Seismic response of subsea structures on caissons and mudmats due to liquefaction

This paper presents a numerical study to investigate the seismic behavior of mudmat and caisson foundations supporting subsea structures, such as manifolds, in liquefiable sand. In seismic areas, substantial earthquake loads can be imparted to subsea structures during ground shaking, threatening their stability. In particular, soil liquefaction in sandy soil arising from strong ground motions could significantly influence the performance of subsea structures founded on liquefiable sand. The results of this study can provide a better understanding of the response of subsea manifolds in liquefiable soil during and after the earthquake. Three-dimensional, non-linear, dynamic analyses are performed using a finite difference scheme, and the ability of the model to reproduce the site response of a saturated sand deposit is assessed using the results of available centrifuge data. This study includes six computational models representing manifolds with different sizes and weights supported by caissons and mudmats in shallow and deep liquefiable sand subjected to moderate and strong earthquake shakings. The response is evaluated in terms of excess pore water pressure generated in the soil medium and displacements of the subsea foundation during and after the shaking. The results show that manifolds may experience considerable movement during liquefaction and post-liquefaction settlements. In addition, depending on the characteristics of the seismic motion and structural system, the manifold could also experience large tilting.     

Equivalent linear pseudostatic and dynamic modelling of vertically vibrating monopile

To optimize offshore wind turbine (OWT) design, an engineering tool has been developed allowing for a detailed investigation of the effects of nonlinear soil stiffness and damping on foundation dynamics. We have studied the response of a vertically oscillating offshore wind monopile foundation in a realistic soil profile subjected to loads between 1 and 200 MN in the frequency range 0–10 Hz with pseudo-static and equivalent linear dynamic model. The non-linear soil behaviour is modelled with an equivalent linear method with shear modulus reduction and damping curves as input. The tool is verified and validated by comparison with elasto-dynamic model and experiments. With increasing load amplitudes foundation stiffness increases and damping decreases. For large load amplitudes the lower part of the pile foundation contributes more to foundation damping. The results indicate the nonlinear foundation stiffness and damping can be modelled rationally by combining stiffness and hysteretic damping from nonlinear static tools with apparent mass and radiation damping from elasto-dynamic analysis. The tool can be used to compute soil springs and dampers based on laboratory-based soil stiffness and damping.     

Experimental study of slam-induced stresses in a containership

Experiments for the ship motions and sea loads were carried out on a segmented model of a container ship in ballast condition. Comparisons between the measurements and the theoretical results were carried out for the vertical motions and bending moments. For the evaluation of the primary stresses it is assumed that the total vertical bending moment induced by waves is divided into one component obtained by the linear theory and another one is due to the slamming loads. Several formulations for the determination of the slamming loads are compared with experimental results. The vibratory response of the model is calculated by modelling the hull with rotational springs and rigid links. Linear finite elements with a consistent mass formulation are adopted for the structural model and the response is obtained by modal superimposing and direct integration methods.     

深水钻井隔水管耦合系统分析(英文)

对于深水系泊钻井系统而言,移动式海洋钻井装置与细长结构(系缆、钻井隔水管)之间的耦合效应在预测浮体运动及钻井隔水管响应时起决定性作用.文中建立了深水系泊钻井系统的全耦合有限元模型,考虑波频与低频环境载荷,对系统进行了非线性时域分析.分析表明,由低频浮体运动激励的低频隔水管动态响应可对深水钻井隔水管设计产生重要影响.常规方法将低频浮体运动作为准静态效应考虑,对于连接在锚泊钻井装置上的深水钻井隔水管而言是不精确的.     

水下管汇阀门的选型和材料要求

考虑到水下管汇在深水开发中的重要性,对水下管汇阀门的选型和材料技术进行研究,结合规范要求和实际水下工程设计经验,提出水下管汇阀门的选型设计流程以及阀门材料的技术要求。     

水平荷载下单桩有限元模拟结合p-y曲线法分析

为了分析在水平荷载下单桩的横向响应问题,利用有限元程序ANSYS对桩土相互作用体系进行了三维有限元数值模拟,分析了土体是否考虑弹塑性、桩土之间是否考虑接触面等因素对单桩横向响应的影响。提出了有效模拟单桩横向响应的有限元模型;进一步提出了确定接触面刚度参数及p-y曲线地基反力系数修正接触面刚度参数的方法。最后进行了实例验证,得出了地基非线性因素的影响是不可忽略的重要结论,并有效提高了有限元模型的计算精度。     

Time-domain coupled dynamic simulation for SFT-mooring-train interaction in waves and earthquakes

In this study, Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT)-mooring-train coupled dynamics is solved in the time domain to investigate their dynamic and hydro-elastic interactions under wave and earthquake excitations. The SFT is modeled by the rod-FE (finite element) theory, and it is connected to mooring lines through dummy-connection-mass and linear and rotational springs. A 3D rigid-multi-body dynamic model is developed for train dynamics that consists of seven rigid bodies. The tunnel-train interaction is taken into consideration based on the wheel-rail correspondence assumption and the simplified Kalker linear creep theory. The developed computer simulation program is validated through comparisons with commercial programs and published results when possible. In the case of earthquake-induced dynamics of the coupled system, the effects of soil conditions, tunnel length, mooring interval, seismic-wave propagation, and seaquake are investigated. The magnitudes of the SFT downward motions induced by the moving train are small compared with the motions induced by earthquakes. The earthquake causes transient SFT responses especially at their lowest wet natural frequencies while high-frequency motions are induced by seaquake effect. Structural damping and seismic propagation play an important role in dynamic responses. The interaction of the tunnel and moving train is also evaluated for various train speeds in terms of the derailment and offload factors and riding-comfort criterion. For the given SFT and train designs, the offload factor and riding-comfort criterion can slightly exceed their limits at certain earthquake conditions with the speed as high as 70 m/s, which can be adjusted by reducing train speed.     

Reliability-based design of subsea light weight pipeline against lateral stability

The application of non-metallic light weight pipeline (LWP) in subsea oil/gas transmission system is subject to subsea pipeline on-bottom stability problem because of their light weight. Additional weight required for the stabilization of subsea LWP is a critical item to consider when decreasing the cost of the pipeline system. This paper presents an effective approach to determine the additional weight by utilizing a reliability-based assessment of subsea LWP against on-bottom stability. In the approach, a dynamic non-linear finite element model (FEM), including a model of fluids-pipe-soil interaction for the subsea pipeline, is used to study the pipeline displacement response. In-place analysis of a flexible pipe is presented as an example of the authors' methodology. Results show that displacements are largely affected with and without considering the lift force. Additionally, the uncertainties of all parameters used in the model are considered. With 145 cases of FEM calculations being the samples, a response surface model (RSM) is developed to predict the pipeline lateral displacement using the software Design-Expert. Combing with the RSM equation, the Monte Carlo simulation method is employed to estimate the probability of exceeding pipeline stability. To calculate the reliability of LWP for different submerged weights, the method introduces a calibrated factor into the serviceability limit state (SLS) function. The proposed approach can be used to determine the additional weight required for the on-bottom stability of subsea pipelines while considering the uncertainties of all relevant parameters.     

全电动水下控制系统及其对水下歧管阀的影响（英文）

Subsea development is moving constantly toward simplification, digitalization, and cost-out strategies because the exploration and production of hydrocarbons are moving toward deeper and remote sea water areas. Usage of all-electric subsea technology instead of hydraulic technology is growing and will be the future of subsea systems due to the former's environmental and functional advantages and reduced costs. The benefits of all-electric subsea systems are health, safety, and environment(HSE)and improved reliability, flexibility, and functionality compared with traditional hydraulic-electrical systems. Existing electrohydraulic technology for a typical subsea system, hydraulic and electric actuators, and subsea manifold valves including valve types and selection philosophy have been reviewed in this paper. Some major worldwide oil companies such as Equinor and Schlumberger have successful experiences with subsea electric actuators. Considering the benefits of all-electric technology especially in terms of cost and HSE, as well as successful experiences of two major oil companies, further research in this area is warranted. One of the gaps in existing reviewed literature is the effect of using all-electric actuators for manifold valves. Thus,three main questions related to electric actuator selection, requirement of safety integrity level(SIL), and effect of using electric actuators on manifold valve selection have been addressed and answered. Forty hydraulic actuated manifold valves from nine past subsea projects in different parts of the world, mainly Africa and Australia, have been selected for the analysis of all-electric actuators. Results show that 93% of the valves require spring-return electric actuators, whereas 7% can be operated with conventional electric actuators without any spring. The manifold valves do not require SIL certification because they are not connected to an emergency shut down system. Introducing the electric actuators to the manifold valve will not change the valve selection philosophy.     

水下管汇深水安装力学分析

近些年来随着海洋油气开采规模的扩大,水下设备逐渐被广泛应用到海洋油气开采和运输。通过研究水下管汇的两种不同深水安装方法（钻杆安装法以及绞车安装法）,得出管汇安装相关结论。基于钻杆以及缆绳的材料特性,建立两个理论模型分析并推导钻杆和缆绳在安装过程中的水平偏移以及轴向拉力的求解公式,并根据理论公式编写MATLAB程序。将程序计算结果与OrcaFlex软件模拟结果进行对比分析,验证理论公式的正确性。该理论方法将会对管汇深水安装提供一定参考价值。     

钢管桩码头地震易损性分析的单自由度模型

结构地震易损性分析的关键是确定结构在不同地震动强度下的反应值。由于需要考虑地震动的不确定性,须对大量地震动记录进行统计分析,特别是直接对码头结构进行抗震分析的情况下,计算量很大。为降低钢管桩码头易损性分析的复杂程度,提出一种可用于码头易损性分析的单自由度模型,该模型采用曲线型骨架线和Masing准则模拟钢管桩码头的恢复力特性。为验证该模型的合理性和有效性,将一个钢管桩码头结构等效为单自由度模型,并基于云图法分别对原型结构和单自由度模型进行了易损性分析,结果表明二者的易损性曲线吻合良好。     

模袋固化土海上围埝技术离心模型试验研究

围埝是围海造陆工程中重要的组成部分。采用离心模型试验对模袋固化土作为海上围埝的技术进行研究,在室内短时间内真实地模拟实际工程情况。通过离心模型试验,分析了模袋固化土围埝填筑和吹填阶段地基的沉降、孔隙水压力变化规律和固结变形情况,并与实际工程监测结果进行了对比。试验结果表明,在正常施工条件下,地基变形以沉降为主,孔隙水压力在围埝填筑完成后半年内基本消散完毕,地基固结度达85%以上,地基整体稳定。认为模袋固化土海上围埝技术对软基适应性强,施工速度快,整体稳定性好。模型试验结果与实际工程监测结果一致。     

自升式平台桩靴/地基承载力的数值分析

桩靴/地基承载力的准确预报是确保自升式平台进行海上插桩作业安全性的重要前提,常规的规范算法在处理复杂地基条件时存在困难。基于非线性数值分析方法,在对加载点位置、网格尺寸、地基边界等关键技术进行研究的基础上,以某400ft水深自升式平台为例,分别对海底均质土和成层土的承载力进行了研究。同时,对各土层参数的影响进行了详细分析,为探索插桩过程中地基破坏原理和承载力计算提供了一些参考。     

海底埋设管线平管起吊运动分析

基于有限元软件OrcaFlex,充分考虑不规则波浪、海流、管土相互作用以及船舶管线耦合运动,建立海底埋设管线平管起吊模型。参考DNV-RP-F110计算埋深管道受到的土壤阻力,依据DNV-RP-C205确定相关水动力系数。通过数值模拟研究分析管线在平管起吊过程中管道的运动响应以及吊绳张力的时间历程变化,为实际海底管线平管起吊提供一定理论参考。     

码头沉箱变形的离心模型试验和数值分析

以某重力式码头沉箱结构为研究对象，进行了基于此码头的两种方案的离心模型试验，研究了不同条件下重力式码头的变形情况；利用非线性有限元程序ABAQUS，建立了挡土墙．砂垫层．地基体系固结问题的数值模型，然后分别以典型重力式码头的离心模型试验和工程原型为计算对象，以离心加速度增长和码头高度增长为加荷方式，对离心模型试验过程和码头的施工过程进行了数值模拟。综合对比了多种条件下码头和地基的变形情况，并探讨了地基土模量、淤积土的开挖深度对变形的影响，分析了施工过程中和竣工后的超静孔隙压水压力的变化和变形规律。     

A theory of coupled beams for strength assessment of passenger ships

This paper describes a coupled beam method, which estimates elastic response in the longitudinal bending of a passenger ship with a large multi-deck superstructure. The method can be applied during an early project stage, when detailed three-dimensional finite element modelling is not yet possible. The theory is based on the assumption that each deck in the superstructure and also the main hull can be considered as a thin-walled beam. These beams are coupled to adjacent beams with springs modelling vertical and shear stiffness. The shear effect in the side and deck structures is included with options for large openings. As a result, the method allows for the calculation of the normal stresses and vertical deflections in the arbitrary location of the hull girder. Average longitudinal displacements of deck structures and shear stresses in the side structures can be estimated as well. Simplified structures were analysed in order to validate the coupled beam method against the three-dimensional finite element method.     

吸力式基础安装的关键设备深水泵撬块

吸力式基础是深海油气田开发中重要的基础型式之一,目前其安装技术基本由国外垄断。该文以我国南海某气田开发为依托,针对深水吸力式基础安装的关键设备——泵撬块进行了研究。通过采用水下液压泵站、压力补偿器、干式电子舱等技术,保证了处于深水中设备的耐压性和密封性;且可以通过远程控制来实现泵撬块与吸力式基础的锁紧、解脱,泵撬块的排水、注水换向,以及在水上对吸力式基础和泵撬块的实时监测和操作;对深水吸力式基础在我国的发展应用有一定的推动作用。     

基于S-Lay的水下在线管汇安装方法

结合南海某深水项目和S-Lay铺设方法以及OrcaFlex软件模拟结果,论述在线管汇安装技术及安装程序,讨论水下在线管汇安装施工时的注意事项。     

Assessing appropriate stiffness levels for spudcan foundations on dense sand

Before a jack-up can operate at a given location, a site-specific assessment of its ability to withstand a design storm during operation must be performed. During this assessment, the complex state of stress and strain under a spudcan is usually simplified to a value of foundation stiffness that is integrated as a boundary condition into the structural analysis. Soil stiffness is a critical parameter affecting the foundation and structural load distribution and displacements, and the jack-up natural period and dynamic response. The level of spudcan stiffness is an area of intense interest and debate. This paper assesses appropriate stiffness levels for numerical simulation. Utilising results from a detailed “pushover” experiment of a three-legged model jack-up on dense sand, the paper compares the experimental pushover loads and displacements on the hull and spudcans to numerical simulations using different assumptions of spudcan stiffness. These include pinned and encastré footings, linear springs and a force-resultant model based on displacement-hardening plasticity theory. Constant stiffness levels are shown to be inadequate in simulating the experimental pushover test. The non-linear degradation of stiffness associated with the latter force-resultant model is critical.     

Long term distribution of non-linear wave induced vertical bending moments

A method is proposed for the long-term formulation of wave induced vertical bending moments in ship structures. The non-linearity of the response is represented by an uncertain modelling factor that is calibrated by experimental values. Long term predictions are obtained for a tanker and a container ship hull showing that only in the latter case is the response clearly non-linear and reproduced in the long-term predictions.