品的模拟风化、光谱视觉覆盖法鉴别溢油以及红外光谱法在船舶溢油鉴别中的应用。     

海浪中船舶运动的可视化技术

介绍了船舶在海浪中运动的可视化技术。给出了可视化设计过程的流程图，并讨论了建立船舶模型的可行方法和三维波浪模型的数学模型，以及如何应用OpenGL函数库来生成船舶在海浪中运动的动画。在讨论可视化技术时，使用了具有平台独立性的OpenGL图形库。     

Post OPA-90 vessel oil spill differentials: transfers versus vessel accidents

This study investigates vessel oil spill differentials for transfer and vessel-accident spills for the post Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90) period. In-water and out-of-water transfer/vessel-accident oil spill equations are estimated, utilizing tobit regression analysis and data of individual vessel oil spills (of oil-cargo and non-oil-cargo vessels) investigated by the US Coast Guard for the 1991-1995 period. In the data, 47.5% (94.1%) of in-water (out-of-water) gallons of oil spilled were transfer spills; non-oil-cargo vessels accounted for 44.2% of all gallons spilled. The estimation results suggest that out-of-water transfer spills are larger in size than vessel-accident spills, but are similar in size for in-water spills. Transfer/vessel-accident spill differentials exist (do not exist) among determinants of in-water (out-of-water) spills. The policy implication of the results is that a vessel oil spill-reduction differentiation regulatory regime is needed that differentiates between transfer and vessel-accident spills and in-water and out-of-water spills for reducing vessel oil spills.